21st Chess Olympiad

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Official logo of the Olympiad.

The 21st Chess Olympiad, organized by FIDE and comprising an open[1] team tournament, as well as several other events designed to promote the game of chess, took place between June 6 and June 30, 1974, in Nice, France.

Bobby Fischer was still the reigning World Champion, but had not played a single game of tournament chess since he won the title in 1972 and was not present in Nice either. However, the American team still managed to secure third place in his absence.

For the same reason, for the second time in a row, the Soviet team was not led by the current world champion. It did, however, feature three previous (Tal, Petrosian, and Spassky) as well as one future champion (Karpov). The team won by 8½ points, the biggest victory margin yet, and took home their twelfth consecutive gold medals, with Yugoslavia and the United States taking the silver and bronze, respectively.

With a complete lack of tension in the championship race, the tournament had more than its share of political tension. In Final B, the Tunisian team refused to play Israel, so the score was computed according to Elo ratings, and awarded as a 3–1 win for the Israeli team.

Due to their apartheid policies, both South Africa and Rhodesia were expelled from FIDE with three rounds to go. The South African team withdrew from the tournament, and their Final C results were deleted from the overall standings. After FIDE president Max Euwe failed to have Rhodesia ejected from the Olympiad, they were allowed to finish the tournament and won Final E, with help from default victories against Iraq and Algeria who refused to play them in protest.

Results[]

Preliminaries[]

A total of 74 teams were divided into eight preliminary groups of nine or ten teams each, from which the top two advanced to Final A, no. 3-4 to Final B, etc. Preliminary head-to-head results were carried over to the finals, so no team met any other team more than once. All preliminary groups and finals were played as round-robin tournaments.

The results were as follows:

