AUKUS

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

AUKUS
A world map with Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States coloured in green; all remaining countries are in grey
Member states shown in dark green
Formation15 September 2021; 5 months ago (2021-09-15)
TypeMilitary alliance
PurposeCollective security
Region
Indo-Pacific
Membership
  •  Australia
  •  United Kingdom
  •  United States

AUKUS (/ˈɔːkəs/, AW-kəs) is a trilateral security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, announced on 15 September 2021 for the Indo-Pacific region.[1][2] Under the pact, the US and the UK will help Australia to acquire nuclear-powered submarines.[3]

The pact also includes cooperation on "cyber capabilities, artificial intelligence, quantum technologies and additional undersea capabilities".[3] The pact will focus on military capability, separating it from the Five Eyes intelligence-sharing alliance that also includes New Zealand and Canada.[4]

The deal has been subject to both praise and disapproval. The government of China was vocal in its contempt for the deal, accusing the three western powers of having a "cold-war mentality",[5] as the deal was widely seen as being, at least in part, a response to China's status as an increasingly assertive emerging superpower.[6] On 17 September 2021, France, which is an ally of the three countries, recalled its ambassadors from Australia and the US; French foreign minister Jean-Yves Le Drian called the pact a "stab in the back"[7] following Australia's cancellation of a French–Australian submarine deal worth €56 billion (A$90 billion) without notice,[8][9] ending efforts to develop a deeper strategic partnership between France and Australia.[10][11][12] It was also criticised for not making room for New Zealand, an important strategic ally in the Pacific region, which was presumed to be because of the country's nuclear-free policy.[13]

Background[]

Naval Group–Australia strategic partnership agreement[]

In 2009, two years after the start of the project to replace the Royal Australian Navy's conventionally-powered Collins-class submarines, the Australian Defence White Paper stated: "The Government has ruled out nuclear propulsion for these submarines".[14]

In 2016, Australian prime minister Malcolm Turnbull signed a A$50 billion (€31 billion) deal with the partly French government-owned company Naval Group (known as DCNS until 2017) to design a new generation of submarines, known as the Attack class, under the "Future Submarine Program", scheduled to replace the Collins class.[15][16][note 1] The design was based on the latest French nuclear-powered attack submarine, the Barracuda class, which required converting the nuclear propulsion to conventional propulsion. Another difference was that Australia chose to equip it with a United States Navy combat system and torpedo with Lockheed Martin Australia selected to integrate them into the design.[20][21][22] Australia typically requires that part of their vessels be built there, which increases the cost. In this case it corresponded to 60 per cent of the contract value, with France handling the technology transfer.[23]

In 2019, Australia signed a strategic partnership agreement with Naval Group to design and construct twelve submarines to be built in Australia.[24][25] However, the project was beset by delays and cost overruns, leading to uncertainty and tension behind the scenes.[9][26] The revised cost, including inflation during the length of the program, was A$90 billion (€56 billion).[27]

In February 2021, an initial design plan was rejected as being too expensive, and Naval Group were given until September to improve their proposal.[28] At a Senate inquiry in early June 2021, with delays ongoing, Defence Secretary Greg Moriarty revealed under questioning that he had considered making contingency plans if the French project was to fail, admitting that there had been ongoing problems for over a year.[29] Two weeks later, Australian prime minister Scott Morrison met French president Emmanuel Macron in Paris and expressed concern about the project going off track, to which Macron replied that France was giving "full and complete" commitment and would proceed "further and faster if possible".[28]

On 30 August 2021, the French and Australian defense and foreign affairs ministers released a joint statement reaffirming the project, stating that the "Ministers underlined the importance of the Future Submarine program."[10][30][31]

Less than three weeks later, Australia decided to cancel the contract with Naval Group for the Attack-class submarines[15] despite having already spent about $2.4 billion on the French project.[32] It was expected that Australia would have to pay hundreds of millions of Euros in penalties for cancelling the contract.[33] The contract contained "control gates" with "off-ramps" at which point Australia could withdraw from the contract.[34][35]

The Australian Department of Defence wrote to Naval Group on the same day the security pact was announced.[30][36] The French Ministry of Defense claim the department told them that "they were satisfied with the submarine's achievable performance and with the progress of the program."[30] Naval Group said that Australia "terminated the contract for convenience".[37]

Morrison said that Australia now required a nuclear-powered submarine which has the advantages of greater speed, remaining underwater for longer and carrying heavier loads than a conventionally powered submarine, based on a change in the strategic situation in the Indo-Pacific.[7][3][38]

Australia–UK–US negotiations[]

The Sunday Telegraph reported that in March 2021 the Australian navy chief Vice Admiral Michael Noonan met in London with his British counterpart Admiral Tony Radakin and requested assistance from the UK and the US in acquiring nuclear-powered submarines.[39] The Daily Telegraph reported that British Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab "helped broker the deal".[40] The New York Times too reported that Australia first approached the UK for assistance.[41] Axios reported that Australia and the UK first approached the US earlier in February.[42] A trilateral discussion was held between Johnson, Biden and Morrison at the June 2021 G7 summit held in Cornwall, England.[38][43] The talks took place without Macron's knowledge.[40] This approach was possible as a result of the UK not entering into a formal foreign policy and security treaty in the post-Brexit deal with the EU. As a result, the UK was free to pursue enhanced cooperation with other allies.[44] Axios reported that the Biden administration sought assurances from Australia that cancelling the contract was not dependent on the US providing them with assistance and that cancelling was a fait accompli.[42] Morrison said Australia had been considering an alternative to the Attack-class submarine deal for the past 18 months.[38][43]

Although the joint announcement by Australian prime minister Scott Morrison, British prime minister Boris Johnson and US president Joe Biden did not mention any other country by name, anonymous White House sources have alleged it is designed to counter the influence of China in the Indo-Pacific region.[45][1] However, Johnson later told parliament that the move was not intended to be adversarial toward China.[46]

US Secretary of State Antony Blinken and US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin said that Australia did not have any "reciprocal requirements" as a consequence of the US sharing nuclear submarine propulsion technology such as Australia hosting intermediate-range missiles.[47][48]

Features[]

Nuclear-powered submarines[]

Under the pact, the US will share nuclear propulsion technology with Australia the same as it has with the UK since 1958 under the 1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement as will the UK.[35][49][3] The Royal Australian Navy will now acquire at least eight nuclear-powered submarines armed with conventional weapons to be built in Australia.[3] The basic design and key technologies will be decided by the Nuclear-Powered Submarine Task Force an 18-month Department of Defence research project headed by Vice Admiral Jonathan Mead, begun in September 2021 with assistance from the US and UK.[3][50]

