Amateur

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Amateur (disambiguation).

An amateur (/ˈæmətjər -tjʊər/; French: [amatœʁ]; lit. 'lover [of something]') is generally considered a person who pursues a particular activity or field of study independently from their source of income. Amateurs and their pursuits are also described as popular, informal, self-taught, user-generated, DIY, and hobbyist.[1]

History[]

Historically, the amateur was considered to be the ideal balance between pure intent, open mind, and the interest or passion for a subject. That ideology spanned many different fields of interest. It may have its roots in the ancient Greek philosophy of amateur athletes competing in the Olympics. The ancient Greek citizens spent most of their time in other pursuits, but competed according to their natural talents and abilities.

The "gentleman amateur" was a phenomenon among the gentry of Great Britain from the 17th century until the 20th century.[2] With the start of the Age of Reason, with people thinking more about how the world works around them, (see Science in the Age of Enlightenment), things like the Cabinet of Curiosities, and the writing of the book The Christian Virtuoso, started to shape the idea of the gentleman amateur. He was vastly interested in a particular topic, and studied, observed, and collected things and information on his topic of choice. The Royal Society in Great Britain was generally composed of these "gentleman amateurs", and is one of the reasons science today exists the way it does. A few examples of these gentleman amateurs are Francis Bacon, Isaac Newton, and Sir Robert Cotton, 1st Baronet, of Connington.

Amateurism can be seen in both a negative and positive light. Since amateurs often lack formal training, some amateur work may be considered sub-par. For example, amateur athletes in sports such as basketball, baseball, or football are regarded as possessing a lower level of ability than professional athletes. On the other hand, an amateur may be in a position to approach a subject with an open mind (as a result of the lack of formal training) and in a financially disinterested manner. An amateur who dabbles in a field out of interest rather than as a profession, or possesses a general but superficial interest in any art or a branch of knowledge, is often referred to as a dilettante.

Amateur athletics[]

Main article: Amateur sports

Olympics[]

Main article: Olympic Games § Amateurism and professionalism

Through most of the 20th century the Olympics allowed only amateur athletes to participate and this amateur code was strictly enforced - Jim Thorpe was stripped of track and field medals for having taken expense money for playing baseball in 1912.

Later on, the nations of the Communist bloc entered teams of Olympians who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis.[3]

Near the end of the 1960s, the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) felt their amateur players could no longer be competitive against the Soviet team's full-time athletes and the other constantly improving European teams. They pushed for the ability to use players from professional leagues but met opposition from the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) and the International Olympic Committee (IOC). At the IIHF Congress in 1969, the IIHF decided to allow Canada to use nine non-NHL professional hockey players[4] at the 1970 World Championships in Montreal and Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.[5] The decision was reversed in January 1970 after IOC President Avery Brundage said that ice hockey's status as an Olympic sport would be in jeopardy if the change was made.[4] In response, Canada withdrew from all international ice hockey competitions and officials stated that they would not return until "open competition" was instituted.[4][6] Günther Sabetzki became president of the IIHF in 1975 and helped to resolve the dispute with the CAHA. In 1976, the IIHF agreed to allow "open competition" between all players in the World Championships. However, NHL players were still not allowed to play in the Olympics, because of the unwillingness of the NHL to take a break mid-season and the IOC's amateur-only policy.[7]

Before the 1984 Winter Olympics, a dispute formed over what made a player a professional. The IOC had adopted a rule that made any player who had signed an NHL contract but played less than ten games in the league eligible. However, the United States Olympic Committee maintained that any player contracted with an NHL team was a professional and therefore not eligible to play. The IOC held an emergency meeting that ruled NHL-contracted players were eligible, as long as they had not played in any NHL games.[8] This made five players on Olympic rosters—one Austrian, two Italians and two Canadians—ineligible. Players who had played in other professional leagues—such as the World Hockey Association—were allowed to play.[8] Canadian hockey official Alan Eagleson stated that the rule was only applied to the NHL and that professionally contracted players in European leagues were still considered amateurs.[9] Murray Costello of the CAHA suggested that a Canadian withdrawal was possible.[10] In 1986, the IOC voted to allow all athletes to compete in Olympic Games starting in 1988,[11] but let the individual sport federations decide if they wanted to allow professionals.[12]

After the 1972 retirement of IOC President Avery Brundage, the Olympic amateurism rules were steadily relaxed, amounting only to technicalities and lip service, until being completely abandoned in the 1990s (In the United States, the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 prohibits national governing bodies from having more stringent standards of amateur status than required by international governing bodies of respective sports. The act caused the breakup of the Amateur Athletic Union as a wholesale sports governing body at the Olympic level).

