Page semi-protected

Andrés Manuel López Obrador

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Andrés Manuel López Obrador
LENÍN MORENO SE REÚNE CON EL LÍDER MEXICANO LÓPEZ OBRADOR (36186836092) (cropped).jpg
López Obrador in 2017
65th President of Mexico
Assumed office
1 December 2018
Preceded byEnrique Peña Nieto
President pro tempore of CELAC
Assumed office
8 January 2020
Preceded byJeanine Áñez
President of the National Regeneration Movement
In office
20 November 2015 – 12 December 2017
Preceded byMartí Batres
Succeeded byYeidckol Polevnsky
Head of Government of the Federal District
In office
5 December 2000 – 29 July 2005
Preceded byRosario Robles
Succeeded byAlejandro Encinas Rodríguez
President of the Democratic Revolution Party
In office
2 August 1996 – 10 April 1999
Preceded byPorfirio Muñoz Ledo
Succeeded byPablo Gómez Álvarez
Personal details
Born (1953-11-13) 13 November 1953 (age 67)[1]
Tepetitán, Tabasco, Mexico
Political partyNational Regeneration Movement
(2012–present)[a]
Other political
affiliations
Institutional Revolutionary Party (1976–1989)
Party of the Democratic Revolution (1989–2012)
Spouse(s)
Rocío Beltrán Medina
(m. 1979; died 2003)

(m. 2006)
Children4
ParentsAndrés López Ramón
Manuela Obrador González
RelativesPío López Obrador (brother)
Manuela Obrador Narváez (cousin)
EducationNational Autonomous University of Mexico (BA)
Signature
WebsiteGovernment of Mexico
Personal website
YouTube channel

Andrés Manuel López Obrador (Spanish pronunciation: [anˌdɾes maˈnwel ˈlopes oβɾaˈðoɾ] (About this soundlisten); born 13 November 1953), also known by his initials AMLO, is a Mexican politician serving as the 65th president of Mexico since 1 December 2018.

Born in Tepetitán, in the municipality of Macuspana,[2] in the south-eastern state of Tabasco, López Obrador graduated from the National Autonomous University of Mexico in 1986 following a hiatus from his studies to participate in politics. He earned a bachelor's degree in political science. He began his political career in 1976 as a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in Tabasco. His first public position was as director of the Indigenous Institute of Tabasco in 1977, where he promoted the edition of books in indigenous languages and the project of the Chontal ridge. In 1989, he joined the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) and was the party's 1994 candidate for Governor of Tabasco. He was the national leader of the PRD between 1996 and 1999. In 2000, he was elected Head of Government of Mexico City. In 2012, he left the PRD, and in 2014, he founded the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), which he led until 2017.

Often described as a center-left progressive populist and economic nationalist,[3] López Obrador has been a national politician for more than three decades.[4] Critics have claimed that his administration has stumbled in its response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico and attempts to deal with drug cartels and other crime, and that the economy had already faltered even before the pandemic.[5]

Early life and education

López Obrador was born in Tepetitán, a small village in the municipality of Macuspana, in the southern state of Tabasco, on 13 November 1953.[6][7] He is the first born son of Andrés López Ramón (son of Lorenzo López and Beatriz Ramón) and Manuela Obrador González, Tabasco and Veracruz-based merchants.[8] His younger siblings include José Ramón, José Ramiro, Pedro Arturo, Pío Lorenzo, and twins Candelaria Beatriz and Martín Jesús.[9] His maternal grandfather José Obrador Revuelta was a Cantabrian who arrived as an exile to Mexico from Ampuero, Spain, while his maternal grandmother Úrsula González was the daughter of Asturians.[10][11][12] Through his paternal grandparents, López Obrador is also of Indigenous and African descent.[13]

