1960 United States presidential election in California

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1960 United States presidential election in California

← 1956 November 8, 1960 1964 →
Turnout88.32% (of registered voters) Increase 1.76 pp
68.77% (of eligible voters) Increase 1.18 pp[1]
  Unsuccessful 1960.jpg John F. Kennedy, White House color photo portrait.jpg
Nominee Richard Nixon John F. Kennedy
Party Republican Democratic
Home state California Massachusetts
Running mate Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. Lyndon B. Johnson
Electoral vote 32 0
Popular vote 3,259,722 3,224,099
Percentage 50.10% 49.55%

California Presidential Election Results 1960.svg
County Results

President before election

Dwight D. Eisenhower
Republican

Elected President

John F. Kennedy
Democratic

The 1960 United States presidential election in California took place on November 8, 1960 as part of the 1960 United States presidential election. State voters chose 32 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

California voted for the Republican nominee, Vice President Richard Nixon, over the Democratic nominee, Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy. Although California was Nixon's home state, which he represented in the House and Senate, and initial political base, his margin of victory over Kennedy turned out to be extremely narrow; in fact, it was the closest of the states that Nixon won and the fourth closest state in the election after Hawaii, Illinois and Missouri.[2] On the morning of November 9, the NBC victory desk erroneously projected California to Kennedy.

Nixon would later win California again against Hubert Humphrey in 1968 and then against George McGovern in 1972.

Primaries[]

Democratic primary[]

Running unopposed, California governor Pat Brown won the state's Democratic primary as a favorite son.[3]

While the primary itself was straightforward, the developments surrounding the primary were far more complex.

Kennedy had not come easily to his decision not to compete in the California primary, and had at one point tentatively filed to run in the primary.[3]

Kennedy had begun to contemplate the state's primary at an early stage in the development of his campaign.[3]

By early 1958 Kennedy's team had recognized the state to be a Democratic target for the midterm elections, since economic woes had weakened the Republican Party's strength in the state.[3] This meant that the 1958 midterm election would serve to gauge the prospect of Democrats winning the state in the 1960 presidential election.[3] In February 1958, Ted Sorensen spent $1,500 in order to commission a survey in California that would be conducted that March, coinciding with a two-day visit by Kennedy to the state.[3] The survey showed Kennedy winning 55 to 45% in a then-hypothetical general election race against Nixon.[3] The survey also demonstrated Kennedy to have a strong lead in California among Catholics, who constituted one-fifth of the state's populace.[3]

Kennedy, however, remained undecided as to whether or not he would compete in the state's primary.[3]

In November 1958, the midterm elections delivered encouraging signs for Democratic prospects of carrying the state in 1960. Pat Brown had defeated the Nixon-backed Republican candidate, outgoing U.S. Senate Minority Leader William Knowland, in the state's gubernatorial election and Democrat Clair Engle defeated the Nixon-backed Republican candidate, outgoing governor Goodwin Knight, in the race for the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by Knowland.

California was one of several large state delegations to the Democratic National convention whose support the Kennedy campaign came to believe was integral when they mapped-out his path to secure the nomination.

The Kennedy campaign was concerned that Brown might run against Kennedy as a favorite son in the primary.[3] Brown saw himself as a potential running mate on the Democratic ticket. However, he recognized that his chances of being selected would disappear if Kennedy were the presidential nominee, as Brown and Kennedy were both Catholics and a ticket composed of two Catholics was improbable. Thus. Brown recognized that he would need for Kennedy to lose the nomination if he were to stand a chance at securing the vice-presidential nomination for himself.[3]

California's Democratic Party landscape at the time, stood largely divided between Brown loyalists and Adlai Stevenson supporters (many of whom had hopes of nominating Stevenson a third consecutive time).[3]

