2020 Vanuatuan general election

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Politics of Vanuatu
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General elections were held in Vanuatu on 19–20 March 2020.[1] The elections were initially intended to be held on 19 March, but logistical problems resulted in some areas voting the following day.[2]

Electoral system[]

The 52 members of Parliament were elected from eight single-member constituencies and ten multi-member constituencies (of between two and seven seats) by first-past-the-post and single non-transferable vote, respectively.[3]

Campaign[]

The Vanua'aku Pati launched its campaign slogan 'Lets Rebuild Vanuatu' in June 2019 and endorsed the continuation of its Kambak ("come back") policy.[4]

In October 2019, a 'Vot Woman' campaign was launched, supporting all female candidates and calling for guaranteed 50% representation for women in parliament.[5] No women were elected in the 2012 or 2016 elections. There were around 15 female candidates,[6] but none were elected.

An important issue was the future of the lucrative but controversial citizenship by investment, or “passport sales” programs. For a price of about US $150,000, these schemes allow applicants to become citizens in months, without setting foot in the country.[7]

Results[]

Results of the election.

Although there were no confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the islands, there were concerns that fears of the pandemic could keep turnout low. Turnout at the previous election was about 57%.[7]

Unofficial results were gradually released over the following days, with official results being announced later than usual, on 6 April, due to the death of the Chairman of the Vanuatu Electoral Commission, Martin Tete.[8] No women were elected.[9] Turnout was down six percentage points from the prior elections in 2016.

Vanuatu Parliament 2020.svg
PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Leaders Party of Vanuatu17,99212.495+4
Vanua'aku Pati17,46012.127+1
Reunification Movement for Change16,29811.327+4
Land and Justice Party14,40010.009+2
Union of Moderate Parties11,0437.675–1
National United Party5,3773.7340
Green Confederation3,6232.521–1
3,6002.502New
3,1472.191New
Nagriamel2,9802.071–2
Vanuatu Labour Party2,8661.990–1
Iauko Group2,8471.982–2
People's Progressive Party2,6641.8510
2,1121.471New
Vanuatu National Development Party2,1021.461–1
1,8701.301New
1,6371.141New
New Nation Party1,5341.070New
Vemarana1,5061.051+1
1,3000.901New
Oceania Transformation Movement1,2520.870New
The People's Party1,2320.860New
Vanuatu Community Movement1,0280.710New
Friend Melanesian Party9960.690–1
Kia Koe Party9580.670New
8250.571+1
Upi Nafzan Iskei7290.510New
People's Services Party7000.490–1
Vanuatu People's Alliance for Change6020.420New
Natatok Indigenous People's Democratic Party5930.4100
Vanuatu Progressive Republican Farmer Party5120.3600
People's Democratic Party5050.350New
National Party4480.3100
Imaim4420.310New
UCVP Party4360.300New
Angai Tagaro3860.270New
Melanesian Progressive Party3270.2300
United Movements for Vanuatu People3150.220New
Vanuatu Presidential Party2940.200–1
Nodaru Masan Party1040.070New
Shepherds Alliance Party800.0600
People's Action Party770.0500
Namaki Ahute Kastom Movement710.050New
People, Churches, Chiefs Party700.050New
Vanuatu Liberal Party540.040New
Movement for Righteousness, Justice and Peace370.030New
Vanuatu Peoples for Change Party190.010New
Vanuatu Reform Democratic Party70.0000
Independents14,54610.100–8
Total144,003100.00520
Valid votes144,00399.27
Invalid/blank votes1,0610.73
Total votes145,064100.00
Registered voters/turnout278,95452.00
Source: Vanuatu Electoral Office

By constituency[]

