Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo

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Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi (983-4 March 1009), nicknamed Sanchol ('little Sancho', Sanchuelo to later historians), was the ʿĀmirid hajib (chief minister) of the Caliphate of Córdoba under Caliph Hisham II beginning October 1008, at a time when actual power in the caliphate was vested in the hajib. The Caliph nominated him as heir a month later, but he was deposed by a coup the following February. He was killed weeks later in a vain attempt to regain power. Though an unpopular and highly-flawed leader, his deposition led to the disintegration of the caliphate.

Youth[]

Sanchuelo was born in Córdoba, the son of the hajib Almanzor and a converted Christian named Abda. She was daughter of Sancho II of Pamplona, likely originally named Urraca or Sancha. He was nicknamed Sanchol (Arabic: Shanjoul), the diminutive of Sancho, after his Christian grandfather. His father had elevated the role of hajib, once an advisory role, to become the de facto leader of the Córdoba caliphate, setting up his own court, taking charge of the armies and sequestering Caliph Hisham II from the public in near-captivity. Sanchuelo would have been raised at his father's residence of az-Zahira on the outskirts of Córdoba, and at the age of about nine in September 992 he rode out to receive the visit of his grandfather Sancho II, and escort him along the troop-lined road to his father at the latter's az-Zahira court. His father took active means to toughen him and his elder brother as warriors. About 995, troops of the Kingdom of Pamplona attacked Calatayud and killed the governor's brother. In revenge Almanzor ordered the beheading of 50 Pamplonan captives who had been taken at Uncastillo some time earlier. According to Ibn Darraj, at Almanzor's direction, Sanchuelo himself was tasked personally with beheading one of the captives, who was his uncle. Then at the age of 14 in 997, Sanchuelo took part in his father's campaign against Santiago de Compostela, and Ibn Darraj composed a poem celebrating Sanchuelo's acts as well as a second dedicated to the actions of both Sanchuelo and his brother. In the 1000 Battle of Cervera, when the situation looked dire, his father sent him to the front lines to fight as reported by historian Ibn Hayyan, whose father was present.

Succession as hajib[]

In 1002, Almanzor died while being taken to Medinaceli. On his death bed, he instructed his favorite son Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar to leave Abd al-Rahman in charge of the local army, while he was to speed to Caliph Hisham II in Córdoba to carry news of his father's death and be given the reigns of the caliphate as successor to his father before any resistance might arise. This the Caliph did, in spite of popular protest demanding direct rule by Hisham. The new new hajib had to put this down by force. Al-Muzaffar spent his short tenure fighting successive campaigns to try and restore the Christian states of the north to submission. During one of these, at the surrender of the fortress of San Martín in 1007, Sanchelo was given charge of the hostages by his brother, with orders to separate out all the men and put them to the blade, while enslaving the women and children among the troops. Al-Muzaffar would become ill in 1008 and had to recall a campaign against Castile, while he also faced rebellions from two rivals, and he died either 8 October or about 22 October 1008. Sanchuelo first garnered the fealty of his brother's retainers, pending the Caliph's approval of his succession as hajib, which he then received. Just as they had done following the death of Almanzor, the population of Córdoba responded angrily to the continued domination of the ʿĀmirids over the sequestered caliph, with many also coming to believe that the Abd ar-Rahman had poisoned his brother.

His rule was extremely unpolular, with a number of chroniclers decrying his debauchery, alcohol consumption, and general foolishness, in his person concentrating all of the built-up animosity of the people over his family's sequestration of the caliph. This public mood he exacerbated by boldly and recklessly making a play to be named the official successor to the caliphate. He recruited the qadi of Córdoba and the official secretary to pursuade Hisham to make a proclamation to that effect, and in spite of initial scruples, Hisham relented and issued a formal proclamation naming Abd al-Rahman as his heir in November 1008. The combination of his irreligiousness and incompetence, along with the prospect of the caliphate passing out of the hands of the north-Arab Umayyad dynasty and instead being vested in a representative of the Yemeni/south-Arab Ma'afiries who was also a grandson of a hated Pamplona king, led the middle class and general populace to oppose his status as crown prince, though he retained the support of the well paid mostly-Berber and Slav army.

Deposition and death[]

In the midst of this discontent, and in spite of having been warned by his son not to leave Córdoba because of a coup brewing among the Umayyad descendants of Abd al-Rahman III, Sanchelo nonetheless decided to launch a winter campaign in order to punish the fractious Christian kingdoms to the north, and specifically León under their boy-king Alfonso V. Leaving his cousin Ibn Asqaleya in charge of the capital, he departed with his army in mid-January, only for his troops became mired in snow, mud and floodwaters as Alfonso refused to give battle, and the caliphate army was forced to withdraw to Toledo. There Sanchuelo learned that on 15 February, a group of 30 armed men led by Muhammad ibn Hisham ibn 'Abd al-Jabbar, Abd al-Rahman's great-grandson, had overwhelmed the palace guard and killed the governor, Ibn Asqaleya, and this brought on a larger uprising of the general populace that resulted in the abdication of Hisham in favor of Muhammad. He named his cousin Abd al-Jabbar ibn al-Muguira to the office of hajib and sent him at the head of his supporters to Sanchuelo's residence of az-Zahira, which was immediately surrendered and then looted down to the building stone over several days until all that was left was a pile of rubble.

Rather than immediately return to the city, Abd al-Rahman took his army to Calatrava where he dithered trying to plumb the mood of his troops, but he failed to entice them into renewing their oaths of allegience to him, while at the same time he gave Muhammad time to consolidate his control. With his army leaking away, Sanchuelo turned to his Christian rebel ally, García Gómez, count of Carrión, a member of the Banu Gómez clan, who had joined in his campaign against León. García encouraged him to abandon Córdoba and take refuge in the Christian north, but Sanchuelo was convinced that his presence near the city would cause his supporters to rise up and restore him. Accompanied by the count's own men at arms, he set off toward the capital only to have his Berber army desert him, and on 3 March he reached Armilat, the last stop before the city, with just his own household, which included a harem of 70 women, and the Banu Gómez troops. There the next day they were surrounded by a group of horsemen sent by Muhammad, and with Abd al-Rahmen expressing a willingness to submit, the group were marched toward Córdoba, meeting a larger force under the new hajib part way. During a rest at an inn at dusk, Sanchuelo pulled a dagger in what was interpreted as a suicide attempt, and the hajib threw him to the ground and beheaded him, also killing the Banu Gómez count.

Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo's deposition, coming four months after taking power, had dramatic effects on the political stability of al-Andalus. The success of Muhammad II encouraged other Umayyad scions and local lords to rise up, with the competitors each inviting the support from neighboring Christian states. This fundamentally changed the power dynamic in the peninsula, fracturing the Córdoba caliphate into dozens of warring taifas that paid tribute to their Christian allies, and allowing the latter to greatly expand their territories and to stabilize their control over these new lands by repopulating them with Christian migrants from the north and Mozarabs fleeing the chaos of the former caliphate.

References[]

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