Australia will now extend the life of its Collins-class submarines that the Attack class was due to replace and may consider leasing or buying nuclear-powered submarines from the US or the UK in the interim until the delivery of its future nuclear powered submarines.[3][51][52] Also in the interim, Australian Defence Minister Peter Dutton said that Australia will have regular visits by US and UK nuclear-powered submarines.[53][note 2] The annual Australia-US Ministerial Consultations (AUSMIN) between the Australian Ministers for Foreign Affairs and Defence and the US Secretaries of State and Defense held in September 2021 endorsed "increasing logistics and sustainment capabilities of U.S. surface and subsurface vessels in Australia."[55][56]

Australia considered purchasing French nuclear submarines which use nuclear reactors fuelled by low-enriched uranium at less than 6%.[57][58] However, French reactor designs have to be refuelled every ten years,[57][59] and Australia does not have a civil nuclear capability with nuclear energy prohibited.[60] In contrast, American and British designs power the submarines for the expected life of the submarines[57][61][62] using nuclear reactors fuelled by highly enriched uranium (HEU) at 93% enrichment.[63]

Currently, only six countries have nuclear submarines, the five permanent members of the UN Security Council (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States) and India.[7] The New York Times reported that Australia will probably buy highly enriched uranium (HEU) from the US for the nuclear reactor that powers the submarine.[64][note 3] The United States' naval reactors are all pressurized water reactors (PWR).[66] The latest UK propulsion system is the Rolls-Royce PWR3 that will power the Royal Navy's new Dreadnought-class submarines currently being built and is "based on a US design but using UK reactor technology".[67][68]

US officials have said that sharing nuclear propulsion technology with Australia is a "one-off" and that they have no "intention of extending this to other countries".[69][70] South Korea, also a US ally, has had ambitions to acquire nuclear-powered submarines since 2017 and was reportedly refused US assistance in September 2020 because of nuclear non-proliferation.[71][72][73]

On 22 November 2021, Australia, the US and the UK signed the Exchange of Naval Nuclear Propulsion Information Agreement (ENNPIA) treaty.[74][75] The treaty permits the disclosure of information by the US and the UK to Australia and its use.[75] As the US is restricted by the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 from sharing information without an agreement and the UK is also restricted by the 1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement unless authorised.[76][77] On 29 November 2021, the UK Foreign Secretary presented the treaty to parliament to consider.[78] On 1 December 2021, US President Joe Biden presented the treaty to Congress to consider.[79] On 17 December 2021, the Australian Parliament's Joint Standing Committee on Treaties recommended that the parliament ratify the treaty.[80]

Computer and cybertechnology[]

The announcement of AUKUS included the stated aim of improving "joint capabilities and interoperability. These initial efforts will focus on cyber capabilities, artificial intelligence, quantum technologies, and additional undersea capabilities."[81] Tom Tugendhat, chair of the British Commons' Foreign Affairs Committee, later commented on Twitter that "Bringing together the military-industrial complex of these three allies together is a step-change in the relationship. We've always been interoperable, but this aims at much more. From artificial intelligence to advanced technology the US, UK and Australia will now be able to cost save by increasing platform sharing and innovation costs. Particularly for the smaller two, that's game-changing."[82] Engineering & Technology pointed to the increasing expansion of Chinese technology firms such as Huawei, which has been excluded from tendering for participation in telecommunications networks by the US and Australia on national security grounds, and government vetoes over the attempted Chinese acquisition of American company Lattice Semiconductor and ongoing British consideration of proposed takeovers of local semiconductor firms.[82] Engineering & Technology also pointed to the March 2021 statement of the US National Security Commission on AI, of the imperative to intensify local efforts but also "rally our closest allies and partners to defend and compete in the coming era of AI-accelerated competition and conflict".[82]

Nuclear proliferation concerns[]

The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty allows non-nuclear-weapon states to produce the highly enriched uranium for naval reactor fuel.[58] Nevertheless, the agreement to transfer US or UK nuclear submarine technology including possibly highly enriched uranium has been described as an act of nuclear proliferation,[83][84] and has been criticised by scholars and politicians.[84][85][86] In the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, scholar Sébastien Philippe criticised AUKUS and wrote "we can now expect the proliferation of very sensitive military nuclear technology in the coming years, with literally tons of new nuclear materials under loose or no international safeguards."[84] James M. Acton of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace wrote that "the nonproliferation implications of the AUKUS submarine deal are both negative and serious. For Australia to operate nuclear-powered submarines, it will have to become the first non-nuclear-weapon state to exercise a loophole that allows it to remove nuclear material from the inspection system of the International Atomic Energy Agency. I have no real concerns that Australia will misuse this material itself, but I am concerned that this removal will set a damaging precedent. In the future, would-be proliferators could use naval reactor programs as cover for the development of nuclear weapons."[87]

Australia and Brazil[88][89][note 4] would be the first countries without nuclear weapons to have nuclear-powered submarines. Concerns were raised that this may lead to increased risk of arms proliferation if other countries follow the same approach because it would involve other countries enriching uranium for naval reactors, potentially creating more avenues to develop material needed for nuclear weapons without the safeguards provided by regular inspections.[65] This would not apply in the case of Brazil because the reactor will use low enriched uranium at 7% concentration.[90] 20% is the minimum level required to make a nuclear weapon.[58]

Comments and responses from participating countries[]

Territories and territorial waters of Australia (yellow), the United Kingdom (blue), and the United States (green), including the respective Antarctic claims of Australia and the UK.

Australia[]

Federal opposition leader Anthony Albanese, of the Australian Labor Party, said that his party would support nuclear submarines as long as there was no requirement to have a domestic civil nuclear industry, no possession of nuclear weapons and that the deal is consistent with Australia's responsibilities under the nuclear non-proliferation treaty.[91] Former Labor prime minister Paul Keating condemned the deal, saying "This arrangement would witness a further dramatic loss of Australian sovereignty, as material dependency on the United States robbed Australia of any freedom or choice in any engagement Australia may deem appropriate".[91] Former Labor prime minister Kevin Rudd warned against overly obtrusive criticism of China and recommended that Australia focus on quietly improving military capability.[92]

Former Liberal prime minister Tony Abbott called the move "the biggest decision that any Australian government has made in decades" as "it indicates that we are going to stand shoulder to shoulder with the United States and the United Kingdom in meeting the great strategic challenge of our time, which obviously, is China".[92] Abbott said that Australia would be safer as a result, and cited China's increasing naval firepower as a justification for the deal.[92]