Constituency Seats Electorate Turnout % Party Candidate Votes %
Ambae 3 9,969 4,030 40.42 People Unity Development Party James Bule 597 14.93
National United Party John Still Tari Qetu 582 14.56
Rural Development Party Jay Ngwele 551 13.78
Leaders Party of Vanuatu Alban Vui Garae 395 9.88
Angai Tagaro Alickson Viralone Gamaliere 386 9.65
Leaders Party of Vanuatu Samson Toa 321 8.03
Land and Justice Party James Tari Bangalakua 261 6.53
Nagriamel Jacob Tangwata Mata 197 4.93
Vanua'aku Pati Richard Mera 162 4.05
Independent Peter Vuta 148 3.70
People's Action Party Jameson Bani Gwero 56 1.40
Union of Moderate Parties Joseph Mauri Joe Garaegesa 54 1.35
Vanua'aku Pati George Tambe 51 1.28
Independent Garaesani Steven 50 1.25
Reunification Movement for Change Viratiro Remy Eugene 49 1.23
Land and Justice Party Philimon Tari 44 1.10
Vanuatu First Party Joel Hubert Duvu 39 0.96
Leaders Party of Vanuatu Hannah Liunakwalau 36 0.90
Independent Natugogona Robert Jay Hakwa 12 0.30
Independent Ronly Ala 7 0.18
Vanuatu First Party Willie Kalo 0 0.00
Ambrym 2 7,027 4,261 60.63 Land and Justice Party John Dahmasing Salong 1,172 27.77
National United Party Bruno Leingkone Tau 971 23.01
Vanua'aku Pati Albert Williams 746 17.68
Reunification Movement for Change Marokon Alilee 518 12.27
Green Confederation Andeng Jimmy 339 8.03
Nagriamel Jimmy Japeth 218 5.17
Leaders Party of Vanuatu Eddie Percy Etul 178 4.22
Union of Moderate Parties Arthur Peter Bae 52 1.23
Independent Hopa David Tungon Tiare 19 0.45
Vanuatu Reform Democratic Party Naros Williamson Obed 7 0.17
Banks 1 5,095 3,356 65.86 Land and Justice Party Danny Silas 1,091 32.77
Vanuatu National Development Party Jack Armstrong Wona 1,090 32.74
Leaders Party of Vanuatu Shadrack Welegtabit 450 13.52
People's Progressive Party Dunstan Hilton 356 10.69
Vanuatu Labour Party Harry Benjamin Vanva 147 4.42
Oceania Transformation Movement Talo Batholomew Weul 102 3.06
Kia Koe Party Wetas Victor 93 2.79
Efate 5 44,385 20,850 46.97 Reunification Movement for Change Jack Norris Kalmet 2,301 11.10
Leaders Party of Vanuatu Bakoa Maraki Kaltongga 1,854 8.95
Land and Justice Party Gillion William 1,800 8.68
Vanuatu First Party Hymak Anatole 1,340 6.47
Vanua'aku Pati John Mark Ruben 1,160 5.60
The People's Party Lionel Nasome Kaluat 1,043 5.03
Leaders Party of Vanuatu Edwin Kalorisu 1,017 4.91
Vanuatu Liberal Movement Michel Taravaki 988 4.77
Leaders Party of Vanuatu Eddy Kalokul 948 4.57
New Nation Party Roro Sambo 901 4.35
Vanuatu Labour Party Joshua Tafura Kalsakau 834 4.02
Upi Nafzan Iskei Ghislain Kaltack 729 3.52
Vanua'aku Pati Takalo Tavimasoe 706 3.41
Green Confederation John Iasu 684 3.30
Natatok Party Alfred Carlot 593 2.86
Vanua'aku Pati Stanley Kaltoi John 589 2.84
Union of Moderate Parties Fanne Philip 511 2.47
Vanuatu Labour Party Rolland Pierre 507 2.45
Independent Graham Nalpini 397 1.92
Independent Jean Pierre Serel 369 1.78
Reunification Movement for Change Seretangi Kalsakau 361 1.74
Independent Johnston Tau 248 1.20
United Movements for Vanuatu People Teni Kalmet 228 1.10
People's Democratic Party Ephraim Kalmet 144 0.69
Independent Kaltang Henry 113 0.55
Melanesian Progressive Party Pierre Carlot 90 0.43
Shepherds Alliance Party Litiana Kalsarap 79 0.38
Oceania Transformation Movement Pakoa Jack 75 0.36
Independent Alice Annies Athy 70 0.34
Oceania Transformation Movement Hendon Kalsakau 47 0.23
Epi 2 5,666 3,975 70.15 Vanuatu Progressive Development Party John Roy Niel 825 20.89
Reunification Movement for Change Seule Simeon Davidson 782 19.80
Land and Justice Party Marcel Yona 642 16.25
Vanua'aku Pati Issaac Tongolilu Daniel 405 10.25