  • Group 1:
Country 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 + = Points
«A»  Soviet Union - 4 3 3 4 4 4 8 0 0 29
«A»  Wales 0 - 3 4 4 6 2 0 21
«B»  Scotland ½ - 2 3 4 4 5 2 1 21
«B»  Poland 1 2 - 4 4 5 2 1 20
«C»  Brazil 1 - 4 5 3 0 19
«C»  Mongolia ½ 1 1 - 3 3 3 5 0 15
«D»  Puerto Rico 0 0 ½ 1 - 3 2 6 0 11
«D»  Jordan 0 ½ 0 0 ½ 1 1 - 2 0 7 1 5
«E»  Netherlands Antilles 0 0 0 0 0 ½ ½ 2 - 0 7 1 3
  • Group 2:
Country 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 + = Points
«A»  United States - 3 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 0 2 26½
«A»  England 1 - 3 3 4 4 7 1 0 24½
«B»  Denmark 0 - 3 3 6 2 0 20½
«B»  Canada 2 1 ½ - 4 4 4 4 3 1 20½
«C»  Australia 2 1 1 - 4 3 5 2 1 19½
«C»  Ecuador ½ 0 ½ ½ - 2 3 3 2 5 1 11
«D»  Luxembourg 0 ½ 1 0 0 2 - 3 1 6 1 8
«D»  Panama 0 0 0 ½ 1 - 2 1 6 1
«E»  Rhodesia 0 ½ ½ 0 1 1 1 2 - 0 7 1 6
  • Group 3:
Country 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 + = Points
«A»  Yugoslavia - 2 3 4 4 4 7 0 1 25½
«A»  Finland 2 - 2 4 4 4 3 5 1 2 23
«B»  Cuba - 1 2 4 4 4 5 2 1 22½
«B»  Italy 1 2 3 - 1 3 3 5 2 1 19
«C»  Iran ½ 0 2 3 - 2 3 3 4 2 2 16
«C»  Venezuela 0 0 1 - 2 4 2 5 1 12½
«D»  Pakistan 0 ½ 2 - 3 2 1 5 2 12
«D»  Uruguay 0 0 0 ½ 1 2 1 - 3 1 6 1
«E»  Iraq 0 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 - 0 7 1 6
  • Group 4:
Country 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 + = Points
«A»  Hungary - 3 4 4 4 4 8 0 0 28½
«A»  Spain - 2 2 3 3 4 5 1 2 22½
«B»  Belgium 1 2 - 6 1 1 19
«B»  Tunisia ½ 2 - 2 3 4 2 2 17½
«C»  Chile 0 1 2 - 2 4 3 4 3 3 2 17
«C»  Syria 0 1 2 - 1 3 2 5 1 13½
«D»  Malta ½ ½ ½ 1 0 3 - 3 3 5 0 11
«D»  Malaysia 0 ½ ½ 1 ½ - 1 7 0 8
«E»  Japan 0 0 ½ 1 1 - 0 8 0 7
 Nicaragua 0 -
  • Only two players from the Nicaraguan team arrived in Nice, and after the team were forced to forfeit their first match against Chile, Nicaragua withdrew from the tournament. The forfeit was deleted from the Group 4 standings.
  • Group 5:
Country 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 + = Points
«A»  West Germany - 2 3 4 3 3 4 4 4 7 0 1 27
«A»  Sweden 2 - 3 2 4 4 3 5 1 2 24
«B»  Iceland 1 - 3 3 4 6 2 0 21
«B»  Portugal 0 1 1 - 4 4 4 5 3 0 20
«C» South Africa South Africa 1 2 ½ - 2 3 4 4 4 2 2 19
«C»  Ireland 1 ½ 1 2 - 3 3 3 3 4 1 15
«D»  Hong Kong 0 0 ½ 0 1 1 - 3 3 2 6 0
«D»  Guernsey 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 - 3 1 7 0 5
«E»  Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 - 0 8 0
  • Group 6:
Country 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 + = Points
«A»  Czechoslovakia - 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 7 0 1 28½
«A»  Romania 2 - 3 3 3 4 4 7 0 1 25
«B»  Norway ½ - 4 3 4 6 2 0 22½
«B»  Colombia 1 1 - 2 4 4 4 3 1 19½
«C»  New Zealand 0 1 ½ 2 - 1 2 3 4 2 4 2 13½
«C»  Singapore 0 1 0 3 - 1 2 6 0 11½
«D»  Lebanon 0 0 1 ½ 2 - 2 3 2 4 2 11
«D»  Monaco 0 ½ ½ 0 1 3 2 - 2 1 5 2 9
«E»  Andorra 0 0 0 0 0 ½ 1 2 - 0 7 1
  • Group 7:
Country 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 + = Points
«A»  Bulgaria - 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 6 1 2 27
«A»  Philippines 1 - 2 4 4 7 1 1 26½
«B»  Israel 2 2 - 3 2 4 3 6 0 3 24½
«B»  France 1 - 3 3 7 2 0 24
«C»  Indonesia 2 - 3 3 4 5 3 1 22½
«C»  Turkey 1 ½ ½ 1 - 4 4 3 3 6 0 17
«D»  Dominican Republic ½ ½ 2 ½ 1 - 3 2 4 3 4 2 16
«D»  Faroe Islands 0 ½ ½ 1 0 1 - 2 7 0
«E»  Cyprus 0 0 0 1 ½ 0 2 - 1 7 1
«E»  British Virgin Islands 0 0 1 ½ 0 1 0 ½ - 0 9 0
  • Group 8:
Country 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 + = Points
«A»  Netherlands - 3 1 3 4 3 4 4 4 7 1 0 26
«A»  Argentina 1 - 3 3 4 4 4 7 1 0 26
«B»  Austria 3 1 - 2 3 3 4 4 6 1 1 23½
«B»   Switzerland 1 1 2 - 3 3 4 5 2 1 20
«C»  Greece 0 ½ 1 - 4 4 3 4 4 0 16½
«C»  Mexico 1 ½ ½ 1 - 3 4 4 3 5 0 15½
«D»  Morocco 0 0 1 ½ 0 1 - 4 4 2 6 0 10½
«D»  United States Virgin Islands 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 - 2 0 7 1 3
«E»  Bahamas 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 - 0 7 1 3

Finals[]