Australian defence minister Peter Dutton responded by saying that Australia wanted peace and stability and "an opportunity for Indonesia, Vietnam and Sri Lanka and Korea to continue to develop". Dutton further dismissed "outbursts from China" and said that Australia was a "proud democracy" committed to "enduring peace and this collaboration makes it a safer region ... no amount of propaganda can dismiss the facts".[48]

Australian Greens leader Adam Bandt criticised the deal, saying that it escalates tensions in the region and "makes Australia less safe".[93]

United Kingdom[]

Prime Minister Boris Johnson said that the deal would create "hundreds of high-skilled jobs" and "preserve security and stability around the world" but said that the relationship with France was "rock solid".[7] Conservative MP Tom Tugendhat said: "After years of bullying and trade hostility, and watching regional neighbours like the Philippines see encroachment into their waters, Australia didn't have a choice, and nor did the US or UK [to make the deal]".[94] Former prime minister Theresa May questioned whether the UK would be forced into a war with China should Taiwan be invaded.[95]

Johnson responded to French anger on 21 September by saying "I just think it's time for some of our dearest friends around the world to prenez un grip about this and donnez-moi un break";[96] the latter being broken French for "get a grip and give me a break".[97]

Foreign Secretary Liz Truss viewed AUKUS as the beginning of a "Network of Liberty", and also stated "On security we are striking new pacts to protect our sea routes, trade routes and freedoms", adding that "We are in talks with Japan about better military access and operational support between our two countries [and] we want closer security ties with key allies like India and Canada in everything from fighting cyber to traditional defence capability".[98]

Former leader of the Labour Party Jeremy Corbyn called the pact "crazy beyond belief", with Labour members voting to condemn the pact as dangerous to world peace.[99][100]

The British High Commissioner to Australia Victoria Treadell told ABC Radio "This is not an issue of this Anglosphere and I really do think we have to move away from defining countries like Australia, US and the UK as Anglosphere".[101]

United States[]

President Joe Biden stated that the deal was a way to "address both the current strategic environment in the (Indo-Pacific) region and how it may evolve".[102] After a call between the French and US presidents, the White House acknowledged the crisis could have been averted if there had been open consultations between allies. It was agreed the process would continue in such manner.[103][104]

International responses[]

France[]

The French government received official notification from Australia that the Attack-class submarine project was to be cancelled only a few hours before it was publicly announced.[105][15] Le Monde reported that the original cost of the project in 2016 was €35 billion of which €8 billion (A$12 billion) was to go to French companies.[106][107] The project was reportedly going to employ 4,000 people in France over six years at Naval Group and its 200 subcontractors.[107] The French government was angered by both the cancellation of the Attack-class submarine project and not being made aware of the negotiations that led to the AUKUS agreement.[108] In a joint statement, French foreign minister Jean-Yves Le Drian and armed forces minister Florence Parly expressed disappointment at Australia's decision to abandon their joint submarine program with France.[109][7]

Le Drian further stated in a radio interview that the contract termination was a "stab in the back".[7] On 17 September, France recalled its ambassadors from Australia and the US, Jean-Pierre Thébault and Philippe Étienne respectively.[9] Despite tension in the past, France had never before withdrawn its ambassador to the United States.[110] In a statement, Le Drian said that the "exceptional decision is justified by the exceptional gravity of the [AUKUS] announcements" and that the snap cancellation of the submarine contract "constitute[d] unacceptable behaviour between allies and partners".[9] French president Emmanuel Macron has not commented but is reported to have been "furious" about the turn of events. In response to questions about the Australia-EU trade deal currently being negotiated, French Secretary of State for European Affairs Clément Beaune stated that he doesn't see how France can trust Australia.[111] Arnaud Danjean, a French MEP, said that "Australians can expect more than a delay in concluding the Free Trade Agreement with the EU".[111] French Lowy Institute policy analyst Hervé Lemahieu said the diplomatic damage from the cancellation will take years to repair and leave a lasting legacy of mistrust".[9] After a call between the French and US presidents, the French ambassador is to return to the US.[103]

Beaune described the United Kingdom as a junior partner and vassal of the United States due to the pact, saying in an interview: "Our British friends explained to us they were leaving the EU to create Global Britain. We can see that this is a return into the American lap and a form of accepted vassalisation."[112] Le Drian stated that "We have recalled our ambassadors to [Canberra and Washington] to re-evaluate the situation. With Britain, there is no need. We know their constant opportunism. So there is no need to bring our ambassador back to explain."[113] A Franco-British defence summit was cancelled.[114]

Opposition politicians in France criticised the French government and demanded that France leave NATO, as well as demanding a parliamentary inquiry.[115][116]

A foreign ministers meeting between France, Germany, the UK, and the US has been postponed, and a ministerial meeting between Australia, France, and India was cancelled.[117][118] France however, contacted India to talk about strengthening their cooperation in the Indo-Pacific.[119] France's foreign commerce minister declined a meeting with his Australian counterpart.[120]

French president Macron said that Europe needs to stop being naïve when it comes to defending its interests and build its own military capacity.[121]

China[]

The People's Republic of China (PRC)'s foreign affairs department spokesperson Zhao Lijian said, "The nuclear submarine cooperation between the US, the UK and Australia has seriously undermined regional peace and stability, intensified the arms race and undermined international non-proliferation efforts".[122] Zhao also said "The three countries should discard the Cold War zero-sum mentality and narrow geopolitical perspective".[123] Spokesperson Hua Chunying said "China is firmly opposed to the US, the UK and Australia's malicious exploitation of loopholes in the Nuclear non-proliferation treaty and the International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards mechanism".[124]

The Chinese Communist Party-owned tabloid Global Times, which is known for being more aggressive than official government statements, denounced Australia and said it had "turned itself into an adversary of China" and warned that Australia could be targeted by China as a warning to other countries if it acted "with bravado" in alliance with the US, or by being "militarily assertive".[94] It further told Australia to avoid "provocation" or else China would "certainly punish it with no mercy",[48] and concluded "Thus, Australian troops are also most likely to be the first batch of western soldiers to waste their lives in the South China Sea".[94]

A Chinese Communist Party official, Victor Gao — former interpreter for Deng Xiaoping, and vice president of a Beijing think tank, the Center for China and Globalization considered the move to be a violation of international law and warned that Australia's moves towards nuclear-powered submarines would lead to the country "being targeted with nuclear weapons," in a future nuclear war.[125]

The PRC ambassador to France Lu Shaye urged the new alliance to fulfill their nuclear non proliferation obligations and said Asia-Pacific needs jobs, not submarines, and urged France to boost cooperation.[126][127]

Other countries[]

