1989 in spaceflight

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1989 in spaceflight
Galileo Deployment (high res).jpg
The Galileo probe is deployed from Space Shuttle Atlantis on STS-34, beginning a fourteen-year mission to Jupiter
Orbital launches
First10 January
Last27 December
Total102
Successes101
Failures1
Rockets
Maiden flightsAriane 4 44L
Delta 4925
Delta 5920
Delta II 6925
Titan IVA
RetirementsAriane 2
Ariane 3
Atlas G
Delta 3920
Delta 5920
Titan 34D
Crewed flights
Orbital6
Total travellers27
The launch of the only Delta 5920 with the Cosmic Background Explorer.

The following is an outline of 1989 in spaceflight.

Launches[]

Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload
(⚀ = CubeSat)
Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks

January[]

10 January
02:05
Soviet UnionProton-K/DM-2 Soviet UnionBaikonur Site 200/39 Soviet Union
Soviet Union (GLONASS) Medium Earth Navigation In orbit Successful
Soviet Union (GLONASS) Medium Earth Navigation In orbit Successful
Soviet Union (Etalon-2) Medium Earth Navigation In orbit Successful
12 January
11:29
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionPlesetsk Site 16/2 Soviet Union
Soviet Union (2) Low Earth Reconnaissance 11 February Successful
18 January
08:20
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionBaikonur Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Zenit-8) Low Earth Reconnaissance 1 February Successful
26 January
09:16
Soviet UnionProton-K/DM-2 Soviet UnionBaikonur Site 200/40 Soviet Union
Soviet UnionGorizont 17 Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Successful
26 January
15:36
Soviet UnionKosmos-3M Soviet UnionPlesetsk Site 132/2 Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Strela-2M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
27 January
01:23
European UnionAriane 2 FranceKourou ELA-1 FranceArianespace
United Nations Intelsat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Successful
28 January
12:30
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionBaikonur Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Yantar-4K2) Low Earth Reconnaissance 27 March Successful

February[]

10 February
08:53
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U2 Soviet UnionBaikonur Site 1/5 Soviet Union
Soviet UnionProgress 40 Low Earth (Mir) Logistics 5 March
01:59
Successful
10 February
15:13
Soviet UnionTsyklon-3 Soviet UnionPlesetsk Site 32 Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Strela-3) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
Soviet Union (Strela-3) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
Soviet Union (Strela-3) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
Soviet Union (Strela-3) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
Soviet Union (Strela-3) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
Soviet Union (Strela-3) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
10 February
16:55
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionPlesetsk Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Zenit-8) Low Earth Reconnaissance 3 March Successful
14 February
04:21
Soviet UnionMolniya-M/2BL Soviet UnionPlesetsk Soviet Union
Soviet UnionKosmos 2001 (Oko) Molniya Early warning In orbit Successful
14 February
17:00
Soviet UnionKosmos-3M Soviet UnionPlesetsk Site 132/2 Soviet Union
Soviet Union () Low Earth Radar calibration 15 October Successful
14 February
18:30
United StatesDelta II 6925 United StatesCape Canaveral LC-17A United StatesMcDonnell Douglas
United StatesUSA-35 (GPS II-1) US Air Force Medium Earth Navigation In orbit Successful
Maiden flight of Delta II 6925
First flight of Block II GPS satellite
15 February
11:00
Soviet UnionMolniya-M/ Soviet UnionBaikonur Soviet Union
Soviet UnionMolniya 1-75 Molniya Communications In orbit Successful
17 February
14:59
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionPlesetsk Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Zenit-8) Low Earth Reconnaissance 3 March Successful
21 February
23:30
JapanMu-3S-II JapanUchinoura JapanISAS
JapanEXOS-D Akebono ISAS Low Earth Aurora observation In orbit Successful
22 February
03:28
Soviet UnionKosmos-3M Soviet UnionPlesetsk Site 132/2 Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Parus) Low Earth Navigation In orbit Successful
28 February
04:05
Soviet UnionTsyklon-3 Soviet UnionPlesetsk Site 32 Soviet Union
Soviet UnionMeteor 2-18 Low Earth Earth sciences In orbit Successful

March[]