Final A
# Country Players Average
rating
Points MP
1  Soviet Union Karpov, Korchnoi, Spassky, Petrosian, Tal, Kuzmin 2665 46
2  Yugoslavia Gligorić, Ljubojević, Ivkov, Planinc, Velimirović, Parma 2566 37½
3  United States Kavalek, Byrne, Browne, Reshevsky, Lombardy, Tarjan 2586 36½ 22
4  Bulgaria Radulov, Padevsky, Tringov, Popov, Spasov, Kirov 2475 36½ 21
5  Netherlands Timman, Donner, Sosonko, Ree, Enklaar, Kuijpers 2478 35½
6  Hungary Portisch, Bilek, Csom, Ribli, Forintos, Sax 2554 35
7  West Germany Schmid, Unzicker, Pfleger, Hecht, Dueball, Kestler 2534 32
8  Romania Gheorghiu, Ciocâltea, Ghițescu, Ghizdavu, Partoş, Pavlov 2468 29½ 16
9  Czechoslovakia Hort, Jansa, Filip, Přibyl, Plachetka, Lechtýnský 2521 29½ 14
10  England Hartston, Keene, Penrose, Whiteley, Stean, Markland 2456 26
11  Philippines Torre, Cardoso, Naranja, Balinas, Lontoc, Bordonada 2358 25½ 12
12  Spain Pomar, Torán, Calvo, Bellón López, Visier Segovia, Sanz 2428 25½ 11
13  Sweden Andersson, Ornstein, Jansson, Liljedahl, Uddenfeldt, Kinnmark 2448 25
14  Argentina Quinteros, Sanguineti, Najdorf, Rubinetti, Szmetan, Debarnot 2491 23½
15  Finland Westerinen, Poutiainen, Rantanen, Hurme, Venäläinen, Raaste 2319 22
16  Wales Williams, Hutchings, Jones, Cooper, Sully, Trevelyan 2285 14½
Final B
# Country Players Average
rating
Points MP
17  Israel Liberzon, Kraidman, Czerniak, Kagan, Bleiman, 2465 40½
18  Austria Robatsch, Dückstein, Prameshuber, Janetschek, Röhrl, Stoppel 2388 38½
19  Italy Mariotti, Tatai, Tóth, , Zichichi, Cappello 2428 38
20  Colombia Castro, Cuartas, , , de Greiff, 2354 32½
21  Norway Øgaard, Johannessen, Zwaig, Hoen, Ulrichsen, 2410 32 19
22  Iceland Ólafsson, Sigurjónsson, Jóhannsson, Kristinsson, , 2456 32 18
23  Poland Schmidt, Doda, Pytel, Kostro, Adamski, Pokojowczyk 2430 32 17
24  Canada Suttles, Biyiasas, Yanofsky, Kuprejanov, Day, Piasetski 2419 31 18
25  Cuba García González, García Martínez, , Jiménez, Estévez Morales, Rodríguez Céspedes 2423 31 15
26  Denmark Andersen, Rath, Moe, Iskov, Kølbæk, Jacobsen 2405 31 14
27   Switzerland Hug, Lombard, Schaufelberger, Wirthensohn, Gereben, 2380 29
28  France Maclès, Todorcevic, Seret, , , Benoit 2381 27½
29  Scotland , , Levy, , , 2319 25½
30  Belgium Boey, , , , , 2323 23½
31  Portugal Durão, Silva, Cordovil, Ribeiro, Santos L., 2306 19½
32  Tunisia Bouaziz, Belkadi, , Teboudi K., Najar C., 2200 17½
Final C
# Country Players Average
rating
Points MP
33  Australia Jamieson, Fuller, Shaw, , , Purdy 2286 39
34  Iran Harandi, Sharif, Shirazi, , , 2320 34½
35  Brazil Mecking, Câmara, van Riemsdijk, Segal, Nóbrega, Toth 2424 32½
36  Mongolia Lhagva, Ujtumen, Myagmarsuren, Gungabazar, Tumurbator, Purevzhav 2364 31½
37  Ireland , , , , Heidenfeld, 2245 30½
38  Chile Sánchez, Velasco, Bugueño, Letelier, , 2384 30 17
39  Indonesia Ardiansyah, , , , , 2249 30 14
40  Greece , , , Vizantiadis, , 2263 27½ 16
41  Mexico , , , , , 2283 27½ 14
42  Turkey Onat, , Bilyap, , , Süer 2265 27
43  Singapore , , , , , 2219 25
44  Venezuela , Gamboa, , Caro, , 2203 24½
45  New Zealand Fairhurst, Sarapu, Garbett, Green, , 2230 22½
46  Ecuador Yépez, , , , , 2213 22
47  Syria Rifai S., , , Arik A., Albaba M., Kabbani M. 2200 16
WD South Africa South Africa[2] Friedgood, , , de Villiers, , 2228 -
Final D
# Country Players Average
rating
Points MP
48  Pakistan , , , , , 2200 49½
49  Puerto Rico , , Colón Romero A., , , 2203 44½
50  Dominican Republic , , , , , 2200 43½
51  Luxembourg , , , , , Philippe 2201 38½
52  Lebanon , , , , , 2206 35 20
53  Uruguay Lamas Baliero, Bademian Orchanian, , , , 2200 35 17
54  Panama , , Cuéllar, , , 2200 33
55  Monaco , , , , Martelli R., 2200 29½
56  Malta , , , , , 2206 29
57  Hong Kong , , , , , Smith M. 2240 27½ 13
58  Faroe Islands , , , , , 2200 27½ 12
59  Malaysia , , , , Jamaluddin, 2200 24½
60  Morocco , , , , , Dakka 2200 21½
61  Jordan , , , , Baslan M., 2200 17½
62  Guernsey , , , , , Knight 2200 12 2
63  United States Virgin Islands Abraham, , , , , , [3] 2200 12 2
Final E
# Country Players Average
rating
Points
64  Rhodesia , , , , , Hope M. 2200 28½
65  Iraq , , Al-Kazzaz R. K., Taha, Muhsin F., 2200 24½
66  Netherlands Antilles , , , , , Rigaud O. W. 2200 21½
67  Japan , , , , , 2200 20½
68  Cyprus , , , , , 2200 19
69  Trinidad and Tobago Mohipp A., Brassington F., , , , Poon A. C. 2200 18
70  Algeria Chaabi, Bouzida M., , Hanni F. 2200 17
71  Andorra , , , , , 2200 13
72  Bahamas , , , , , 2200 11
73  British Virgin Islands Hook, Van Dyke B., Green S. L., , , Van Dyke 2200