Kennedy's campaign began to consider the possibility of pursuing a compromise with Brown in which he would run as a favorite candidate committed to Kennedy.[3] Such a compromise would have granted Brown the profile and ego boost of winning the state's primary. It would have allowed Kennedy to eschew a scenario in which he could underperform or be defeated in one of the last primaries, which would weaken the momentum he needed to have heading into the convention.[3] It would also have avoided the risk of dividing the state party, which was important since a divided state party would have decimated any chance Kennedy stood of carrying the state in the general election.[3] At the same time, such a compromise would still have secured the support of California's delegation for Kennedy.[3] Kennedy's campaign decided that, so long as their candidate still had momentum from having won primaries in other key states, there would be no problem in having Brown run as a surrogate candidate in California.[3] To help persuade Brown to be inclined towards such an agreement, Larry O'Brien met with Brown on behalf of the campaign and showed him polling that Louis Harris had conducted for them which showed Kennedy winning the state 60% to 40% in a two-way race against Brown and was also beating him in a three-way matchup featuring Humphrey, polling 47% against Brown's 33% and Humphrey's 20%.[3] The campaign ultimately reached an informal agreement with Brown to have him run, pledged to Kennedy, as a favorite son.[3]

Despite their informal agreement with Brown, Kennedy's campaign continued to possess worries about the state's primary. They were uncertain as to what degree Brown was intent on honoring their agreement.[3] They also recognized that there was a potential that Stevenson might run in the state's primary.[3] Another concern involved the candidacy of Hubert Humphrey. Kennedy's team believed that there was a possibility that Humphrey might file to run in the state.[3] While Kennedy's campaign strategy aimed to have killed Humphrey's candidacy well in advance of the California primary by dealing him critical defeats in earlier primaries, they were still somewhat concerned about a potential scenario in which Kennedy would have failed to knock Humphrey out of the race and Humphrey ran in the California primary.[3] They were worried that, in such an instance, Brown might prove to be a much less effective an opponent to Humphrey than Kennedy himself would be.[3]

To precautionarily leave open the campaign's options, on the March 9 deadline to file for the primary, Kennedy filed his own slate of prospective delegates which would be, at least tentatively, registered to run against Brown's slate.[3] Humphrey filed a slate of his own later that day.[3] This blindsided Brown, who believed that he had secured promises from both candidates that neither of them would run against him in the California primary.[3]

By the time of the California primary, Humphrey had already ended his campaign.[3] Since he had only filed as a precaution for the possibility of Humphrey competing in California, Kennedy attempted to make peace. Kennedy withdrew, granting Brown the opportunity to run unopposed.[3]

Feeling betrayed by Kennedy, Brown did not publicly endorse him, much to the chagrin of the Kennedy campaign.[3] Brown, ultimately, held weak control over a fractious state delegation, whose ranks included a number of Stevenson loyalists, and Stevenson had left open the possibility of being drafted as a candidate at the convention.[3] After failing to secure a public endorsement from Brown ahead of the convention, Kennedy and his team ultimately resorted to courting individual members of its delegation for their support.[3]

1960 California Democratic Presidential Primary Results[4]
Party Candidate Votes Percentage
Democratic Pat Brown 1,354,031 67.7%
Democratic George H. McLain 646,387 32.3%
Totals 2,000,418 100.00%

Republican primary[]

Nixon won California's Republican primary, in which he was unopposed.

1960 California Republican Presidential Primary Results[4]
Party Candidate Votes Percentage
Republican Richard Nixon 1,517,652 100.00%
Totals 1,517,652 100.00%

General election[]

Results[]

1960 United States presidential election in California[5][6]
Party Candidate Votes Percentage Electoral votes
Republican Richard Nixon 3,259,722 50.10% 32
Democratic John F. Kennedy 3,224,099 49.55% 0
Prohibition Rutherford Decker 21,706 0.33% 0
No party Eric Hass (write-in) 1,051 0.02% 0
Invalid or blank votes
Totals 6,506,578 100.00% 32
Voter turnout

Results by county[]