  •  Canada – The deal was announced in the midst of the 2021 Canadian federal election. Opposition politicians quickly attacked Prime Minister Justin Trudeau over Canada's exclusion from the pact, to which Trudeau responded by stating that "This is a deal for nuclear submarines, which Canada is not currently or any time soon in the market for. Australia is." Leader of the Official Opposition Erin O'Toole stated that he would seek to join the alliance if elected.[128]
  •  Denmark – Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen said that Joe Biden is “very loyal” to Europe and that "we should not turn... challenges, which will always exist between allies, into something they should not be." The Prime Minister also said she did not understand the criticism coming from Paris and Brussels.[129]
  •  Germany – German Minister of State for Europe Michael Roth described the row as a "wake up call" and stated that the EU must speak with one voice and that rebuilding lost trust will not be easy.[130][131]
  •  Indonesia – The Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has expressed concerns about the implications of the Australian acquisition of nuclear-powered submarines for "the continuing arms race and power projection in the region." It called on Canberra to maintain its commitment to regional peace and stability.[132][133][134] Indonesia later cancelled a planned visit by Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison amid the fallout of the AUKUS deal.[135] On 22 September 2021, the People's Representative Council's Commission I, urged President Joko Widodo to take a strong stand over the AUKUS deal through the auspices of ASEAN. Commission I member Rizki Aulia Rahma described the formation of AUKUS as a threat to Indonesian national defense and sovereignty. The Foreign Ministry responded that they were working on a response to the issues posed by AUKUS.[136]
  •  Kiribati – President Taneti Maamuu said that the deal puts the region at risk and that he was not consulted in relation to it. In the past the UK and US tested nuclear weapons in Kiribati, so they are concerned about nuclear submarines being developed. Kiribati recently switched diplomatic recognition from Taiwan to the China mainland. Beijing told Kiribati it is listening, whereas they felt that Australia is not listening to them. Mr Maamau said he is looking to Australia to show leadership as it debates a commitment to net zero emissions by 2050.[137]
  •  Malaysia – Malaysian Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob said he had raised concerns about the project with Mr. Morrison, and warned that the nuclear submarine project might heighten military tensions in Asia. He urged all parties to avoid any provocation, as well as an arms race in the region.[138] "At the same time, it will provoke other powers to take more aggressive action in this region, especially in the South China Sea," Mr Yaakob said.[138] Ismail Sabri also stressed the importance of respecting and adhering to Malaysia's existing stance and approach to nuclear-powered submarines operating in Malaysian waters, including under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty.[139] Australia has since dispatched officials to Kuala Lumpur to clarify about the deal. Malaysian Minister of Foreign Affairs Saifuddin Abdullah agreed to the suggestion of Australian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Marise Payne for an in-depth briefing over the matter.[140] In response to the announcement of the agreement Malaysia's defence Minister proposed an immediate working trip to China to discuss AUKUS, as they wanted to get views of AUKUS from China's Leadership.[141][142]
  •  New Zealand – On 16 September 2021, New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern issued a statement reiterating New Zealand's stance that no nuclear submarines were permitted in its waters, while also stating that they were not approached about the pact and that she would not have expected them to have been approached.[143][144] Ardern said the leaders of the three member nations were "very well versed" in New Zealand's nuclear-free policy and would have "understood our likely position on the establishment of nuclear-powered submarines".[145] Notably, Ardern was the first world leader that Morrison informed prior to the announcement.[146]
  • Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) – The Foreign Ministry of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea issued a statement condemning the deal as 'extremely undesirable and dangerous' which would 'upset the strategic balance in the Asia-Pacific region', potentially destroying the nuclear non-proliferation system,[147][148] and criticising the 'double-dealing' of the U.S. which 'seriously threatens the world peace and stability' stating that North Korea will take counteraction if the alliance threatens the country.[149][150]
  •  Philippines – Through a statement released by the Department of Foreign Affairs, The Philippines welcomed the signing of the trilateral security pact.[151] Foreign Secretary, Teodoro L. Locsin, Jr. highlighted that "the enhancement of a near-abroad ally's ability to project power should restore and keep the balance rather than destabilise it," Secretary Locsin further added that without an actual presence of nuclear weapons within the region, the Philippines therefore finds that the AUKUS move would not constitute a violation of the 1995 Southeast Asian Nuclear Weapons Free Zone treaty.[152][153]
  •  Portugal – Portuguese Minister Augusto Santos Silva said "In general, we ourselves express our solidarity with France, which has not been treated with due respect in this process", adding that "clearly, the form was not one that should have been followed".[154][155]
  •  Russia – Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov expressed concern, stating "This is a great challenge to the international nuclear non-proliferation regime." and that "We are also concerned about the … partnership that will allow Australia, after 18 months of consultations and several years of attempts, to obtain nuclear-powered submarines in sufficient numbers to become one of the top five countries for this type of armaments."[156]
  •  Singapore – Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong welcomed Australia's assurance that its new defense pact with the US and the UK aims to promote a “stable and secure” Asia Pacific amid China's concerns.[157]
  •  Taiwan – Vice President Lai Ching-te, immediately welcomed the pact, referring to it "as a positive development for democracy, peace, and prosperity in the region."[158][non-primary source needed] The foreign affairs spokesperson said, "Taiwan, on the groundwork of the Taiwan Relations Act and the Six Guarantees, will continue to deepen the close partnership with the United States, maintain the rules-based international order, and the peace, stability, and prosperity in the Taiwan Strait and in the Indo-Pacific region together."[159] Taiwan's Foreign Minister Joseph Wu also welcomed the pact, stating "We are pleased to see that the like-minded partners of Taiwan — the United States and the UK and Australia — are working closer with each other to acquire more advanced defence articles so that we can defend Indo-Pacific".[160]
  • Others – Morrison said he contacted prime ministers Yoshihide Suga of Japan, Narendra Modi of India, and Lee Hsien Loong of Singapore.[161] South Korea has also remained silent.[161]

European Union[]

President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, who told CNN that "one of our member states has been treated in a way that is not acceptable. ... We want to know what happened and why."[162][163] The EU also demanded an apology from Australia.[164] President of the European Council Charles Michel denounced a "lack of transparency and loyalty" by the US.[165] The EU said the crisis affects the whole union.[166]