Union of Moderate Parties Billy Peter Ioan 382 9.67
Leaders Party of Vanuatu Mackin Rita Valia 350 8.86
Independent Sammy Brown Niumataiwalu 225 5.70
Iauko Group Erick Moses 169 4.28
Rural Development Party Samuel Abel 121 3.06
Vanuatu Labour Party Kalo John Mawa 35 0.89
Oceania Transformation Movement Kalstap Yonah 11 0.28
Independent Katrina Ulanim Keren William 3 0.08
Luganville 2 16,523 6,381 38.61 Leaders Party of Vanuatu Matai Seremiah Nawalu 1,164 18.36
Iauko Group Marc Ati 871 13.74
Reunification Movement for Change Restutune Donald 844 13.31
National United Party Varidiu Jimmy Solomon 701 11.06
Vanua'aku Pati Toara Daniel Kalo 533 8.41
Independent Rex Issachar 387 6.11
Vanuatu Cultural Self-reliance Movement Pedro Boe Tanga 365 5.76
Vanuatu Labour Party Basil Leodoro 319 5.03
Land and Justice Party Bruno Milliecon Taliban 286 4.51
Vanuatu Liberal Movement George Wells 258 4.07
Green Confederation Donald Hosea 234 3.69
Independent Harry Brownhill 167 2.63
Nodaru Masan Party Tabibang Jean 81 1.28
Nagriamel Nwango James 67 1.06
Independent Nelly Caleb 47 0.74
Oceania Transformation Movement Gordon John Arnambhat 15 0.24
Malo–Aore 1 4,645 2,743 59.05 Vanua'aku Pati Rasu Wesley 1,334 48.88
Land and Justice Party Uri Warawara 1,288 47.20
Union of Moderate Parties Kalfau Moli 107 3.92
Kia Koe Party Verogio Solomon 0 0.00
Maewo 1 3,064 2,102 68.60 Ngwasoanda Custom Movement Ian Toakalana Tarimalakesa Wilson 1,300 64.20
Independent Reynolds Boeleguriega Boeson 473 23.36
Vanua'aku Pati Elison Reveala 225 11.11
Kia Koe Party Paul Allen Boe 27 1.33
Malekula 7 25,228 16,202 64.18 Reunification Movement for Change Marcellino Barthelemy 1,204 7.46
Vanua'aku Pati Esmon Simon 1,005 6.23
Leaders Party of Vanuatu Gracia Chadrack 997 6.18
National United Party Sanick Asang 989 6.13
Land and Justice Party Edmond Julun 946 5.86
Land and Justice Party Sala John 878 5.44
Reunification Movement for Change Francois Batick 835 5.17
People's Progressive Party Sato Kilman 784 4.86
People's Services Party Don Nmalamuwomu Ken 700 4.34
Independent Wilford Patunvanu 660 4.09
Leaders Party of Vanuatu Menzies Samuel Jack 604 3.74
Vanua'aku Pati Kaltalio Simeon 568 3.52
Vanua'aku Pati Diana Meltek 566 3.51
Green Confederation John Edwin Terry 527 3.26
Independent Niptic Andrew Willie Kal 514 3.18
Union of Moderate Parties Peter Manwo 491 3.04
Reunification Movement for Change Jerome Ludvaune 447 2.77
UCVP Party Malcekan Jeanno 436 2.70
Independent Paul Robert Ravun 306 1.90
Independent Stephen Shing 296 1.83
Leaders Party of Vanuatu Max Kelly Albert 260 1.61
People's Progressive Party Jack Roy 260 1.61
People Unity Development Party David Gibson 254 1.57
Union of Moderate Parties Anicet Maleb Faustin 251 1.56
Vanua'aku Pati Ata Tony 214 1.33
Vanuatu Labour Party Sewere Jean Philip 177 1.10
Nagriamel Patunvanu Jenek 175 1.08
Union of Moderate Parties Peter Onis 160 0.99
Independent Veremaito Roger 159 0.99
Oceania Transformation Movement Daniel Nalet 99 0.61
Independent Johnny Arnhambat 91 0.56
Namaki Ahute Kastom Movement Nemtenmat Raul 71 0.44
People, Churches, Chiefs Party Kisito Teilemb 70 0.43
Kia Koe Party Jules Nirambath 51 0.32
Independent Willy Apia Massing 29 0.18
Independent Tevanu Anselmo 24 0.15
Oceania Transformation Movement Julian Netty Shadrack 22 0.14
Independent William Aisen 21 0.13
Vanuatu Cultural Self-reliance Movement Marcelin Gulgul Abong 0 0.00
Paama 1 1,533 853 55.64 Leaders Party of Vanuatu Andy Job Sam 289 34.12
Vanua'aku Pati Jesse Joe Dick 216 25.50
Vanuatu Labour Party Fred William Tasso 184 21.72
Union of Moderate Parties Takau Glen 73 8.62
Vanuatu Liberal Movement Tom Philip Waiwai 43 5.08