López Obrador attended the only elementary school in town, the Marcos E. Becerra school, named after the poet of the same name. In the afternoons he helped his parents at the La Posadita store. He started middle school in Macuspana but finished it in the state capital, Villahermosa, as in the mid-1960s the family moved, where they also opened a clothes and shoes store called Novedades Andrés. On 8 June 1969, when he was 15 years old, his brother José Ramón López Obrador was killed by a gunshot to the head. According to  [es] Los Suspirantes 2018, José Ramón found a pistol, played with it, and it slipped out of his hands, firing a bullet into his head.[14] The Tabasco newspapers Rumbo Nuevo, Diario de Tabasco, and Diario Presente presented a story where they were both playing around with the pistol and that Andrés Manuel fired it by accident.[15] According to Zepeda Patterson, Andrés Manuel became "taciturn, much more thoughtful" following the incident.[14] López Obrador went on to finish high school and, at age 19, went to Mexico City to study at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM).[16]

He studied political science and public administration at the UNAM from 1973 to 1976. He returned to school to complete his education after having held several positions within the government of Tabasco and the administration of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). In 1987, he received his degree in political science and public administration after the presentation of his thesis, Proceso de formación del estado nacional en México 1821-1867 (Formation Process of the National State in Mexico 1821–1867).[17][18][19][20]

He lived in the Casa del Estudiante Tabasco during his college years, on Violeta street in the Guerrero neighborhood of Mexico City. The institution was financed by the administration of the governor of Tabasco, Mario Trujillo García by the efforts of the poet Carlos Pellicer, whom López Obrador began to discuss with. There was empathy between the two because the young man raised his concern for the Chontal Maya. After their meeting, the poet invited him to his campaign to obtain a seat in the Senate during the 1976 elections. His university professor, Enrique González Pedrero, was another figure that influenced López Obrador's political trajectory.[20]

Family and personal life

After attending school from 1973 to 1976, he returned to his native Tabasco where he held various government positions as well as being a professor at the Juárez Autonomous University of Tabasco. During his stint, he met Rocío Beltrán Medina, a sociology student, who suggested that he embrace the progressive wing within the PRI.[21] They eventually married on 8 April 1978.[22] They had three sons: José Ramón López Beltrán (born 1981), Andrés Manuel López Beltrán (born 1986), and Gonzalo Alfonso López Beltrán (born 1991).[23] Beltrán Medina died on 12 January 2003 due to respiratory arrest caused by lupus, from which she had been suffering for several years.[22][24]

On 16 October 2006 he married Beatriz Gutiérrez Müller, who had worked in the Mexico City government during his tenure as Head of Government of Mexico City.[25] Together they have one son, Jesús Ernesto.[26]

During his first presidential run, there were reports identifying López Obrador as a Protestant; in a television interview, he self-identified as a Roman Catholic.[27][28] Although in March 2018, he declared, "When I am asked what religion I adhere to, I say that I am a Christian, in the broadest sense of the word, because Christ is love and justice is love."[29]

López Obrador has held a variety of nicknames throughout his life, including El Molido, El Americano (The American), La Piedra (The Rock), El Comandante (The Commander) and the most popular among them is El Peje, named after the common Tabasco fish, the pejelagarto.[30]

A baseball fan, he has stated his favorite team is the St. Louis Cardinals.[31]

López Obrador was named one of Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People of 2019.[32]

On 24 January 2021, he announced on Twitter that he had tested positive for COVID-19.[33]

Early political career

Member of the PRI

He joined the PRI in 1976 to support Carlos Pellicer's campaign for a Senate seat for Tabasco. A year later, he headed the Indigenous People's Institute of Tabasco. In 1984, he relocated to Mexico City to work at the National Consumers' Institute, a federal government agency.

Member of the PRD

López Obrador resigned his position with the government of Tabasco in 1988 to join the new dissenting left-wing of the PRI, then called the Democratic Current, led by Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas. This movement formed the National Democratic Front and later became the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD).

In 1994, he ran for the governorship of Tabasco, but lost to PRI candidate Roberto Madrazo. López Obrador gained national exposure as an advocate for the rights of indigenous people when in 1996 he appeared on national TV drenched in blood following confrontations with the police for blocking Pemex oil wells to defend the rights of local indigenous people impacted by pollution.[34]

He was president of the PRD from 2 August 1996 to 10 April 1999.

