29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet

The 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (Chinese: 欽定藏內善後章程二十九條^[1]) was supposed to be an imperial decree published in 1793 by the Qianlong Emperor in the Qing Dynasty, the last imperial dynasty of China.^[2]^[3] Article 1 states that the purpose of Golden Urn is to ensure prosperity of Gelug, and to eliminate cheating and corruption in the selection process.^[4] There were three versions in the Tibetan language, and the original was not found. The corresponding text in Chinese was not listed as 29 articles, but parts and parcels of it were seen in various Memorial to the throne and decrees.^[5]^[6]

In 1792, the Qianglong emperor published an article known as A Discourse on Lamas (Chinese: 喇嘛說) that described the history of lamas and the reincarnation system. In it he described how the Golden Urn system was invented and said it would be a more fair mechanism of selecting the Dalai Lama than choosing reincarnated lamas based on private designation, or based on one person's decision. Also, it's to eliminate greedy family with multiple reincarnated rinpoches, lamas.^[7]^[8]

References[]

^ "欽定藏內善後章程/欽定藏內善後章程二十九條". zh.wikisource.org.
^ Xiaoming Zhang (2004). China's Tibet. China Internationnal Communication Center. pp. 42–. ISBN 978-7-5085-0608-1.
^ Jiawei Wang; Gyaincain Nyima (1997). The Historical Status of China's Tibet. China Internationnal Communication Center. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-7-80113-304-5.
^ 皇帝為了黃教的興隆，和不使護法弄假作弊
^ "张云：钦定藏内善后章程二十九条的形成与版本问题" [The compilation and versions of 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet]. iqh.net.cn (in Chinese).
^ "藏文《水牛年文书》和《新订章程二十九条》探析" [A Study of Tibetan Documents of the Water-Ox year and 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet]. 西藏研究 (in Chinese) (3). 1993 – via tibet.cn.
^ "御制《喇嘛说》碑 - - 活佛转世数字馆". www.livingbuddha.cn.
^ "乾隆皇帝的《喇嘛说》碑文". www.douban.com.

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[1] "欽定藏內善後章程/欽定藏內善後章程二十九條". zh.wikisource.org.

[Zhang2004-2] Xiaoming Zhang (2004). China's Tibet. China Internationnal Communication Center. pp. 42–. ISBN 978-7-5085-0608-1.

[WangNyima1997-3] Jiawei Wang; Gyaincain Nyima (1997). The Historical Status of China's Tibet. China Internationnal Communication Center. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-7-80113-304-5.

[4] 皇帝為了黃教的興隆，和不使護法弄假作弊

[5] "张云：钦定藏内善后章程二十九条的形成与版本问题" [The compilation and versions of 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet]. iqh.net.cn (in Chinese).

[6] "藏文《水牛年文书》和《新订章程二十九条》探析" [A Study of Tibetan Documents of the Water-Ox year and 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet]. 西藏研究 (in Chinese) (3). 1993 – via tibet.cn.

[7] "御制《喇嘛说》碑 - - 活佛转世数字馆". www.livingbuddha.cn.

[8] "乾隆皇帝的《喇嘛说》碑文". www.douban.com.

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