Reunification Movement for Change Mahit Tout John Avock 33 3.90
Kia Koe Party Demis Lango Stanely Foifo 9 1.06
Pentecost 4 16,544 9,952 60.15 Reunification Movement for Change Charlot Salwai Tabimasmas 1,070 10.90
Rural Development Party Marc Melsul 1,043 10.63
National United Party Bule Silas 990 10.09
Land and Justice Party Reve Ephriam Boe 757 7.71
Leaders Party of Vanuatu Francois Xavier Chani 738 7.52
National United Party Ham Lini 720 7.33
Independent George Baddeley Bogiri 712 7.25
Vanua'aku Pati Richard Walsh Leona 681 6.94
Independent Saltukro Jean Baptist 645 6.57
Oceania Transformation Movement Tabirupmel Barnabas 489 4.98
Vanuatu First Party Jean Paul Virelala 459 4.68
Reunification Movement for Change Donald Wapack 422 4.30
People Unity Development Party Obed Tabimwel 280 2.85
Land and Justice Party Salathiel Taribas 202 2.06
Rural Development Party John Tevi Selwyn 180 1.83
Kia Koe Party Enoch Bule Kendrith 149 1.52
Oceania Transformation Movement Norbet Sumsum 122 1.24
Independent Tabius Gideon 60 0.61
Vanuatu Labour Party Wreath Bule 32 0.33
Kia Koe Party Kenedy John Tabiaga 28 0.29
National Party Mcdonald Bule 20 0.20
Oceania Transformation Movement Molbah Rolland 17 0.17
Port Vila 5 51,831 20,521 35.77 Land and Justice Party Regenvanu Ralph 1,987 10.79
Reunification Movement for Change Sumptoh Ulrich 1,819 9.87
Union of Moderate Parties Kalsakau Ishmael 1,581 8.58
Union of Moderate Parties Harry Anthony 1,466 7.96
Vanua'aku Pati Natapei Kenneth 1,255 6.81
Leaders Party of Vanuatu Stephen Dorrick Felix 1,159 6.29
Green Confederation Robert Murray Bohn 1,089 5.91
Reunification Movement for Change Jean Pierre Nirua 991 5.38
Independent Matou Sowany Joseph 889 4.83
Independent Nadia Kanegai 858 4.66
Union of Moderate Parties Palaud Donald 688 3.73
National United Party Garoleo Reginal 633 3.44
Leaders Party of Vanuatu Ligo Joe Wilson 591 3.21
Vanuatu Labour Party Kalsakau Ephraim 584 3.17
Independent Mael Toka George Jonathan 572 3.11
National Party Donald Shadrack 428 2.32
Independent Kalopo Seule Kalo 411 2.23
Independent Quai Nigel 395 2.14
Vanuatu People's Alliance for Change Manlau David 373 2.02
People's Democratic Party Langlois Joel 361 1.96
Independent Levi Tarosa 324 1.76
People Unity Development Party Thomson Pakoa 317 1.72
Union of Moderate Parties Himford Luo Wendy 226 1.23
The People's Party Daniiel Philips Obed 189 1.03
Melanesian Progressive Party Sope Barak Tame 181 0.98
Independent Derek Alexander 179 0.97
Independent Anne Leimala Pakoa Tau 158 0.86
Independent George Borugu 136 0.74
People's Progressive Party Kapah Terry 123 0.67
Nagriamel Jerry Moli Tamata 71 0.39
Oceania Transformation Movement Graham Tabirap 68 0.37
Kia Koe Party Kernot Christopher Joseph 65 0.35
Melanesian Progressive Party Tosul David 56 0.30
Vanuatu Liberal Party Obed Robert Diniro 54 0.29
Independent Nibtik Markson Max 44 0.24
Movement for Righteousness, Justice and Peace Molisa Daniel 37 0.20
Independent Marie Joseph Kalkoa 29 0.16
Oceania Transformation Movement Packete Manina Juanita 12 0.07
Santo 7 40,674 23,782 58.46 Reunification Movement for Change Mahe Rick Tchamako 2,900 12.25
Vanuatu Liberal Movement Gaetan Pikioune 1,858 7.85
Land and Justice Party Alfred Maoh 1,572 6.64
Vemarana Stevens Fabiano Nano 1,506 6.36
Vanuatu Cultural Self-reliance Movement Samsen Samson 1,272 5.37
Nagriamel Pikioune Leonard Joshua 1,204 5.09
People's Progressive Party Lulu Sakaes 1,141 4.82
Leaders Party of Vanuatu Bani Jocob 1,131 4.78
Nagriamel John Lum 1,048 4.43
Vanuatu Community Movement Livo Mele 1,028 4.34
Friend Melanesian Party Amblus Edwin Macreveth 996 4.21
Vanua'aku Pati Warsal Ronald Kalmasei 882 3.73