2 March
18:59
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionPlesetsk Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Yantar-4K2) Low Earth Reconnaissance 25 April Successful
6 March
23:29
European UnionAriane 4 44LP FranceKourou ELA-2 FranceArianespace
Japan JSAT Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Successful
European UnionMeteosat 4 EUMETSAT Geosynchronous Weather satellite In orbit Successful
13 March
14:57
United StatesSpace Shuttle Discovery United StatesKennedy LC-39B United States
United StatesSTS-29 NASA Low Earth Satellite deployment 18 March
14:36
Successful
United StatesTDRS-4 (TDRS-D) NASA Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
Crewed orbital flight with 5 astronauts
16 March
14:59
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionPlesetsk Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Zenit-8) Low Earth Reconnaissance 31 March Successful
16 March
18:54
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U2 Soviet UnionBaikonur Site 1/5 Soviet Union
Soviet UnionProgress 41 Low Earth (Mir) Logistics 25 April
12:12
Successful
23 March
12:25
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionBaikonur Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Yantar-4KS1) Low Earth Reconnaissance 22 September Successful
24 March
13:38
Soviet UnionKosmos-3M Soviet UnionPlesetsk Site 132/2 Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Strela-1M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
Soviet Union (Strela-1M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
Soviet Union (Strela-1M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
Soviet Union (Strela-1M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
Soviet Union (Strela-1M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
Soviet Union (Strela-1M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
Soviet Union (Strela-1M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
Soviet Union (Strela-1M) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
24 March
21:50
United StatesDelta 3920 United StatesCape Canaveral LC-17B United StatesMcDonnell Douglas
United StatesUSA-36 (Delta Star) US Air Force Low Earth Technology development 23 June 1992 Successful
Final flight of Delta 3920

April[]

2 April
02:28
European UnionAriane 2 FranceKourou ELA-1 FranceArianespace
SwedenTele-X Nordic Satellite AB Operational: Geosynchronous
Current: Graveyard
Communications In orbit Successful
Final flight of Ariane 2
Tele-X retired 16 January 1998
4 April
18:36
Soviet UnionKosmos-3M Soviet UnionPlesetsk Site 132/2 Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Parus) Low Earth Navigation In orbit Successful
6 April
14:00
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionPlesetsk Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Zenit-8) Low Earth Reconnaissance 19 April Successful
14 April
04:08
Soviet UnionProton-K/DM-2 Soviet UnionBaikonur Site 200/39 Soviet Union
Soviet Union Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Successful
20 April
18:29
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionPlesetsk Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Yantar-4K2) Low Earth Reconnaissance 19 June Successful
26 April
17:00
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionPlesetsk Site 41/1 Soviet Union
Soviet UnionFoton 5 Low Earth Microgravity research 11 May Successful

May[]

4 May
18:47
United StatesSpace Shuttle Atlantis United StatesKennedy LC-39B United States
United StatesSTS-30 NASA Low Earth Interplanetary probe deployment 8 May
05:43
Successful
United StatesMagellan NASA Cytherean Radar mapping 12 October 1994 Successful
Crewed orbital flight with 5 astronauts
5 May
13:00
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionPlesetsk Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Zenit-8) Low Earth Reconnaissance 18 May Successful
10 May
19:47
United StatesTitan 34D/Transtage United StatesCape Canaveral LC-40 United StatesMartin Marietta
United StatesUSA-37 (Vortex 6) NRO Geosynchronous SIGINT In orbit Successful
17 May
13:00
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionBaikonur Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Yantar-4K2) Low Earth Reconnaissance 15 July Successful
24 May
10:30
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionBaikonur Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Yantar-1KFT) Low Earth Reconnaissance 6 July Successful
25 May
08:50
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionPlesetsk Site 43/3 Soviet Union
Soviet Union1 Low Earth Reconnaissance 17 June Successful
Soviet UnionPion 1 Low Earth Atmospheric research 23 July Successful
Soviet UnionPion 2 Low Earth Atmospheric research 24 July Successful
31 May
08:31
Soviet UnionProton-K/DM-2 Soviet UnionBaikonur Site 200/40 Soviet Union
Soviet Union (GLONASS) Medium Earth Navigation In orbit Successful
Soviet Union (GLONASS) Medium Earth Navigation In orbit Successful
Soviet Union (Etalon 2) Medium Earth Navigation In orbit Successful

June[]