Preparations for a new EU-US trade and technology council between the US and EU were postponed.[130] France eventually dropped their opposition to these talks which took place in Pittsburgh on September 29, 2021. France also attempted to delay the free trade talks between the EU and Australia.[167] Apparently "most of Europe felt that transatlantic ties were too important to sacrifice to French pique"; such as the pro-free trade Northern Europe countries, as well as Eastern European nations that prioritize security ties with Washington, who "resented the French attempt to impose its indignation on the rest of the bloc".[168] Key advocates for the TTC talks included EU's digital chief Margrethe Vestager, who favors open markets, and EU trade chief Valdis Dombrovskis from Latvia, who views the U.S. alliance and NATO as a vital counterweight to Russia and China.[169][168][170] Lithuanian deputy European Affairs Minister Arnoldas Prankevicius proclaimed “What is important is to keep trans-Atlantic unity, because we believe this is our biggest strength and biggest value, especially vis-à-vis such countries as Russia and China”.[167]

See also[]

  • 1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement
  • Anglosphere
  • ANZUS – 1951 Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty
  • ASEAN
  • AUSCANNZUKUS
  • ABCANZ Armies
  • East Asia island arcs (China containment policy)
  • Five Eyes
  • Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA) – Defence cooperation among Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore and UK
  • Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD) – Strategic dialogue among Australia, India, Japan and US
  • Second Cold War
  • Southeast Asia Treaty Organization – 1954–1977 international collective defense organization (SEATO)
  • UKUSA Agreement – Multilateral treaty covering signals intelligence, secretly signed in 1946

Notes[]

  1. ^ The exact build price and sustainment costs submitted by Naval Group to the Australian government are confidential. The government has refused to release the details under FOI.[17] A decision by the OAIC to overturn the refusal and release the details is being appealed by the Department of Defence and Naval Group at the AAT).[18][19]
  2. ^ The 2012 Australian Defence Force Posture Review recommended that Australia's submarine base at HMAS Stirling in Perth be expanded and be able to support US Navy submarines.[54]
  3. ^ Even though Australia is a leading producer of uranium, it has never operated nuclear power plants.[65]
  4. ^ See Brazilian submarine Álvaro Alberto.

References[]