Final «A»[]

  • Matches played in semi-finals are italicized.
Place Country 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 + - = Points
1  Soviet Union - 3 2 3 2 3 3 4 4 4 13 0 2 46
2  Yugoslavia - 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 4 8 3 4 37½
3  United States 1 - 2 3 3 2 3 10 3 2 36½
4  Bulgaria 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 4 7 1 7 36½
5  Netherlands 1 2 - 2 2 2 3 3 4 8 3 4 35½
6  Hungary 2 3 2 2 - 1 1 3 9 3 3 35
7  West Germany ½ 2 2 - 2 2 2 3 3 7 3 5 32
8  Romania ½ 2 1 2 2 3 2 - 2 2 2 2 3 1 4 3 8 29½
9  Czechoslovakia 1 ½ 2 2 2 - 3 1 2 3 5 6 4 29½
10  England 1 2 1 1 2 1 - 2 2 2 2 2 1 7 7 26
11  Philippines ½ 1 2 1 ½ 3 2 3 2 - 1 1 2 4 7 4 25½
12  Spain 0 ½ 1 1 2 2 3 - 2 3 4 8 3 25½
13  Sweden 1 ½ 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 - 2 2 8 5 25
14  Argentina ½ 2 1 ½ 3 1 2 2 2 - 2 1 9 5 23½
15  Finland 0 2 ½ 1 1 1 ½ 2 2 - 3 9 3 22
16  Wales 0 0 0 0 ½ 1 ½ 1 - 1 14 0 14½

Final «B»[]

  • Matches played in semi-finals and not played are italicized.
Place Country 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 + - = Points
17  Israel - 3 3 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 11 2 2 40½
18  Austria - 2 2 2 2 4 2 9 1 5 38½
19  Italy 1 - 3 2 3 3 4 3 10 4 1 38
20  Colombia 1 2 1 - 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 7 3 5 32½
21  Norway 3 2 - 2 1 2 8 4 3 32
22  Iceland 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 3 5 2 8 32
23  Poland 2 2 ½ 2 2 - 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 5 3 7 32
24  Canada ½ ½ 2 2 - 3 ½ 8 5 2 31
25  Cuba 1 2 2 1 - 2 6 6 3 31
26  Denmark 1 2 1 - 2 3 6 7 2 31
27   Switzerland 1 2 1 3 1 - 2 2 2 3 4 7 4 29
28  France 1 0 1 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 3 6 6 27
29  Scotland ½ 2 0 1 2 2 2 - 2 3 3 7 5 25½
30  Belgium ½ ½ 2 2 2 ½ 2 ½ 2 ½ - 3 7 5 23
31  Portugal 1 ½ 1 1 ½ ½ 1 1 2 - 2 12 1 19½
32  Tunisia 1 ½ 1 1 1 ½ ½ 2 1 - 0 14 1 17½
  • Tunisia refused to play Israel because of political reasons. The score was set by default.