1 June
12:59
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionPlesetsk Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Zenit-8) Low Earth Reconnaissance 15 June Successful
5 June
22:37
European UnionAriane 4 44L FranceKourou ELA-2 FranceArianespace
Japan SCC Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Successful
GermanyDFS-1 Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Successful
Maiden flight of Ariane 4 44L
7 June
05:12
Soviet UnionKosmos-3M Soviet UnionPlesetsk Site 132/2 Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Parus) Low Earth Navigation In orbit Successful
8 June
17:09
Soviet UnionMolniya-M/ML Soviet UnionPlesetsk Soviet Union
Soviet UnionMolniya 3-45L Molniya Communications 14 December 2001 Successful
9 June
10:10
Soviet UnionTsyklon-3 Soviet UnionPlesetsk Site 32/2 Soviet Union
Soviet Union Intended: Low Earth 9 June Launch failure
10 June
22:19
United StatesDelta II 6925 United StatesCape Canaveral LC-17A United StatesMcDonnell Douglas
United StatesUSA-38 (GPS II-2) US Air Force Medium Earth Navigation In orbit Successful
14 June
12:30
Soviet UnionKosmos-3M Soviet UnionPlesetsk Site 133/3 Soviet Union
Soviet Union () Low Earth Radar calibration 14 April 1992 Successful
14 June
13:18
United StatesTitan IVA 402/IUS United StatesCape Canaveral LC-41 United StatesMartin Marietta
United StatesUSA-39 (DSP-14) US Air Force Geosynchronous Early warning In orbit Operational
Maiden flight of Titan IVA
16 June
09:30
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionBaikonur Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Zenit-8) Low Earth Reconnaissance 6 July Successful
21 June
23:35
Soviet UnionProton-K/DM-2 Soviet UnionBaikonur Site 200/39 Soviet Union
Soviet Union Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Successful
27 June
08:04
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionPlesetsk Site 16/2 Soviet Union
Soviet Union2 Low Earth Reconnaissance 11 July Successful

July[]

4 July
15:21
Soviet UnionKosmos-3M Soviet UnionPlesetsk Site 133/3 Soviet Union
Soviet UnionNadezhda 1 Low Earth Maritime surveillance In orbit Successful
5 July
08:00
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionPlesetsk Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Zenit-8) Low Earth Reconnaissance 17 July Successful
5 July
22:45
Soviet UnionProton-K/DM-2 Soviet UnionBaikonur Site 200/40 Soviet Union
Soviet UnionGorizont 18 Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Successful
12 July
00:14
European UnionAriane 3 FranceKourou ELA-1 FranceArianespace
European Union ESA Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Successful
Final flight of Ariane 3 and launch from ELA-1
12 July
15:00
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionPlesetsk Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Yantar-4K2) Low Earth Reconnaissance 28 July Spacecraft failure
Spacecraft exploded in orbit on 28 July
18 July
09:44
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionPlesetsk Site 16/2 Soviet Union
Soviet Union3 Low Earth Reconnaissance 8 August Successful
Soviet UnionPion 3 Low Earth Atmospheric research 19 September Successful
Soviet UnionPion 4 Low Earth Atmospheric research 19 September Successful
18 July
12:10
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U2 Soviet UnionBaikonur Site 1/5 Soviet Union
Soviet Union () Low Earth Reconnaissance 15 September Successful
20 July
08:59
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionPlesetsk Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Zenit-8) Low Earth Reconnaissance 3 August Successful
24 July
00:00
Soviet UnionTsyklon-2 Soviet UnionBaikonur Site 90 Soviet Union
Soviet Union () Low Earth ELINT 6 January 1991 Successful
25 July
07:48
Soviet UnionKosmos-3M Soviet UnionPlesetsk Site 133/3 Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Parus) Low Earth Navigation In orbit Successful

August[]

2 August
11:29
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionPlesetsk Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Zenit-8) Low Earth Reconnaissance 16 August Successful
8 August
12:37
United StatesSpace Shuttle Columbia United StatesKennedy LC-39B United States
United StatesSTS-28 NASA Low Earth Satellite deployment 13 August Successful
United StatesUSA-40 (SDS-2-1) US Air Force Molniya Communications In orbit Successful
United StatesUSA-41 DoD SIGINT In orbit Successful
Crewed orbital flight with 5 astronauts
8 August
23:25
European UnionAriane 4 44LP FranceKourou ELA-2 FranceArianespace
GermanyTV-Sat 2 Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Successful
European UnionHipparcos ESA Geosynchronous transfer Astronomy In orbit Successful
15 August
10:29
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionPlesetsk Site 43/4 Soviet Union
Soviet Union4 Low Earth Reconnaissance 14 September Successful
18 August
05:57
United StatesDelta II 6925 United StatesCape Canaveral LC-17A United StatesMcDonnell Douglas
United StatesUSA-42 (GPS II-3) US Air Force Medium Earth Navigation In orbit Successful
22 August
12:59
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionPlesetsk Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Zenit-8) Low Earth Reconnaissance 5 September Successful
23 August
03:09
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U2 Soviet UnionBaikonur Site 1/5 Soviet Union
Soviet UnionProgress M-1 Low Earth (Mir) Logistics 1 December
11:21
Successful
Maiden flight of Progress-M spacecraft
27 August
22:59
United StatesDelta 4925 United StatesCape Canaveral LC-17B United StatesMcDonnell Douglas
United Kingdom BSkyB Operational: Geosynchronous
Current: Graveyard
Communications In orbit Successful
Maiden flight of Delta 4925
28 August
00:14
Soviet UnionTsyklon-3 Soviet UnionPlesetsk Site 32/2 Soviet Union
Soviet Union () Low Earth Earth science In orbit Successful

