AN-94

AN-94
AN-94
	AN-94 displayed at Engineering Technologies 2012
Type	Assault rifle
Place of origin	Russia
Service history
In service	1997–present
Used by	See Users
Wars	First Chechen War ; Annexation of Crimea;
Production history
Designer	Gennadiy Nikonov
Designed	1980–1994
Manufacturer	Izhmash
Produced	1994–2006
Specifications
Mass	3.85 kg (8.49 lb)
Length	943 mm (37.1 in) stock extended; 728 mm (28.7 in) stock folded
Barrel length	405 mm (15.9 in)
Cartridge	5.45×39mm
Action	Gas-operated
Rate of fire	1800 (2 round burst) or 600 (full auto) rounds/min
Muzzle velocity	900 m/s (2,953 ft/s)
Effective firing range	700 m
Feed system	30, 45 round AK-74 compatible box magazines; 60-round casket magazines
Sights	Iron sights; 700 mm (27.6 in) sight radius, optional optics

The AN-94 (Russian: 5,45-мм автомат Никонова обр. 1987 г. / АН-94 «Абака́н», GRAU designation 6P33) is a Russian assault rifle. The initials stand for Avtomat Nikonova model of 1994, after its chief designer Gennadiy Nikonov, who previously worked on the Nikonov machine gun.

The AN-94 was designed as a potential replacement to the AK-74 series of rifles currently in service with the Russian Armed Forces. Due to its complex design and expense, it failed to fill its intended role as a replacement for the AK-74, but it is in limited use as a special purpose weapon.^[2]^[3]

The AN-94 has the unique feature of delaying felt recoil for the first two rounds. This, it is claimed, increases hit probability under the most adverse combat conditions.^[1] The AN-94 offers a unique two-shot burst function at a stated 1800 rounds per minute.

Design and operation[]

Prototype of AN-94 assault rifle, also known as LI-291

AN-94 infographics

The most conspicuous identifying feature of the AN-94 is its magazine which is canted several degrees to the right of center (when viewed from a firing position). This design feature is necessary to accommodate the unique ammunition feed mechanism. The AN-94 is chambered in the same 5.45×39mm M74 cartridge as the AK-74, and it utilizes a rotating bolt to lock the action. Gennadiy Nikonov and his engineers used the Russian term смещенный импульс свободного затвора (smeschyonnyy impuls svobodnogo zatvora) to describe the rifle's method of operation, meaning "recoil shifted pulse."^[4]

When a round is fired, residual energy from the propellant charge in the cartridge acts upon the safely locked breech and bolt carrier. Simultaneously, a quantity of powder gases driving the bullet through the barrel is tapped and acts upon the piston in the gas tube located above and parallel to the barrel. The movement of the piston and its connecting rod acts upon the locking bolt, causing it to rotate and allow the breech to safely open. This initiates the extraction and ejection cycle for the first spent cartridge. After the first round has been fired, the bolt and carrier group move toward the rear, ejecting the first casing towards the front of the ejection window. The movement of the Carrier is directly connected to a pulley system which is connected to a small metal rod on the rear side of the magazine well. The rod pushes a second round into the firing position. Once this action has completed the bolt and carrier group will stop and move back towards the front of the gun before it has hit the rear of the receiver. When the bolt has fully locked it will fire the second round. This whole process happens very quickly and it is how the 2 round burst works. For any follow-up rounds, the hammer - in fact a horizontal striker, as opposed to the rotating hammer of the AK rifle - is held until every full recoil cycle is finished, to prevent the rifle firing at the extremely high rate continuously. This means that after every bullet the bolt and carrier group will travel the whole distance of possible travel, resulting in a more manageable rate of 600 RPM.^[1]