AZP S-60

57 mm AZP S-60
57 mm AZP S-60
	S-60 in an Israeli museum
Type	Autocannon
Place of origin	Soviet Union
Service history
In service	1950–present
Used by	See users Soviet Union; Vietnam;
Wars	Vietnam War; Laotian Civil War; Cambodian Civil War; Cambodian–Vietnamese War; Lebanese Civil War; Iran–Iraq War; Gulf War; Somali Civil War; Iraq War; Syrian Civil War; Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017); Yemeni Civil War (2015–present); Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen; numerous others
Production history
Designer	Vasiliy Gavrilovich Grabin
Manufacturer	TsAKB
Specifications
Mass	4,660 kg (10,273 lbs)
Length	8.5 m (27 ft 11 in)
Barrel length	4.4 m (14 ft 5 in)
Width	2.054 m (6 ft 9 in)
Height	2.37 m (7 ft 9 in)
Crew	7
Shell	Fixed QF 57×347mmSR
Caliber	57mm (2.24 in)
Action	Recoil operated
Carriage	Four wheels with outriggers
Elevation	−4° to +85°
Traverse	360°
Rate of fire	105–120 rpm (cyclic); 70 rpm (sustained)
Muzzle velocity	1,000 m/s (3,281 ft/s)
Effective firing range	6,000 m (20,000 ft) (radar guided); 4,000 m (13,000 ft) (optically guided)

57 mm AZP S-60 (Russian: Автоматическая зенитная пушка С-60, abbrev. АЗП (AZP); literally: Automatic anti-aircraft gun S-60) is a Soviet towed, road-transportable, short- to medium-range, single-barrel anti-aircraft gun from the 1950s. The gun was extensively used in Warsaw Pact, Middle Eastern and South-East Asian countries.

History[]

In the late 1940s, the Soviets started to develop a 57 mm anti-aircraft gun, to replace its 37 mm guns. Three models were presented, and the winning design was made by V. G. Grabin. According to western intelligence sources, the German prototype gun 5,5 cm Gerät 58 formed the basis for the design.^{[citation needed]} The Soviets were also able to study German 5 cm Flak 41 guns that had been captured following the Battle of Stalingrad.

The prototype passed the field tests in 1946 and was accepted into service in 1950, after some minor modifications. The anti-aircraft gun was given the name 57 mm AZP S-60. Grabin continued the development and fielded the SPAAG version ZSU-57-2 in 1955.

The fire direction device was developed from the German Lambda calculator (Kommandogerät 40, 40A, and 40B) and was called PUAZO-5A. It had also a distance measuring device called D-49. The fire direction was also made more effective by including Grom-2 (10 cm wavelength) radars to the AA-batteries. The whole system was called SON-9. Later on, the calculators would be changed into the more modern RPK-1 Vaza, which had been designed by M. M. Kositskin. The calculator and the radars were transported by Ural 375 trucks.

The 57 mm gun replaced the 37 mm divisional guns in Soviet service in the 1950s. A divisional anti-aircraft regiment consisted of two AA-batteries with six 57 mm guns each. The PVO air-defence troops AA-regiments consisted of four 57 mm AA-batteries (24 guns).

In the mid-1960s, the Soviet divisional anti-aircraft units began replacing their AA-guns with missiles, and by the end of the 1970s, the AA-guns had almost disappeared. However, they were used in many other countries. The performance of AAA in Vietnam against low-flying aircraft led the Soviets to bring back many guns from storage to supplement the Surface-to-Air Missiles, whose performance at low altitude was less than satisfactory.

Operational history[]

The S-60 and its Chinese copy (the Type 59) have seen combat in several wars all over the world—e.g., the Six-Day War and the Yom Kippur War in the Middle East, and the Soviet–Afghan War. During the Vietnam War, the S-60 was the keystone of North Vietnamese low-altitude air defense and was most effective between 460 meters and 1,500 meters.

In Iraq (Iran–Iraq War, Gulf War and Iraq War), the S-60, normally deployed in battalions of 36 guns, served consistently in defense of divisional headquarters and field artillery assets.