  1. ^ a b Prime Minister of Australia Scott Morrison; Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Boris Johnson; President of the United States of America Joseph R. Biden (16 September 2021). "Joint Leaders Statement on AUKUS". Prime Minister of Australia (Press release). Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  2. ^ Ward, Alexander; McLeary, Paul. "Biden announces joint deal with U.K. and Australia to counter China". Politico. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Prime Minister; Minister for Defence; Minister for Foreign Affairs; Minister for Women (16 September 2021). "Australia to pursue Nuclear-powered Submarines through new Trilateral Enhanced Security Partnership". Prime Minister of Australia (Press release). Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.CC-BY icon.svg This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.
  4. ^ "Aukus: China denounces US-UK-Australia pact as irresponsible". BBC News. 16 September 2021. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  5. ^ "Aukus: China denounces US-UK-Australia pact as irresponsible". BBC News. 17 September 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  6. ^ "AUKUS causing Xi 'heartburn', says White House". Australian Financial Review. 21 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  7. ^ a b c d e f "Aukus: UK, US and Australia launch pact to counter China". BBC News. 16 September 2021. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  8. ^ Marlowe, Lara (17 September 2021). "France recalls ambassadors from US, Australia over submarine deal". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  9. ^ a b c d e Shields, Bevan (18 September 2021). "France recalls its ambassadors to Australia and United States amid submarine fury". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  10. ^ a b Minister for Europe and Foreign Affairs of France Jean-Yves Le Drian; Minister for the Armed Forces of France Florence Parly; Minister for Foreign Affairs and Minister for Women of Australia Marise Payne; Minister for Defence of Australia Peter Dutton (30 August 2021). "Inaugural Australia-France 2+2 Ministerial Consultations". Department of Defence Ministers (Press release). Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  11. ^ Prime Minister of Australia; President of France (2 May 2018). "Vision Statement on the Australia-France Relationship by the Honourable Malcolm Turnbull, Prime Minister Of The Commonwealth Of Australia and His Excellency Emmanuel Macron, President of the French Republic". Prime Minister of Australia (Press release). Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  12. ^ Willsher, Kim (18 September 2021). "Aukus: France's ambassador recall is 'tip of the iceberg', say analysts". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  13. ^ "NZ Left Out of the AUKUS Military Initiative". www.scoop.co.nz. September 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  14. ^ Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century : Force 2030 : Defence White Paper 2009 (PDF). Department of Defence. 2009. p. 70. ISBN 9780642297020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2009.
  15. ^ a b c Greene, Andrew; Probyn, Andrew; Dziedzic, Stephen (15 September 2021). "Australia to get nuclear-powered submarines, scrap $90b plan to build French-designed subs". ABC News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  16. ^ Australian National Audit Office (14 January 2020). Future Submarine Program - Transition to Design (PDF). Auditor-General Report No.22 2019-20. pp. 14, 15. ISBN 9781760335175. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  17. ^ "Rex Patrick and Department of Defence (No 2) (Freedom of information) [2020] AICmr 40 (13 August 2020)". Australian Information Commissioner. 13 August 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2021 – via Austlii.
  18. ^ Burke, Helena (13 October 2021). "Australian Government spent $250,000 covering up French submarine deal". Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  19. ^ Greene, Andrew (10 May 2021). "Taxpayers footing French legal bills to keep original price of $90 billion future submarine project secret". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  20. ^ Auditor-General Report 2020, p. 15.
  21. ^ Minister for Defence Marise Payne (16 November 2015). "Minister for Defence - Speech to the Submarine Institute of Australia". Department of Defence Ministers. Archived from the original on 10 March 2017.
  22. ^ "Lockheed Martin fournira les systèmes de combat des sous-marins australiens". Le Temps. 30 September 2016. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021 – via letemps.ch.
  23. ^ "Sous-marins: l'Australie rompt un contrat de 56 milliards d'euros avec la France pour signer avec les Etats-Unis". Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  24. ^ Auditor-General Report 2020, p. 6,8,9.
  25. ^ "Naval Group signe l'accord de partenariat stratégique avec l'Australie". Naval Group (Press release) (in French). 11 February 2019. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  26. ^ Needham, Kirsty (22 September 2021). "Australian documents showed French submarine project was at risk for years". Reuters. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  27. ^ "Diplomatie – la vente de sous-marins américains à l'Australie contrarie". Le Matin. 16 September 2021. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  28. ^ a b Greene, Andrew (16 June 2021). "Scott Morrison warns France to meet multi-billion-dollar submarine deal deadline". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  29. ^ Greene, Andrew (2 June 2021). "Defence looking at alternatives to French submarines in case $90 billion program falters". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  30. ^ a b c Vavasseur, Xavier (21 September 2021). "French MoD Sets the Record Straight on Australian Submarine Affair". Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  31. ^ Hurst, Daniel (17 September 2021). "The nuclear option: why has Australia ditched the French submarine plan for the Aukus pact?". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  32. ^ Shepherd, Tory (17 September 2021). "Australia considered buying nuclear submarines from France before ditching deal, Peter Dutton says". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  33. ^ "Sous-marins australiens : "La France aura des compensations financières"". Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  34. ^ Auditor-General Report 2020, pp. 28, 30.
  35. ^ a b Morrison, Prime Minister Scott (16 September 2021). "Interview with Jane Marwick, 6PR". 6PR (Interview). Interviewed by Jane Marwick. Perth, Western Australia. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  36. ^ "Future Submarine Program - Functional Ship System Functional Review (SFR) Exit" (PDF). Director General Future Submarine Program Commodore Craig Bourke. Australian Government. 15 September 2021. Released under FOI 147/21/22. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  37. ^ Shepherd, Tory (29 September 2021). "Australia tore up French submarine contract 'for convenience' Naval Group says". the Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  38. ^ a b c Prime Minister Scott Morrison (16 September 2021). "Press Conference - Canberra, ACT". Prime Minister of Australia. Canberra, ACT. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  39. ^ Bodkin, Henry; Samuel, Henry; Crisp, James (19 September 2021). "'Declaration of war': how UK's secret nuclear pact blindsided Europe's elite". The Sunday Telegraph. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  40. ^ a b Malnick, Edward (19 September 2021). "Liz Truss defies EU backlash over submarine pact with vow to fight for freedom". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  41. ^ Landler, Mark (18 September 2021). "Submarine Deal Gives Post-Brexit Britain Its Moment on the Global Stage". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  42. ^ a b Basu, Zachary; Swan, Jonathon (6 October 2021). "Inside Biden's full-court press with France". Axios. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  43. ^ a b Hurst, Daniel (18 September 2021). "The nuclear option: why has Australia ditched the French submarine plan for the Aukus pact?". No. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  44. ^ "AUKUS reveals much about the new global strategic context". Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank. 18 September 2021. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  45. ^ "Pact with U.S., Britain, will see Australia scrap French sub deal-media". Reuters. 16 September 2021. Archived from the original on 15 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  46. ^ PA Media (16 September 2021). "Prime Minister: Aukus is not intended to be adversarial towards China". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  47. ^ US Secretary of State Antony Blinken; US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin; Australian Foreign Minister Marise Payne; Australian Defence Minister Peter Dutton (16 September 2021). "Secretary Antony J. Blinken, Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III, Australian Foreign Minister Marise Payne, and Australian Defence Minister Peter Dutton At a Joint Press Availability". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  48. ^ a b c Hurst, Daniel (17 September 2021). "Australia dismisses China 'outbursts' and flags plans for more US military on home soil". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  49. ^ Ritchie 2015, p. 3,4-5.