Union of Moderate Parties Ravu Breten 737 3.11
Union of Moderate Parties Leon Katty Warsal 710 3.00
Reunification Movement for Change Teviri Bule Cap Tabimel 662 2.80
Independent Charley Jean Vincent 598 2.53
Vanuatu Progressive Republican Farmer Party Ravou Akii Kolomoule Jean 512 2.16
Leaders Party of Vanuatu Vutilolo Ioan 483 2.04
Union of Moderate Parties Nevu Hosea Avock Rothui 462 1.95
Independent Collin Tavi 436 1.84
National United Party Langrere Manuel Garae 424 1.79
People Unity Development Party Warlan Iavro 422 1.78
Vanua'aku Pati Jullian Varisipiti 318 1.34
Vanuatu Presidential Party Arutape Johnathan Lavo 294 1.24
Vanuatu First Party Rocroc Silas 274 1.16
Independent Seni Mao Tarvakavat 205 0.87
Independent Moses Moli 152 0.64
Oceania Transformation Movement Thomas Adnrina Klt Prasad 113 0.48
Green Confederation John Wesley Nev 83 0.35
Independent Judah Siba 62 0.26
Kia Koe Party Toa Voke Steven 61 0.26
Oceania Transformation Movement Marae Clarence 57 0.24
Independent Timothy Ian Pune 30 0.13
Nodaru Masan Party Kouai John Wesley 23 0.10
People's Action Party James Samuel Turket 21 0.09
Shepherds 1 1,441 884 61.34 Green Confederation Willie Pakoa Satearoto 344 39.31
Vanua'aku Pati Timakata John William Tata'ariki 299 34.17
Leaders Party of Vanuatu Baptiste Firiam 232 26.51
Southern Islands 1 4,105 2,370 57.73 Vanua'aku Pati Edward Nalyal Molou 929 39.79
Reunification Movement for Change Tomker Netvunei 805 34.48
Leaders Party of Vanuatu Ben Leeshi 569 24.37
Union of Moderate Parties Simon Lovo Umah 19 0.81
Kia Koe Party Ruth Diana Delarue 13 0.56
Tanna 7 35,857 19,551 54.52 Leaders Party of Vanuatu Napat Jotham 1,841 9.50
Iauko Group Harry Xavier Emanuel 1,807 9.32
Union of Moderate Parties Kapapa Robin 1,584 8.17
Land and Justice Party Napuat Andrew Solomon 1,474 7.60
Vanua'aku Pati Koanapo Johnny 1,431 7.38
Vanua'aku Pati Loughman Bob 1,321 6.81
Union of Moderate Parties Natuman Nako Ianatom 1,175 6.06
Leaders Party of Vanuatu Nipo Jimmy Nanuman 1,135 5.86
Independent Noumeta James 968 4.99
Vanua'aku Pati Niatu Jerry 957 4.93
Rural Development Party Napuati John Less 823 4.25
Rural Development Party Noam Tom 741 3.82
Vanua'aku Pati Johnson Youse Simil 505 2.61
Independent Kausiama Andrew Nampat 467 2.41
Kia Koe Party Kapum Isso 462 2.38
Imaim Iapson George Kuras 438 2.26
Independent Nauam Johnny Lavah 429 2.21
Independent Miliaki John Am 389 2.01
Vanua'aku Pati George Ronald 310 1.60
Independent Faniku Mary Kaviamu 299 1.54
Green Confederation Kuahi Tom Iapsei 264 1.36
Vanuatu People's Alliance for Change Tafiku John Enock 229 1.18
Reunification Movement for Change Ionum Tom Gregoire 148 0.76
Independent Nasak William 91 0.47
Independent Nauka Jaques Meriago 54 0.28
Vanuatu Labour Party Karu Joe Harry 36 0.19
Imaim Luke Lotrick Iawilick 4 0.02
Oceania Transformation Movement Namel Richard 3 0.02
Tongoa 1 2,401 1,193 49.68 Union of Moderate Parties Kalo Willie 314 26.45
Leaders Party of Vanuatu Jack Paul 277 23.34
Rural Development Party Fred Lui Masoerangi Berry 141 11.88
Reunification Movement for Change Charley Robert 107 9.01
Vanua'aku Pati Albert Willie Karlosaruru 92 7.75
United Movements for Vanuatu People Noel Bong Willie 87 7.33
Independent John Fiji Ben 65 5.48
Independent Sandy Lolos 54 4.55
Green Confederation Rory Richard 49 4.13
Shepherds Alliance Party Alice Kaloran 1 0.08
Torress 1 2,966 2,058 69.38 Vanuatu National Development Party Claude Christophe Antoine Emelee 1,012 49.98
Leaders Party of Vanuatu Morris Manmelin Sogovman 973 48.05
Vanuatu Peoples for Change Party Henry Nelson Nin 19 0.94
Vanuatu Labour Party Clifton Ray Lonsdale 11 0.54
Green Confederation Basil Hopkin 10 0.49