Georgian army air defence units used S-60 guns during the Russo-Georgian War. Some units engaged Russian attack aircraft near the city of Gori. None were shot down by S-60 though some were damaged.

Syrian S-60 guns were actively used during the Syrian Civil War by both the army and rebel groups. As many other guns originally designed for antiaircraft use, most of the time they were used in shelling ground targets.^[4]

The Islamic State allegedly shot down a Cessna 208 Caravan operated by the Iraqi Air Force near Hawija, Iraq on 16 March 2016 with a truck-mounted S-60.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Ammunition types[]

The S-60 fires ammunition in 57×348SR caliber, with ballistics (see below) similar to the longer 57×438mm ammunition of Bofors 57 mm AA gun, but somewhat weaker than Soviet 57 mm anti-tank guns of World War II. Modern anti-aircraft rounds have not been developed for the gun; the main characteristics of the Soviet-era ammunition are listed in the table below. In addition to these People's Republic of China manufactures ammunition in 57x348SR caliber, designated Type 59 HE-T, Type 59 AP-T, and Type 76 HE-T.

Training rounds include a blank round MK-281 ("Manöver-Kartusche", East German designation), and training rounds with -IN suffix (UBR-281U-IN, UOR-281U-IN) identifying the rounds as fuzeless versions of the APCBC and HE rounds with dummy fuzes and inert filling replacing the explosive cavities.

Designation	Type	Projectile weight [g]	Bursting charge [g]	Muzzle velocity [m/s]	Description
UBR-281/281U	APCBC-HE-T	2,820^[8]	13^[8]	1,000^[8]	Anti-tank round with sharp penetrator, blunt cap and an aerodynamic cover, with tracer and a delayed-action base fuze.^[8] Penetration 96 mm RHA at 1,000 m range or 106 mm at 500 m.^[9] UBR-281 and -281U are loaded with the same projectile and differ only by details in case mouth and swage grooves.^[8]
UOR-281	HE-T	2,850^[8]	154^[8]	1,000^[8]	Impact-fuzed fragmentation shell for anti-aircraft use. Nose fuze with self-destruct function and a tracer.^[8]
UOR-281U	HE-T	2,850^[8]	154^[8] 168^[9]	1,000^[8]	Similar to UOR-281; some sources state the shell is the same as in UOR-281 and the round differs from it only in details of the case mouth and swage grooves (as with the UBR round),^[8] while others claim a slightly larger HE filling.^[9]
3UO6	HE	?	154	1,000	Similar to UOR-281U but with proximity fuze AR-51 installed. Fuze operating with RPK-1 system together. Not to be confused with later smart shells which Russia developed.
Type 59 AP	AP-T	?	?	?	Chinese anti-tank round presumably similar to UBR-281/281U.
Type 59 HE	HE-T	?	?	?	Chinese fragmentation round for anti-aircraft use, presumably similar to UOR-281/281U.
Type 76 HE	HE-T	?	?	?	Chinese fragmentation round.

Airburst munitions for Russian 30 mm and 57 mm autocannons are in development.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

Versions[]

AK-725: Naval version of the S-60 gun. Introduced in 1958. Mounted in single, double and quadruple mounts (designated ZIF-31) on many early Soviet destroyers.
ZIF-72: Naval version which is enclosed in a metal housing and fully automatic. Also exported to India. Introduced in the mid-1970s.
ZSU-57-2: Self-propelled version with two 57 mm S-60 guns (designated S-68)
Type-80: Chinese version of the ZSU-57-2.
S-60MB: Modernized Polish version, electrically powered, with a digital, automatic guidance system.^[14]
: Updated version.
- : Remote weapon station with fire control system using .^[15]

Users[]

The S-60 was sold to at least 37 countries during the Soviet era. The gun was also license manufactured in Poland by Zakłady Mechaniczne Tarnów in Tarnów (en. Tarnów Mechanical Works), and in Hungary by DIMÁVAG in Miskolc-Diósgyőr, and in China as the Type 59.

Current operators