  50. ^ Galliford, Claire; Rohweder, LT Sarah (17 September 2021). "Navy enters new era". Department of Defence (Press release). Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  51. ^ Remeikis, Amy (19 September 2021). "Australia could initially lease submarines from UK or US but nuclear weapons remain off limits". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  52. ^ "Australia to consider leasing or buying existing submarines from the US, UK". Sky News Australia. 19 September 2021. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  53. ^ Dutton, Defence Minister Peter (17 September 2021). "Interview with Karl Stefanovic, Today Show, Channel Nine". Today (Interview). Interviewed by Karl Stefanovic. Sydney. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  54. ^ Hawke, Allan; Smith, Ric (30 March 2012). Australian Defence Force Posture Review (PDF) (Report). Department of Defence. pp. v, 35. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  55. ^ "Joint Statement on Australia-U.S. Ministerial Consultations (AUSMIN) 2021". U.S. Department of State (Press release). 16 September 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  56. ^ "AUSMIN - Australia-United States Ministerial Consultations". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Australian Government. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  57. ^ a b c Shepherd, Tory (17 September 2021). "Australia considered buying nuclear submarines from France before ditching deal, Peter Dutton says". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  58. ^ a b c Philippe, Sébastien; von Hippel, Frank (November 2016). "The Feasibility of Ending HEU Fuel Use in the U.S. Navy" (PDF). Arms Control Today. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  59. ^ Moore, Dr. George (March 2017). Life-of-the-Ship Reactors and Accelerated Testing of Naval Propulsion Fuels and Reactors (PDF) (Report). Federation of American Scientists. pp. 11–12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  60. ^ Morrison, Prime Minister Scott (17 September 2021). "Interview with Ben Fordham, 2GB". 2GB (Interview). Interviewed by Ben Fordham. Sydney. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  61. ^ Husseini, Talal (15 April 2019). "Astute vs Virginia: Which navy has the best nuclear attack submarine?". Naval Technology. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  62. ^ Ritchie, Nick (February 2015). The UK Naval Nuclear Propulsion Programme and Highly Enriched Uranium (PDF) (Report). University of York, UK. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  63. ^ Hanlon, Brendan (2015). Validation of the Use of Low Enriched Uranium as a Replacement for Highly Enriched Uranium in US Submarine Reactors (PDF) (Masters). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  64. ^ Sanger, David E.; Kanno-Youngs, Zolan (15 September 2021). "Biden Announces Defense Deal With Australia in a Bid to Counter China". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  65. ^ a b Megerian; Chris (15 September 2021). "U.S. will share nuclear submarine technology with Australia in new defense partnership". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 15 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  66. ^ "Fact Sheet on U.S. Nuclear Powered Warship (NPW) Safety" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  67. ^ Hollinshead, Dr P; MacKinder, A P (2009). "Annex A: Successor Submarine Project Review Note (24 November 2009)". Successor Submarine Project (Note by the Assistant Secretary) (PDF). (09)62. Defence Board. Released under FOI. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  68. ^ "Safety paramount for RN nuclear submarine reactors" (PDF). Defence Codex: The Magazine for Defence Engineering and Science. Ministry of Defence (9): 15. Autumn 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2011.
  69. ^ "Background Press Call on AUKUS". The White House. 15 September 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  70. ^ "Background Press Call by a Senior Administration Official Previewing the 76th Session of the United Nations General Assembly". The White House. 20 September 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  71. ^ Byong-su, Park (3 October 2021). "Is S. Korea next in line for nuclear submarines?". The Hankyoreh. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  72. ^ "Nuclear-powered submarine development is pursued hastily". The Dong-a Ilbo. 7 October 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  73. ^ Lee, Peter K (4 October 2021). "AUKUS and South Korea's dilemma". The Korea Times. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  74. ^ Minister for Defence Peter Dutton (22 November 2021). "Australia signs exchange of naval nuclear propulsion information sharing agreement". Department of Defence Ministers (Press release). Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  75. ^ a b Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (2021). Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Government of Australia, and the Government of the United States of America for the Exchange of Naval Nuclear Propulsion Information (PDF). Miscellaneous Series No.8 (2021). Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. ISBN 9781528630351. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  76. ^ Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (November 2021). "Explanatory Memorandum on the Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Government of Australia, and the Government of the United States of America for the Exchange of Naval Nuclear Propulsion Information". GOV.UK. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  77. ^ Ritchie 2015, p. 3.
  78. ^ Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (29 November 2021). "UK/Australia/USA: Agreement for the Exchange of Naval Nuclear Propulsion Information [MS No.8/2021]". GOV.UK. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  79. ^ President Joseph Biden (1 December 2021). "A Message to the Congress on the Agreement between the Government of the United States of America, the Government of Australia, and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". The White House (Press release). Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  80. ^ Joint Standing Committee on Treaties (17 December 2021). "Treaties Committee supports first AUKUS agreement". Parliament of Australia (Press release).
  81. ^ "UK, US AND Australia launch new security partnership". Prime Minister's Office. 15 September 2021. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  82. ^ a b c Dempsey, Paul (17 September 2021). "View from Washington: Aukus looms over AI and quantum". Engineering & Technology. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  83. ^ Ward, Alexander; Forgey, Quint. "Could AUKUS give Iran a nuclear excuse?". Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021."What does the Australian submarine deal mean for non-proliferation?". The Economist. 17 September 2021. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  84. ^ a b c "The new Australia, UK, and US nuclear submarine announcement: a terrible decision for the nonproliferation regime". 17 September 2021. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  85. ^ Pager, Tyler; Gearan, Anne (16 September 2021). "U.S. will share nuclear submarine technology with Australia as part of new alliance, a direct challenge to China". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  86. ^ "AUKUS and the Consequences of the Non-Proliferation Regime Crisis". ISPI. 21 September 2021. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  87. ^ Acton, James M. "Why the AUKUS Submarine Deal Is Bad for Nonproliferation—And What to Do About It". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  88. ^ "Brazil launches first of five navy attack submarines". EFE. 14 December 2019. Archived from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  89. ^ "Brazil take first step in program to join nuclear-powered sub club". Reuters. 14 December 2018. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  90. ^ "¿Cómo es el proyecto Submarino Nuclear Brasileño? (2020)". Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  91. ^ a b Probyn, Andrew (16 September 2021). "Australia's embrace of nuclear submarine technology cements role as regional foil against China". ABC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  92. ^ a b c Dalzell, Stephanie (16 September 2021). "China condemns AUKUS pact as Tony Abbott calls China a 'common danger' and Kevin Rudd urges caution". ABC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  93. ^ "Adam Bandt: nuclear subs deal "makes Australia less safe"". ABC Radio National. 17 September 2021. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  94. ^ a b c Blair, Gavin; Davidson, Helen (16 September 2021). "China warns US-UK-Australia pact could 'hurt their own interests'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  95. ^ "Theresa May suggests Aukus submarine pact could drag UK into war with China". inews.co.uk. 16 September 2021. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  96. ^ Donaldson, Kitty (22 September 2021). "Boris Johnson Mocks French Outrage Over Submarine Spat". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  97. ^ McGee, Luke. "Analysis: UK and France reheat one of the world's oldest rivalries at a risky time for both". CNN. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  98. ^ Bourke, Latika (3 October 2021). "Britain wants more AUKUS deals to fight China, Russia". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  99. ^ Scott, Geraldine (26 September 2021). "AUKUS pact 'crazy beyond belief', Corbyn". The Canberra Times. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  100. ^ "Labour members declare Aukus military pact 'dangerous' threat to world peace". The Independent. 27 September 2021. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  101. ^ "Turnbull blows up over Morrison's sub deal". 29 September 2021. Archived from the original on 29 September 2021.
  102. ^ "Why is AUKUS formed? What impact it will have on China?". Firstpost. 16 September 2021. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  103. ^ a b "Macron, Biden agree to soothe tensions after submarine row". France 24. 22 September 2021. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  104. ^ "Joint Statement on the Phone Call between President Biden and President Macron". The White House (Press release). 22 September 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  105. ^ Probyn, Andrew (17 September 2021). "French Ambassador says Australia's decision to scrap submarine deal was a breach of trust". ABC News. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  106. ^ Bezat, Jean-Michel (16 September 2021). "Sous-marins : la fin du " contrat du siècle " avec l'Australie porte un coup à l'image de Naval Group" [Submarines: the end of the 'contract of the century' with Australia strikes a blow to the image of Naval Group]. Le Monde (in French). Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  107. ^ a b Cowan, Christopher (3 May 2016). "The 'Contract of the Century': France reacts to the Australian submarine deal". The Strategist. The Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  108. ^ Tharoor, Ishaan (17 September 2021). "A landmark submarine deal may be aimed at China, but it has upset France". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  109. ^ "Communiqué conjoint de Jean-Yves Le Drian et de Florence Parly". France Diplomatie (in French). Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères. 16 September 2021. