Abuse during childbirth

Abuse during childbirth (or obstetric violence) is the mistreatment of women during childbirth in the form(s) of neglect, physical abuse and/or lack of respect. This treatment is regarded as a form of violence against women and a violation of women's rights. It is a recurring issue in facilities around the globe per World Health Organization studies, and can have serious consequences for mother and child. Namely, abuse during childbirth may prevent women from seeking pre-natal care and using other health care services in the future.^[1]

Further examples of abuse during childbirth include non-consented care, non-confidential care, non-dignified care, discrimination, abandonment of care and detention in facilities.^[2] Adolescents, women who are unmarried, women of low socioeconomic status, migrant women, women infected with HIV, and ethnic minority women are at a greater risk of experiencing abuse during childbirth.^[1]

Definition and forms of abuse[]

The World Health Organization notes that abuse during childbirth has yet to be conclusively defined or measured in a scientific way. However, abuse during childbirth is generally defined as neglectful, physical abusive, and/or disrespectful treatment from healthcare professionals towards patients in childbirth. Such mistreatment is regarded as a violation of the woman's human rights.^[1]

Abuse during childbirth can occur over a wide spectrum and may be seen in the forms of non-confidential care, non-dignified care, discrimination, overt physical abuse, non-consented care, abandonment of care, and/or detention in facilities.^[2]

Non-confidential care means that the woman was physically exposed to others in the facility or had personal medical information disclosed to others without her consent. Non-dignified care involves a provider scolding, threatening, or discouraging the patient in childbirth. Discrimination within this context refers to refusing to provide care because of the age, medical background, or cultural/language background of the patient. Non-consented care occurs when medical procedures, such as caesarean sections or sterilizations, are not explained fully before they are performed. Physical abuse includes hitting, pinching, restraining, withholding of pain-relief medication, and even rape or sexual assault. Abandonment of care is when a provider is absent, or else the patient is ignored or denied companionship from loved ones. Lastly, detention in facilities refers to when providers will not let a patient leave because of outstanding balances, unpaid bribes etc.^[2]

Epidemiology and consequences[]

Investigations into the prevalence of abusive practices in childbirth have been conducted by the World Health Organization. Their studies demonstrate that women giving birth in medical facilities experience disrespectful, abusive, and/or neglectful treatment frequently and globally.^[3]

A 2020 study centered in Ghana, Guinea, Myanmar, and Nigeria found that more than 40% of observed women and 35% of surveyed women experienced mistreatment while in childbirth.^[4] Furthermore, adolescents, migrant women, women infected with HIV, and ethnic minority women were deemed more likely than others to experience abuse during childbirth.^{[3][5][6][7][8][9]}

Women in childbirth are very vulnerable and often cannot protect themselves against mistreatment, so the consequences of obstetric violence can be serious for both the mother and the child. The abusive relationship that forms between a woman and her healthcare providers as a result of abuse during childbirth often leads to the woman developing a general mistrust in healthcare services. Furthermore, consequences can be extended to include a reluctance to seek pre-natal care, medical assistance during childbirth, and other health care services in the future.^[1][3][10]

Geography[]

North and South America[]

Some sources refer to North American obstetricians and gynecologists, especially between the 1950s and 1980s, practicing what was called "the husband's stitch," which involves placing extra stitches in the woman's vagina after the episiotomy or the natural tearing that occurs during childbirth. This procedure was supposedly performed to increase the husband's future sexual pleasure and often caused long-term pain and discomfort for the woman. There is no proof that such a practice was widespread in North America,^[11][12] but mentions of it frequently appear in studies about episiotomy in certain American countries such as Brazil.^[13]

There has been a more recent highlight on North American doctors' treatment of pregnant women. The growing idea is that there has been a "redressing" of obstetric violence and that women's right to choice has been compromised in some situations. In instances where the lives of the woman and the fetus are endangered, the woman has the right to refuse care through procedures such as caesarean section, episiotomy, or vacuum-assisted delivery. Women are often coerced into having these invasive procedures, despite the fact that such coercion has been found to cause long lasting damage with many women comparing the experience to rape.^[14]

The term "obstetric violence" is particularly used in Latin American countries, where the law prohibits such mistreatment. These laws exist in several Latin American countries, including Argentina, Puerto Rico and Venezuela.^[15]

Research into obstetric violence at two public hospitals in Mexico analyzing the birthing experiences for one month of 2012 found that physical abuse, verbal abuse, and discrimination occurred openly throughout the facilities. Women receiving government assisted insurance were subjected to the most discrimination from the healthcare professionals.^[16]

Africa[]

Tanzania is an African country with a history of abuse during childbirth. In 2011, Shannon McMahon and others explored whether or not the supposed interventions to decrease the prevalence of abuse during childbirth had been effective. When interviewing women, they initially referred to their experiences as neutral or better. However, after being shown the different aspects of abuse, an overwhelming majority of the women actually reported experiencing abuse during childbirth.^[17] In 2013-2014, Hannah Ratcliffe and others formed a study to explore possible interventions to improve the experiences of women in childbirth. They implemented an "open birth day" that facilitated communication between patients and providers and educated them on the procedures surrounding birth. The team also implemented a "respectful maternity care workshop" meant to create conversation surrounding respect between health care staff and patients. What they found was that this approach was successful in helping reconstruct systems without costing much. There was an increase of 60% in satisfaction with women's delivery experience.^[18] During the same time period as Ratcliffe's study, Stephanie Kujawaki and others did a comparative study of births with and without interventions. The baseline for the study was conducted in 2011-2012 and the final half of the study was conducted in 2015. What they found is that there was a 66% reduction in abuse and disrespect during childbirth after interventions. This study shows that community and health system reforms can help change and reshape norms in which women are mistreated during childbirth.^[19]

Asia[]

In 2014-2015, Shreeporna Bhattacharya and T.K. Sundari Ravindran set out to quantitatively determine the prevalence of abuse during childbirth in the Varanasi district of northern India through the use of a questionnaire. Two rural blocks in the Varanasi district with high rates of institutional deliveries were the focus of the study, with subjects selected randomly from the women who lived in the area. Bhattacharya and Ravindran report that the frequency at which abusive behavior occurred was 28.8%, with "abusive behavior" acting as a general term. The two most common forms of abuse were non-dignified care (19.3%) and physical abuse (13.4%). Furthermore, 8.5% of patients reported being neglected or abandoned, 5.6% experienced non-confidential care, and 4.9% faced humiliation due to a lack of cleanliness. The authors also note that 90.5% of subjects were met with inappropriate demands for money. In terms of correlation, there was no significant link between socio-economic status and abuse, though women who faced complications during labor were four times as likely to experience abuse in the facilities. ^[20]

Fatima Alzyoud and colleagues studied abuse during childbirth in Jordan, specifically in the forms of neglect and verbal abuse. Four government-run Maternal and Child Health Centers were used as the locations of the study, with the subjects being 390 Jordanian women aged 18-45. The Childbirth Verbal Abuse and Neglect scale (CVANS) found that 32.2% of the subjects experienced neglect and 37.7% faced verbal abuse during their last childbirth. Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between age and neglect/verbal abuse.^[21]

See also[]

• Angel of mercy (criminology)–includes both homicide by health care workers and also harm caused to the patient with the attempt of making the health care worker look like a hero
• Birth injury
• Birth trauma (physical)
• Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
• Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
• Symphysiotomy, described as an international medical scandal
• Transgender Pregnancy

References[]

Using Wikipedia for Research