Olympic regulations regarding amateur status of athletes were eventually abandoned in the 1990s with the exception of wrestling, where the amateur fight rules are used due to the fact that professional wrestling is largely staged with pre-determined outcomes. Starting from the 2016 Summer Olympics, professionals were allowed to compete in boxing, though amateur fight rules are still used for the tournament.[13]

Contribution of amateurs[]

Many amateurs make valuable contributions in the field of computer programming through the open source movement.[14] Amateur dramatics is the performance of plays or musical theater, often to high standards, but lacking the budgets of professional West End or Broadway performances.[15] Astronomy, chemistry, history, linguistics, and the natural sciences are among the fields that have benefited from the activities of amateurs. Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel were amateur scientists who never held a position in their field of study. Leonardo da Vinci was considered an amateur artist and autodidact in his field of study.[by whom?] Radio astronomy was founded by Grote Reber, an amateur radio operator.[16] Radio itself was greatly advanced by Guglielmo Marconi, a young Italian gentleman who started out by tinkering with a coherer and a spark coil as an amateur electrician.[17] Pierre de Fermat was a highly influential mathematician whose primary vocation was law.[18]

In the 2000s and 2010s, the distinction between amateur and professional has become increasingly blurred, especially in areas such as computer programming, music and astronomy. The term amateur professionalism, or pro-am, is used to describe these activities.[19]

List of amateur pursuits[]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "Amateurism Across the Arts". arts.berkeley.edu. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
  2. ^ Stone, Duncan. "Deconstructing the Gentleman Amateur (article version)". Cultural and Social History. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
  3. ^ Washburn, J. N. (21 July 1974). "Soviet Amateur Athlete: A Real Pro". The New York Times.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c Podnieks & Szemberg 2007, Story #17–Protesting amateur rules, Canada leaves international hockey.
  5. ^ Podnieks & Szemberg 2007, Story #40–Finally, Canada to host the World Championship.
  6. ^ "Summit Series '72 Summary". Hockey Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 2008-08-07. Retrieved 2009-03-02.
  7. ^ Podnieks & Szemberg 2007, Story #6–First Canada Cup opens up the hockey world.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b Podnieks, Andrew (1997). Canada's Olympic Hockey Teams: The Complete History, 1920–1998. Toronto: Doubleday Canada. pp. 147–158. ISBN 0-385-25688-4.
  9. ^ Litsky, Frank (1984-01-25). "Eagleson upset over hockey dispute". The New York Times.
  10. ^ "Canada considers hockey withdrawal". The New York Times. 1984-02-05.
  11. ^ Monsebraaten, Laurie (1986-10-15). "Players in NHL are now eligible in the Olympics". Toronto Star.
  12. ^ "Amateurism". USA Today. 1999-07-12. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
  13. ^ Mather, Victor (March 2016). "Olympics is Opening Its Rings to Professional Boxers". The New York Times.
  14. ^ Jackson, Joab. "The rise of hobbyist programmers". Computerworld. Retrieved 2018-05-16.
  15. ^ "Class act: The amateur-dramatics societies that could give the pros a". The Independent. 2012-11-11. Retrieved 2018-05-16.
  16. ^ Verschuur, Gerrit (20 March 2007). The Invisible Universe: The Story of Radio Astronomy. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 14–. ISBN 978-0-387-68360-7.
  17. ^ "This week in tech". The Telegraph. 2017-04-28. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2018-05-16.
  18. ^ Burns, William E. (2001). The Scientific Revolution: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-0-87436-875-8.
  19. ^ Leadbetter, Charles (1 October 2004). "Amateur Revolution". Fast Company. Retrieved May 16, 2018.

Further reading[]

  • Bourdieu, Pierre; Whiteside, Shaun (1996). Photography: A Middle-brow Art. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2689-4.
  • Fine, Gary Alan (1998). Morel Tales: The Culture of Mushrooming. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-08935-8.
  • Goffman, Erving (24 November 2009). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-8833-0.
  • Haring, Kristen (2007). Ham radio's technical culture (Online ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262083553.
  • Jenkins, Henry (1992). Textual Poachers: Television Fans & Participatory Culture. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-90572-5.
  • Stebbins, Robert A. (6 April 1992). Amateurs, Professionals, and Serious Leisure. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-6334-6.
Retrieved from ""