County Nixon Votes Kennedy Votes Others Votes
Alpine 76.74% 132 23.26% 40 0.00% 0
Mono 66.33% 912 33.24% 457 0.44% 6
Sutter 62.91% 7,520 36.63% 4,379 0.46% 55
Orange 60.81% 174,891 38.95% 112,007 0.24% 701
Santa Cruz 59.61% 24,858 39.95% 16,659 0.45% 187
Lake 58.74% 4,176 40.75% 2,897 0.51% 36
Butte 57.60% 20,838 41.92% 15,163 0.48% 174
Marin 57.29% 37,620 42.47% 27,888 0.24% 157
Santa Barbara 56.73% 38,805 42.99% 29,409 0.27% 188
San Diego 56.41% 223,056 43.31% 171,259 0.28% 1,106
Monterey 56.26% 33,428 43.43% 25,805 0.30% 180
Riverside 56.15% 65,855 43.38% 50,877 0.46% 544
Inyo 54.65% 2,962 45.07% 2,443 0.28% 15
Sonoma 54.10% 34,641 45.52% 29,147 0.38% 244
San Luis Obispo 54.04% 17,862 45.30% 14,975 0.66% 218
Mariposa 53.97% 1,599 45.16% 1,338 0.88% 26
Tulare 53.97% 29,456 45.60% 24,887 0.44% 239
Imperial 53.55% 10,606 46.04% 9,119 0.41% 81
Nevada 53.44% 5,419 45.69% 4,633 0.88% 89
Glenn 53.17% 3,911 46.36% 3,410 0.48% 35
San Joaquin 52.85% 48,441 46.76% 42,855 0.39% 361
Santa Clara 52.67% 131,735 47.05% 117,667 0.28% 690
Calaveras 52.60% 2,820 46.80% 2,509 0.60% 32
Napa 52.56% 15,125 46.91% 13,499 0.54% 154
San Bernardino 52.00% 99,481 47.51% 90,888 0.49% 944
Modoc 51.80% 1,839 47.63% 1,691 0.56% 20
Yuba 51.72% 5,293 47.71% 4,882 0.57% 58
San Mateo 51.70% 104,570 48.04% 97,154 0.26% 528
San Benito 51.40% 3,056 48.38% 2,876 0.22% 13
Colusa 51.37% 2,497 48.30% 2,348 0.33% 16
Kern 50.43% 52,800 49.13% 51,440 0.44% 465
Tehama 49.96% 5,522 49.61% 5,483 0.43% 47
Stanislaus 49.62% 30,213 49.77% 30,302 0.62% 375
Ventura 49.59% 35,074 49.96% 35,334 0.45% 315
Los Angeles 49.45% 1,302,661 50.25% 1,323,818 0.30% 8,020
Mendocino 49.29% 9,301 50.21% 9,476 0.50% 94
El Dorado 49.16% 6,065 50.05% 6,175 0.79% 97
Tuolumne 49.11% 3,691 50.31% 3,781 0.59% 44
Del Norte 48.05% 3,024 51.24% 3,225 0.71% 45
Contra Costa 46.82% 82,922 52.86% 93,622 0.33% 579
Sierra 46.79% 576 52.56% 647 0.65% 8
Humboldt 46.71% 18,074 52.70% 20,391 0.58% 226
Alameda 45.61% 183,354 54.02% 217,172 0.37% 1,474
Yolo 44.73% 10,104 54.87% 12,395 0.40% 90
Amador 44.51% 2,175 55.04% 2,690 0.45% 22
Fresno 44.32% 57,930 55.21% 72,164 0.47% 608
Placer 43.75% 10,439 55.75% 13,304 0.50% 120
Merced 43.37% 11,990 56.23% 15,545 0.40% 111
Sacramento 43.26% 84,252 56.32% 109,695 0.42% 809
Siskiyou 42.95% 6,279 56.40% 8,245 0.66% 96
Kings 42.31% 6,991 57.13% 9,439 0.56% 92
San Francisco 41.79% 143,001 57.78% 197,734 0.43% 1,484
Madera 41.75% 5,869 57.81% 8,126 0.44% 62
Solano 40.88% 18,751 58.81% 26,977 0.31% 141
Lassen 40.24% 2,365 59.08% 3,472 0.68% 40
Shasta 38.94% 9,462 60.45% 14,691 0.61% 148
Trinity 38.35% 1,418 61.17% 2,262 0.49% 18
Plumas 37.47% 2,015 61.97% 3,333 0.56% 30

References[]

  1. ^ https://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/sov/2018-general/sov/04-historical-voter-reg-participation.pdf
  2. ^ "1960 Presidential Election Statistics". Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Oliphant, Thomas; Wilkie, Curtis (2017). The road to Camelot: Inside JFK's Five-Year Campaign. Simon & Schuster.
  4. ^ a b "RESULTS OF 1960 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION PRIMARIES". John F. Kennedy presidential library. Retrieved January 18, 2019.
  5. ^ "1960 Presidential General Election Results - California". Dave Leip's U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved 2008-08-25.
  6. ^ Our Campaigns - CA US President Race - Nov 08, 1960
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