September[]

4 September
05:54
United StatesTitan 34D/Transtage United StatesCape Canaveral LC-40 United StatesMartin Marietta
United StatesUSA-43 (DSCS-II) DoD Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
United StatesUSA-44 (DSCS-III) DoD Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational
Final flight of Titan 34D and Transtage upper stage
5 September
19:11
JapanH-I JapanTanegashima LA-N JapanMitsubishi
JapanGMS-4 NASDA Geosynchronous Weather satellite In orbit Successful
5 September
21:38
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U2 Soviet UnionBaikonur Site 1/5 Soviet Union
Soviet UnionSoyuz TM-8 Low Earth (Mir) Mir EO-5 19 February 1990
04:36
Successful
Crewed orbital flight with 2 cosmonauts
6 September
01:48
United StatesTitan II 23G United StatesVandenberg SLC-4W United StatesMartin Marietta
United StatesUSA-45 DoD SIGINT In orbit Successful
6 September
10:49
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionPlesetsk Site 43/3 Soviet Union
Soviet Union/Germany5 Low Earth Microgravity experiments 22 September Successful
14 September
09:49
Soviet UnionTsyklon-3 Soviet UnionPlesetsk Site 32 Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Strela-3) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
Soviet Union (Strela-3) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
Soviet Union (Strela-3) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
Soviet Union (Strela-3) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
Soviet Union (Strela-3) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
Soviet Union (Strela-3) Low Earth Communications In orbit Successful
15 September
06:30
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionPlesetsk Soviet Union
Soviet Union/European Union/United StatesKosmos 2044 (Bion 9) ESA/NASA Low Earth Microgravity research 29 September Successful
22 September
08:00
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionBaikonur Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Zenit-8) Low Earth Reconnaissance 2 October Successful
25 September
08:56
United StatesAtlas G United StatesCape Canaveral LC-36B United StatesLockheed
United StatesUSA-46 (FLTSATCOM 8) DoD Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Successful
Final flight of Atlas G
27 September
14:38
Soviet UnionMolniya-M/ML Soviet UnionPlesetsk Soviet Union
Soviet UnionMolniya 1-76 Molniya Communications 11 November 2000 Successful
27 September
16:20
Soviet UnionTsyklon-2 Soviet UnionBaikonur Site 90 Soviet Union
Soviet Union (US-P) Low Earth Naval reconnaissance 16 April 1991 Successful
28 September
00:04
Soviet UnionTsyklon-3 Soviet UnionPlesetsk Site 32/2 Soviet Union
Soviet Union Low Earth Atmospheric research In orbit Successful
Czech Republic Low Earth Atmospheric research In orbit Successful
28 September
17:05
Soviet UnionProton-K/DM-2 Soviet UnionBaikonur Site 200/40 Soviet Union
Soviet UnionGorizont 19 Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Successful

October[]

3 October
14:59
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionPlesetsk Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Yantar-4K2) Low Earth Reconnaissance 21 November Successful
17 October
13:00
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionPlesetsk Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Zenit-8) Low Earth Reconnaissance 26 October Successful
18 October
16:53
United StatesSpace Shuttle Atlantis United StatesKennedy LC-39B United States
United StatesSTS-34 NASA Low Earth Interplanetary probe deployment 23 October Successful
United StatesGalileo NASA Jovian Jupiter orbiter 21 September 2003 Successful
United StatesGalileo Probe NASA Jovian Jupiter entry probe 7 December 1995 Successful
Crewed orbital flight with 5 astronauts
21 October
09:31
United StatesDelta II 6925 United StatesCape Canaveral LC-17A United StatesMcDonnell Douglas
United StatesUSA-47 (GPS II-4) US Air Force Medium Earth Navigation In orbit Successful
24 October
21:35
Soviet UnionTsyklon-3 Soviet UnionPlesetsk Site 32 Soviet Union
Soviet UnionMeteor 3-3 Low Earth Earth science In orbit Successful
27 October
23:05
European UnionAriane 4 44L FranceKourou ELA-2 FranceArianespace
United NationsIntelsat 602 Intelsat Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Successful