Final «C»[]

  • Matches played in semi-finals and not played are italicized.
Place Country 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 WD + - = Points
33  Australia - 3 3 4 1 2 4 3 4 11 2 1 39
34  Iran - 1 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 9 2 3 34½
35  Brazil 1 3 - 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 8 3 3 32½
36  Mongolia 1 1 - 2 3 ½ 3 3 4 7 6 1 31½
37  Ireland 0 1 2 - 1 4 2 8 5 1 30½
38  Chile 3 ½ 1 - 3 3 2 2 3 2 7 4 3 30
39  Indonesia 2 2 2 1 - 2 3 3 4 3 5 5 4 30
40  Greece ½ 2 ½ 1 2 - 2 2 3 3 6 4 4 27½
41  Mexico 0 1 3 - 2 2 2 2 1 5 5 4 27½
42  Turkey 1 2 ½ 1 1 2 2 - 2 3 ½ 5 5 4 27
43  Singapore 0 1 ½ 2 2 2 2 - 3 2 4 5 5 25
44  Venezuela 2 1 2 2 - 2 2 8 4 24½
45  New Zealand 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 - 3 3 9 2 22½
46  Ecuador 1 2 0 1 1 - 1 3 9 2 22
47  Syria 1 0 ½ 2 0 1 ½ 1 - 1 12 1 16
WD South Africa South Africa ½ 2 2 1 3 3 -
  • South Africa were expelled from FIDE with three rounds to go and withdrew from the event. Their scores were set as friendlies.

Final «D»[]

  • Matches played in semi-finals are italicized.
Place Country 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 + - = Points
48  Pakistan - 2 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 13 1 1 49½
49  Puerto Rico 2 - 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 4 4 11 0 4 44½
50  Dominican Republic 2 - 1 3 2 3 3 4 4 4 3 11 2 2 43½
51  Luxembourg ½ 1 3 - 3 2 3 3 3 4 11 3 1 38½
52  Lebanon 2 ½ - 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 4 7 2 6 35
53  Uruguay 1 1 1 1 2 - 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 5 35
54  Panama ½ 2 ½ ½ - 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 3 8 4 3 33
55  Monaco ½ ½ ½ 2 2 2 - 2 2 3 5 5 5 29½
56  Malta ½ ½ 2 ½ 2 - 1 3 4 6 7 2 29
57  Hong Kong 0 ½ 1 2 2 3 - 3 2 3 5 7 3 27½
58  Faroe Islands 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 - 2 4 7 4 27½
59  Malaysia ½ 1 1 1 2 1 ½ 1 - 4 10 1 24½
60  Morocco 0 ½ 0 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 ½ - 4 2 9 4 21½
61  Jordan 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 1 1 - 2 2 11 2 17½
62  Guernsey 0 0 0 ½ 0 0 0 0 1 ½ 2 - 2 12 1 12
63  United States Virgin Islands 0 0 1 ½ ½ ½ 1 ½ ½ ½ 0 - 1 14 0 12

Final «E»[]

  • Matches played in semi-finals and not played are italicized.
Place Country 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 + - = Points
64  Rhodesia - 4 3 2 3 3 4 8 0 1 28½
65  Iraq - 2 3 2 2 2 4 4 4 1 4 24½
66  Netherlands Antilles 0 2 - 1 2 4 2 3 4 2 3 21
67  Japan 1 1 3 - 3 2 6 2 1 20
68  Cyprus ½ 2 ½ - 3 3 5 3 1 19
69  Trinidad and Tobago 2 2 2 1 - 2 2 3 2 2 5 18
70  Algeria 1 2 ½ 2 - 3 3 3 4 2 17
71  Andorra 1 0 0 2 1 2 1 - 3 3 2 5 2 13
72  Bahamas 0 ½ 2 1 1 1 - 1 7 1 11
73  British Virgin Islands ½ 0 1 ½ 1 1 - 0 9 0
  • Iraq and Algeria refused to play Rhodesia because of political reasons. The scores were set by default.

Individual medals[]

  • Board 1: Soviet Union Anatoly Karpov 12 / 14 = 85.7%
  • Board 2: Austria Andreas Dückstein 10 / 12 = 83.3%
  • Board 3: Soviet Union Boris Spassky 11 / 15 = 73.3%
  • Board 4: Soviet Union Tigran Petrosian 12½ / 14 = 89.3%
  • 1st reserve: Soviet Union Mikhail Tal 11½ / 15 = 76.7%
  • 2nd reserve: United States James Tarjan and Netherlands Franciscus Kuijpers 11 / 13 = 84.6%

References[]

  1. ^ Although commonly referred to as the men's division, this section is open to both male and female players.
  2. ^ The South African team was expelled from FIDE with three rounds remaining. Their matches were deleted from the overall standings.
  3. ^ Mrs. Karen Fyfe-Reussner and Mrs. Renata Bushnaq were allowed to enter the competition due to lack of a few players from basic squad. Bahamas, who were relegated to final E claimed this violated the rules stating no further alterations are possible after deadline. Apparently no one cared.
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