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  110. ^ Wadhams, Nick; Adghirni, Samy; Nussbaum, Ania (17 September 2021). "France Recalls Its Ambassador to U.S. for First Time Over Subs". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 18 September 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  111. ^ a b "Geoffrey Miller: New Zealand could be the big winner of Aukus fallout". RNZ. 20 September 2021. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  112. ^ "France calls UK a 'junior partner' in submarine deal as Germany warns it threatens Western unity". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  113. ^ "PM Morrison rejects France's accusation that Australia lied over cancelled submarine deal". France 24. 19 September 2021. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  114. ^ "UK-France defence summit cancelled in Aukus row". The Guardian. 19 September 2021. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  115. ^ "Crise des sous-marins: Macron appelé par ses opposants à revoir la position de la France vis-à-vis de l'Otan" [Submarine crisis: Macron called by his opponents to review France's position vis-à-vis NATO]. Le HuffPost (in French). 19 September 2021. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  116. ^ "Crise des sous-marins : Christian Jacob demande la convocation d'une commission d'enquête parlementaire". 26 September 2021. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  117. ^ "AUKUS deal sinks meeting on UN sidelines". The Canberra Times. 22 September 2021. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  118. ^ "australia: Fuming France cancels meet with Australia, India | India News – Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  119. ^ "Macron dials Modi as France's US, Australia ties plunge into crisis | India News – Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  120. ^ "Le ministre du Commerce extérieur Franck Riester refuse de rencontrer son homologue australien" [Foreign Trade Minister Franck Riester refuses to meet his Australian counterpart]. Ouest-France (in French). 24 September 2021.
  121. ^ "macron: Macron tells Europe to 'stop being naive' after France signs defence deal with Greece - Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  122. ^ "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on September 16, 2021". Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Commonwealth of Australia. 16 September 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  123. ^ "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on September 22, 2021". Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Commonwealth of Australia. 22 September 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  124. ^ "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on September 27, 2021". Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Commonwealth of Australia. 27 September 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  125. ^ Henderson, Gerard (25 September 2021). "Subs pact makes us a target for nuke attack? Gao figure". The Australian. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  126. ^ White, Edward (22 September 2021). "China says Asia needs jobs over submarines in fresh Aukus salvo". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  127. ^ Zhang, Rachel (24 September 2021). "China urges France to boost cooperation in wakes of Aukus pact". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  128. ^ "Trudeau lambasted over exclusion from US-led military alliance as election nears". The Guardian. 17 September 2021. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  129. ^ "Denmark sides against EU, with Biden in AUKUS submarine row". The Local.dk. 22 September 2021. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  130. ^ a b "German minister: Submarine dispute is 'a wake-up call'". Deutsche Welle. 20 September 2021. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  131. ^ Blenkinsop, Phillip; Emmot, Robin (21 September 2021). "Germany warns of lost U.S. trust as France wins EU support". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  132. ^ "Indonesia urges China and Australia not to embark on 'arms race'". The Independent. 19 September 2021. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  133. ^ Barrett, Chris (17 September 2021). "'Deeply concerned': Indonesia uneasy about Australian nuclear subs". Brisbane Times. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  134. ^ Septiari, Dian (18 September 2021). "Indonesia chides Australia as Indo-Pacific tensions rise". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  135. ^ "PM's trip to Indonesia cancelled amid fallout over AUKUS alliance". Sky News. 18 September 2021. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  136. ^ Alfons, Matius (22 September 2021). "Pemerintah Diminta Ambil Sikap Soal AUKUS, Jangan Cuma Bilang Khawatir". detiknews (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  137. ^ "Kiribati President says AUKUS nuclear submarine deal puts Pacific at risk". 28 September 2021. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021 – via www.abc.net.au.
  138. ^ a b "Malaysia warns Australia nuclear subproject could 'provoke other powers' in Asia". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 18 September 2021. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  139. ^ "Malaysia nyatakan kebimbangan terhadap AUKUS" (in Malay). Berita Harian. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  140. ^ Hani, Azreen (20 September 2021). "Australian officials to clarify on AUKUS with Malaysia". The Malaysian Reserve. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  141. ^ "Malaysia to seek China's view on AUKUS". Canberra Times. 22 September 2021. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  142. ^ "Malaysia plans China consultations as anxiety simmers over Aukus defence pact". South China Morning Post. 22 September 2021. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  143. ^ McClure, Tess (16 September 2021). "Aukus submarines banned from New Zealand as pact exposes divide with western allies". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  144. ^ Palmer, Russell (16 September 2021). "New Zealand a winner in AUKUS agreement, but risks remain – experts". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  145. ^ Ensor, Jamie (16 September 2021). "AUKUS's impact on New Zealand: Nuclear policy 'unchanged', Five Eyes 'will endure' in face of new defence pact". Newshub. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  146. ^ "AUKUS adds ambiguity to the Australia–New Zealand alliance". The Strategist. 11 October 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  147. ^ "N.Korea slams AUKUS submarine deal". NHK World-Japan. 20 September 2021. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  148. ^ Panda, Jagannath (9 December 2021). "What AUKUS Means to North Korea". 38 North. The Henry L. Stimson Center. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  149. ^ "North Korea slams AUKUS deal as 'undesirable and dangerous' | NK News". NK News – North Korea News. 20 September 2021. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  150. ^ "Answer of Chief of Foreign News Section of Department of Press and Information of DPRK Foreign Ministry". Korean Central News Agency. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  151. ^ "Statement of Foreign Affairs Teodoro L. Locsin, Jr. on the Australia-United Kingdom-United States (AUKUS) enhanced trilateral security partnership". Department of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  152. ^ "Philippines supports Australia nuclear sub pact to counter China". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  153. ^ Dziedzic, Stephen. "Australia seeks to allay South-East Asian concerns over AUKUS nuclear submarine deal". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  154. ^ "Portugal stands with France against AUKUS". www.theportugalnews.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  155. ^ "Portugal expressa solidariedade com França e diz que Austrália "furou compromissos"" [Portugal expresses solidarity with France and says that Australia "has broken commitments"]. Portugal expressa solidariedade com França e diz que Austrália "furou compromissos" (in Portuguese). Rádio e Televisão de Portugal. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  156. ^ "Russia becomes latest nation to express dismay over AUKUS submarine deal". ABC News. 1 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  157. ^ PM Lee welcomes Australia’s assurance on AUKUS amid China’s fears over 3-nation pact. 27 August 2021. Aol.com. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  158. ^ Lai, Ching-te. "Taiwan welcomes #AUKUS as a positive development for democracy, peace, and prosperity in the region". Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021 – via Twitter.
  159. ^ "澳英美「核潛艇」協議AUKUS的更深層涵義". BBC News. 17 September 2021. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  160. ^ Bagshaw, Eryk (4 October 2021). "Taiwan backs AUKUS, warns of threat of war with China". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  161. ^ a b Barrett, Chris (16 September 2021). "Australia's nuclear sub deal 'gravely undermines regional peace' says China". The Age. Nine Newspapers. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  162. ^ "'Crisis of trust': France bristles at US submarine deal". AP NEWS. 20 September 2021. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  163. ^ "EU chief: Treatment of France 'not acceptable'". CNN. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  164. ^ "Aukus row: EU officials demand apology from Australia over France's treatment before trade talks". TheGuardian.com. 21 September 2021. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  165. ^ "EU chief Michel denounces 'lack of loyalty' by US". France24. 20 September 2021. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  166. ^ "Consejo de ministros de la UE: la crisis de submarinos afecta a toda la Unión" [Council of ministers of the EU: the submarine crisis affects the whole Union]. efe.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  167. ^ a b Cagnassola, Mary Ellen (21 September 2021). "France pushes EU to consider halting trade agreement with Australia after submarine deal". Newsweek.
  168. ^ a b "EU's free-traders defeat French push to punish US". POLITICO. 24 September 2021.
  169. ^ "Europe divided on plans for its own army after Aukus submarine row". The National.
  170. ^ Heath, Ryan. "So France is furious: Now what?". Politico.

External links[]

Retrieved from ""