November[]

17 November
10:50
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionBaikonur Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Yantar-4KS1) Low Earth Reconnaissance 19 June 1990 Successful
18 November
14:34
United StatesDelta 5920 United StatesVandenberg SLC-2W United StatesMcDonnell Douglas
United StatesCOBE NASA Sun-synchronous Cosmology In orbit Successful
Only flight of Delta 5920
23 November
00:23
United StatesSpace Shuttle Discovery United StatesKennedy LC-39B United States
United StatesSTS-33 NASA Low Earth Satellite deployment 28 November Successful
United StatesUSA-48 (Magnum-2) NRO Geosynchronous ELINT In orbit Operational
Crewed orbital flight with 5 astronauts
23 November
20:35
Soviet UnionMolniya-M/2BL Soviet UnionPlesetsk Soviet Union
Soviet UnionKosmos 2050 (Oko) Molniya Early warning In orbit Successful
24 November
23:22
Soviet UnionTsyklon-2 Soviet UnionBaikonur Site 90 Soviet Union
Soviet Union (US-P) Low Earth Naval reconnaissance 21 January 1991 Successful
26 November
13:01
Soviet UnionProton-K Soviet UnionBaikonur Site 200/39 Soviet Union
Soviet UnionKvant-2 Low Earth (Mir) Mir component 23 March 2001
05:50
Successful
28 November
10:02
Soviet UnionMolniya-M/ML Soviet UnionPlesetsk Soviet Union
Soviet UnionMolniya 3-46L Molniya Communications 20 May 2000 Successful
30 November
15:00
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U Soviet UnionPlesetsk Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Yantar-4K2) Low Earth Reconnaissance 24 January 1990 Successful

December[]

1 December
20:20
Soviet UnionProton-K/D-1 Soviet UnionBaikonur Site 200/40 Soviet Union
Soviet Union/FranceGranat CNES High Earth Astronomy 25 May 1999 Successful
11 December
18:10
United StatesDelta II 6925 United StatesCape Canaveral LC-17B United StatesMcDonnell Douglas
United StatesUSA-49 (GPS II-5) US Air Force Medium Earth Navigation In orbit Successful
15 December
11:30
Soviet UnionProton-K/DM-2 Soviet UnionBaikonur Site 81/23 Soviet Union
Soviet Union Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Successful
20 December
03:30
Soviet UnionSoyuz-U2 Soviet UnionBaikonur Site 1/5 Soviet Union
Soviet UnionProgress M-2 Low Earth (Mir) Logistics 9 February 1990
07:56
Successful
27 December
00:00
Soviet UnionTsyklon-3 Soviet UnionPlesetsk Site 32/2 Soviet Union
Soviet Union () Low Earth Radar calibration 2 September 1997 Successful
27 December
11:10
Soviet UnionProton-K/DM-2 Soviet UnionBaikonur Site 200/39 Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Luch) Geosynchronous Communications In orbit Operational

Deep-space rendezvous[]

Date (GMT) Spacecraft Event Remarks
23 January Phobos 1 Flyby of Mars Failed orbiter mission
29 January Phobos 2 Areocentric orbit injection
27 March Phobos 2 Enters synchronous orbit of Phobos
25 August Voyager 2 Flyby of Neptune Closest approach: 44,800 kilometres (27,800 mi)

References[]

Generic references:
RocketSunIcon.svg Spaceflight portal
  • Bergin, Chris. "NASASpaceFlight.com".
  • Clark, Stephen. "Spaceflight Now".
  • Kelso, T.S. "Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)". CelesTrak.
  • Krebs, Gunter. "Chronology of Space Launches".
  • Kyle, Ed. "Space Launch Report".
  • McDowell, Jonathan. "Jonathan's Space Report".
  • Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
  • Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
  • Webb, Brian. "Southwest Space Archive".
  • Zak, Anatoly. "Russian Space Web".
  • "ISS Calendar". Spaceflight 101.
  • "NSSDCA Master Catalog". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
  • "Space Calendar". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
  • "Space Information Center". JAXA.
  • "Хроника освоения космоса" [Chronicle of space exploration]. CosmoWorld (in Russian).

Footnotes[]


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