Head of Government of the Federal District (2000–2005)

Election

On 2 July 2000, he was elected Head of Government of the Federal District—a position akin to that of city mayor for the national capital district—with 38.3% of the vote.[35]

Political agenda

López Obrador (center) with President Vicente Fox (left) and México State governor Arturo Montiel (right) in June 2003

As mayor, López Obrador implemented various social programs that included extending financial assistance to help vulnerable groups in Mexico City,[5][36] including single mothers, senior citizens, and the physically and mentally challenged. He invested in housing and schools, created old-age pensions and expanded services.[37] He also helped found the first new university in Mexico City in three decades, the Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México.[citation needed]

López Obrador hired former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani to craft a zero-tolerance policy that would help reduce crime in Mexico City.[38][37]

He directed the restoration and modernization of Mexico City's historic downtown, which has 16th- and 17th-century buildings and a large number of tourist attractions. He led a joint venture with super-rich businessman Carlos Slim Helú, a native of downtown Mexico City, to expropriate, restore, rebuild, and gentrify large parts of the area, creating shopping and residential areas for middle- and upper-income residents.

López Obrador used fiscal policy to encourage private sector investment in housing.[39] He granted construction firms large tax breaks and changed zoning regulations to make construction projects more financially attractive, leading to the construction of more condominiums and office buildings during his tenure than during any other period in Mexico City history. New high-density condos emerged in the upscale neighborhoods of Polanco and Lomas.[40]

To improve traffic flow in the city's two main inner-city roads, Periférico and Viaducto, he added sections of second stories to their existing infrastructure. About 10% of the total length of those roads was renovated. An express bus service, the Metrobús, based on the Curitiba model, was built down Avenida Insurgentes, cutting through the city some 20 km from north to south.[41]

Response to Tláhuac lynching

López Obrador's reputation was damaged by the lynching of federal law-enforcement officers doing an undercover investigation in Tláhuac, in November 2004.[42] The Mexico City Police rescued one agent,[43] but the city's chief of police, Marcelo Ebrard, and federal Secretary of Public Safety, Ramón Martín Huerta, were both accused of not organizing a timely rescue effort. López Obrador's secretary of government Alejandro Encinas then declared that the lynching was part of the traditions (usos y costumbres) of the people.[44][45] After a thorough investigation, López Obrador gave Ebrard a vote of confidence, despite a request from President Vicente Fox Quesada for him to be relieved of duty. Later, using his constitutional powers, Fox fired Ebrard, while Martín Huerta, a member of Fox's cabinet, received a reprimand, and continued to hold the position of Secretary of Public Safety until his death in a helicopter accident.[46][47] López Obrador later appointed Ebrard as Secretary of Social Development, and supported his candidacy in the PRD primaries to run for office[clarification needed] in Mexico City.

Removal of his immunity from prosecution

López Obrador during a speech in October 2005

Elected government officials in Mexico have an official immunity called fuero that prevents criminal charges from being brought against them, which can be removed through a process called desafuero. In 2004 the Attorney General's Office asked Congress to strip López Obrador of his immunity under charges of a misdemeanor (ignoring a court order). The misdemeanor against López Obrador was a failure to order the cessation of the construction of a private hospital on land illegally expropriated by Rosario Robles (who preceded López Obrador as Head of Government of the Federal District under the Ernesto Zedillo government). Under federal law, any person with criminal charges during the electoral process would not be eligible to run in a presidential election. A legal process begun in 2004 would likely have continued until the presidential campaigns of 2006, and would therefore have ended López Obrador's ambitions of running for the presidency in 2006.

His political opponents came to his defense, arguing that he should be subject to the same judicial process as anyone else. Notable newspaper editorials throughout the world charged that the desafuero was politically motivated (including The New York Times[48] and The Washington Post'')[49] and that it should be stopped, and that excluding López Obrador from the upcoming elections would delegitimize the eventual winner.

After Congress voted in favor of removing López Obrador's immunity, he asked for leave from his post for a few days. President Vicente Fox, wanting to avoid a political cataclysm, and knowing that the decision made by Congress was against the will of millions of people,[50] appeared on national TV in April 2005, indicating that the issue would not be pursued any further. The controversy closed on a technicality, and López Obrador, despite the removal of immunity, was not prosecuted (and thus remained eligible to compete in the presidential election). A few weeks later, Attorney General Rafael Macedo de la Concha resigned.

