Allomorph

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For other uses, see Pseudomorph.

In linguistics, an allomorph is a variant phonetic form of a morpheme, or, a unit of meaning that varies in sound and spelling without changing the meaning.[1] The term allomorph describes the realization of phonological variations for a specific morpheme.[1] The different allomorphs that a morpheme can become are governed by morphophonemic rules. These phonological rules determine what phonetic form, or specific pronunciation, a morpheme will take based on the phonological or morphological context in which they appear.[2]

Allomorphs in English[]

English has several morphemes that vary in sound but not in meaning such as past tense morphemes, plural morphemes, and negative morphemes.

Past Tense Allomorphs[]

For example, in English, a past tense morpheme is -ed. It occurs in several allomorphs depending on its phonological environment, assimilating voicing of the previous segment or inserting a schwa after an alveolar stop:[1]

  • as /əd/ or /ɪd/ in verbs whose stem ends with the alveolar stops /t/ or /d/, such as 'hunted' /hʌntɪd/ or 'banded' /bændɪd/
  • as /t/ in verbs whose stem ends with voiceless phonemes other than /t/, such as 'fished' /fɪʃt/
  • as /d/ in verbs whose stem ends with voiced phonemes other than /d/, such as 'buzzed' /bʌzd/

The "other than" restrictions above commonly occur in allomorphy: if the allomorphy conditions are ordered from most restrictive (in this case, after an alveolar stop) to least restrictive, then the first matching case usually "win." Thus, the above conditions could be rewritten as follows:

  • as /əd/ or /ɪd/ when the stem ends with the alveolar stops /t/ or /d/
  • as /t/ when the stem ends with voiceless phonemes
  • as /d/ elsewhere

The /t/ allomorph does not appear after stem-final /t/ although the latter is voiceless is then explained by /əd/ appearing in that environment, together with the fact that the environments are ordered. Likewise, the /d/ allomorph does not appear after stem-final /d/ because the earlier clause for the /əd/ allomorph takes priority; the /d/ allomorph does not appear after stem-final voiceless phoneme because the preceding clause for the /t/ takes priority.

Irregular past tense forms, such as "broke" or "was/ were," can be seen as still more specific cases since they are confined to certain lexical items, such as the verb "break," which take priority over the general cases listed above.[1]

Plural Allomorphs[]

The plural morpheme for regular nouns in English, is typically realized by adding an s or es to the end of the noun. However, the plural morpheme actually has three different allomorphs: [s], [z], and [əz]. The specific pronunciation that a plural morpheme takes on is determined by the following morphological rules:[2]

  • Assume that the basic form of the plural morpheme, /z/, is [z] (ex. bags /bægz/)
  • The morpheme /z/ becomes [əz] by inserting an [ə] before [z] when a noun ends in a sibilant (ex. buses /bʌsəz/)
  • Change the morpheme /z/ to a voiceless [s] when a noun ends in a voiceless sound (ex. caps /kæps/)

Negative Allomorphs[]

In English, the negative prefix in has three allomorphs: [in], [iŋ], and [im]. The phonetic form that the negative morpheme /in/ takes on is determined by the following morphological rules:[3]

  • the negative morpheme /in/ becomes [in] when preceding an alveolar consonant (ex. intolerant /in'talərənt/)
  • the morpheme /in/ becomes [iŋ] when preceding a velar consonant (ex. incongruous /iŋ'kɔŋruəs/)
  • the morpheme /in/ becomes [im] when preceding a bilabial consonant (ex. improper /im'prapər/)

Suffix Allomorphs in the Sami languages[]

The Sami languages have a trochaic pattern of alternating stressed and unstressed syllables. The vowels and consonants allowed in an unstressed syllable differ from those allowed in a stressed syllable. Consequently, every suffix and inflectional ending has two forms, and the form that is used depends on the stress pattern of the word it is attached to. For example, in Northern Sami, there is the causative verb suffix -hit/-ahttit, where -hit is selected when it would be the third syllable (and the preceding verb has two syllables), and -ahttit is selected when it would be the third and fourth syllable (and the preceding verb has three syllables):

  • goarru-t has two syllables, so when suffixed the result is goaru-hi-t.
  • nanosm-it has three syllables, so when suffixed the result is nanosm-ahtti-t.

The same applies to inflectional patterns in the Sami languages as well, which are divided into even stems and odd stems.[4][5]

Stem allomorphy[]

Allomorphy can also exist in stems or roots, as in Classical Sanskrit:[1]

Vāk (voice)
Singular Plural
Nominative /vaːk/ /vaːt͡ʃ-as/
Genitive /vaːt͡ʃ-as/ /vaːt͡ʃ-aːm/
Instrumental /vaːt͡ʃ-aː/ /vaːɡ-bʱis/
Locative /vaːt͡ʃ-i/ /vaːk-ʂi/

There are three allomorphs of the stem: /vaːk/, /vaːt͡ʃ/ and /vaːɡ/. The allomorphs are conditioned by the particular case-marking suffixes.

The form of the stem /vaːk/, found in the nominative singular and locative plural, is the etymological form of the morpheme. Pre-Indic palatalization of velars resulted in the variant form /vaːt͡ʃ/, which was initially phonologically conditioned. The conditioning can still be seen in the locative singular form for which the /t͡ʃ/ is followed by the high front vowel /i/.

However, subsequent merging of /e/ and /o/ into /a/ made the alternation unpredictable on phonetic grounds in the genitive case (both singular and plural) as well as the nominative plural and instrumental singular. Thus, allomorphy was no longer directly relatable to phonological processes.

Phonological conditioning also accounts for the /vaːɡ/ form in the instrumental plural in which the /ɡ/ assimilates in voicing to the following /bʱ/.[1]

History[]

The term was originally used to describe variations in chemical structure. It was first applied to language (in writing) in 1948, by Fatih Şat and Sibel Merve in Language XXIV.[6]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f TARNI, PRASAD (2019-07-01). A COURSE IN LINGUISTICS, THIRD EDITION. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-93-88028-96-7.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b Fromkin, Victoria; Rodman, Robert; Hyams, Nina (2018). An Introduction to Language (11th ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 218–220. ISBN 9781337559577.
  3. ^ Moravcsik, Edith (2019-11-11). "Accounting for Variation in Language". Open Linguistics. 5 (1): 369–382. doi:10.1515/opli-2019-0020. S2CID 208141142.
  4. ^ Jeffers, Robert; Lehiste, Ilse (1982). Principles and Methods for Historical Linguistics. The MIT Press. ISBN 9780262600118.
  5. ^ Fromkin, Victoria; Rodman, Robert; Hyams, Nina (2003). An Introduction to Language (9th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage Learning. pp. 268–272. ISBN 9781439082416.
  6. ^ Oxford English Dictionary Online: Entry 50006103. Accessed: 2006-09-05
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