Aftermath[]

Due to the delay in announcing the official results, Parliament was unable to meet for its first sitting within the normal period of 21 days after the election, and instead met for the first time on 20 April.[8] During the first meeting, Gracia Shadrack of the Leaders Party of Vanuatu was elected Speaker. Bob Loughman of the Vanua'aku Pati was elected Prime Minister, defeating former foreign minister Ralph Regenvanu of the Land and Justice Party by 31 votes to 21. Loughman's coalition government included the Vanua'aku Pati, the Union of Moderate Parties, the National United Party and other minor parties. The next day Loughman appointed the members of his government.[10]

Portfolio Member Party
Prime Minister Bob Loughman Vanua'aku Pati
Deputy Prime Minister
Minister for Internal Affairs		 Ishmael Kalsakau Union of Moderate Parties
Minister for Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry, Fisheries and Biosecurity Union of Moderate Parties
Minister of Climate Change National United Party
Minister of Education and Training Reunification Movement for Change
Minister of Finance and Economic Management Vanua'aku Pati
Minister of Foreign Affairs and External Trade Iauko Group
Minister of Health National United Party
Minister of Infrastructure and Public Utilities
Minister of Justice and Community Services Vanua'aku Pati
Minister of Land and Natural Resources Reunification Movement for Change
Ministry of Tourism, Trade, Commerce and Ni-Vanuatu Business
Minister of Youth Development and Training Green Confederation

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ General Election Date Set for March 19 Daily Post, 29 October 2019
  2. ^ "OVER 21,000 VOTERS YET TO VOTE". Vanuatu Daily Post. 20 March 2020. Retrieved 2020-03-23.
  3. ^ Republic of Vanuatu: Election for Ni-Vanuatu Parliament IFES
  4. ^ Vanuatu's largest political party endorses candidates for 2020 election Daily Post, 11 June 2019
  5. ^ Historic ‘Vot Woman’ Campaign Launched Daily Post, 8 October 2019
  6. ^ Cain, Tess Newton (2020-03-17). "Coronavirus fears and controversial passport sales: Vanuatu's election explained". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-03-18.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b Coronavirus fears and controversial passport sales: Vanuatu's election explained by Tess Newton Cain, The Guardian, 17 Mar 2020
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b Malapa, Terence (9 April 2020). "Parliament Summoned". Daily Post. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  9. ^ Malapa, Terence. "2020 GE Unofficial Results: 25 Former MPs Re-elected". Vanuatu Daily Post. Retrieved 2020-03-23.
  10. ^ Vanuatu's new PM appoints his new Cabinet Radio New Zealand, 21 April 2020
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