American bushtit
| American bushtit | |
|---|---|
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| In Chilliwack, British Columbia, Canada | |
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| Song of the P. minimus | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Aegithalidae |
| Genus: | Psaltriparus Bonaparte, 1850 |
| Species: | P. minimus
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| Binomial name | |
| Psaltriparus minimus (Townsend, 1837)
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The American bushtit (Psaltriparus minimus) is the only species in the family Aegithalidae found in the New World, and the only member of the genus Psaltriparus. In North America, it is referred to simply as "bushtit".
Description and behavior[]
The American bushtit inhabits mixed open woodlands, often containing oaks and a scrubby chaparral understory; it also inhabits parks and gardens. It is a year-round resident of the western United States and highland parts of Mexico, ranging from Vancouver through the Great Basin and the lowlands and foothills of California to southern Mexico and Guatemala.
The American bushtit is one of the smallest passerines in North America, at 11 cm (4.3 in) in length and 5–6 g (0.18–0.21 oz) in weight. It is gray-brown overall, with a large head, a short neck, a long tail, and a short stubby bill. The male has dark eyes and the adult female, yellow. Coastal forms have a brown "cap" while those in the interior have brown "mask."
The American bushtit is active and gregarious, foraging for small insects and spiders in mixed-species feeding flocks containing species such as chickadees and warblers, of 10 to over 40 individuals. Members of the group constantly make contact calls to each other that can be described as a short spit.
This species produces an elaborate pendant nest of moss and lichen assembled with spider silk and lined with feathers.
Black-eared bushtit[]
The "black-eared" bushtit was formerly considered a separate species (P. melanotis). It can be identified by its dark ear patch (the auricular). This polymorphism does not occur in the northern part of the American bushtits' range, but is first noted near the Mexican border, primarily in Texas. Most individuals with the black ear patch in that area are juvenile males, and none are adult females – some have only one or two dark lines on the face instead of a complete patch. The black-eared form becomes more common southward in the northeastern (but not the northwestern) highlands of Mexico until from central Mexico south, all males have a complete black ear patch and even adult females have a black arc over the eye and usually a black line through the eye.
Subspecies[]
Psaltriparus minimus includes the following subspecies:[2]
- P. m. saturatus - Ridgway, 1903
- P. m. minimus - (Townsend, JK, 1837)
- P. m. melanurus - Grinnell & Swarth, 1926
- P. m. grindae - Ridgway, 1883
- P. m. californicus - Ridgway, 1884
- P. m. plumbeus - (Baird, SF, 1854)
- P. m. dimorphicus - Van Rossem & Hachisuka, 1938
- P. m. iulus - Jouy, 1894
- P. m. personatus - Bonaparte, 1850
- P. m. melanotis - (Hartlaub, 1844)
Gallery[]
The nest of the American bushtit:
References[]
- ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Psaltriparus minimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ Gill F, D Donsker & P Rasmussen (Eds). 2020. IOC World Bird List (v10.2). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.10.2.
Further reading[]
- Skutch, Alexander F. (1960). "Black-eared bush-tit" (PDF). Life Histories of Central American Birds II. Pacific Coast Avifauna, Number 34. Berkeley, California: Cooper Ornithological Society. pp. 211–225.
- Sloane, Sarah A. (1996). "Incidence and origins of nest supernumeraries at Bushtit (Psaltriparus minimus) nests". Auk. 113: 757–770. doi:10.2307/4088855. JSTOR 4088855.
- Howell, Steve N. G.; Sophie Webb (1995). A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854012-4.
- Sibley, David (2000). The Sibley Guide to Birds. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-45122-6.
- Sloane, S.A. (2001). Bushtit. In Birds of North America, A. Poole, P. Stettenheim, F. Gill, Eds. Philadelphia: American Ornithologists Union.
External links[]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bushtit. |
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Wikispecies has information related to Psaltriparus minimus. |
- Bushtit species account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
- "Bushtit media". Internet Bird Collection.
- Bushtit photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
- Interactive range map of Psaltriparus minimus at IUCN Red List maps
- IUCN Red List least concern species
- Psaltriparus
- Native birds of the Western United States
- Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands
- Birds of the Great Basin
- Birds of Mexico
- Birds of Guatemala
- Birds described in 1837
- Taxa named by John Kirk Townsend
- Birds of the Sierra Madre Occidental
- Birds of the Sierra Madre Oriental