Public opinion at the end of his term

During his time as Head of Government of the Federal District, López Obrador became one of the country's most recognizable politicians. He left office with an 84% approval rating, according to an opinion poll by Consulta Mitofsky.[51] According to an article by Reforma newspaper, he kept 80% of the promises he made as a candidate.[52][53]

Prior presidential campaigns

First presidential run, 2006

In September 2005, López Obrador was nominated as the PRD's presidential pre-candidate for the 2006 general election after the "moral leader" of the party, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, declined to participate in the internal elections when polls showed López Obrador had 90% of the party's support.{{cn}]

Until March 2006 he was considered the presidential front runner by the majority of polls; however, polls in late April showed a decline in his numbers.[54] An article published by La Crónica de Hoy in March 2006 said that Mexican Bolivarian Circles and students, allegedly assisted by Venezuelan agents, distributed "Bolivarian propaganda in favor of Andrés Manuel López Obrador" throughout cities in Mexico, and that such Bolivarian Circles were given "economic support, logistics advice and ideological instruction" from the Hugo Chávez government.[55]

López Obrador was criticized by some left-wing politicians and analysts for including in his close staff many former members of the PRI who actively fought against his party in the 1980s and 1990s,[56] most notably Arturo Núñez (one of the authors of Fobaproa contingency fund created to resolve liquidity problems of the banking system),[57] Manuel Camacho Solís and Marcelo Ebrard. The guerrilla leader of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN), Subcomandante Marcos, said López Obrador was a false left-wing candidate, arguing that he was a centrist candidate. Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas did not participate in any campaign events, but stated that he would still vote for his party, the PRD.[citation needed]

López Obrador's proposals, including his 50 commitments, produced mixed opinions from analysts. The Washington Post wrote that López Obrador used U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt as inspiration for his 50 commitments.[58]

On 19 May, Roberto Madrazo, the PRI's presidential candidate and considered by all polls to be in a distant third place, hinted at the possibility of an alliance with López Obrador to prevent Calderón from winning the election,[59] after both the parties had criticized the government for what they saw as supposed illegal support by the federal government for the National Action Party (PAN) candidate's campaigning. The PRD said that both parties entered into an information sharing agreement regarding the issue.[60][61] This, combined with calls from high ranking PRI member Manuel Bartlett (former interior secretary when the alleged 1988 presidential election fraud was committed) to vote for López Obrador,[62] aroused media speculation that the PRI and the PRD would indeed ally.

On 28 May, after López Obrador discounted any such alliance because the PRI and PRD political tendencies could not be reconciled,[63] Roberto Madrazo indicated that his comments had been misunderstood and that he would not step down or endorse any other candidate.[64][65]

In 2006, the Spanish newspaper El País criticized López Obrador for what it characterized as "extreme" verbal insults toward Mexican government institutions and President Vicente Fox.[66]

Election results

According to the official count, López Obrador held an advantage over Calderón right until 97.50% of the polling stations were counted, after which Calderón overtook the first place by a difference of less than 1% of the votes

On 6 July 2006, the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE) announced the final vote count in the 2006 presidential election, resulting in a narrow margin of 0.56 percentage points (243,934 votes) of victory for his opponent, Felipe Calderón. López Obrador appealed the results, claiming widespread irregularities in the vote, and demanded that every vote be recounted[67] (A generalized recount is only legal in extreme circumstances according to Mexican Electoral Tribunal Jurisprudence S3ELJ14-2004.[68]) On 8 July 2006, López Obrador called for nationwide protests to ask for a recount of all votes, stating that "the government would be responsible for any flare-up of anger after officials rejected his demand for a manual recount of Sunday's extremely close vote."[69] However, on 5 September 2006, the Federal Electoral Tribunal (TEPJF) ruled that the election was fair and that Calderón was the winner and would become president.[70]

Summary of 2 July 2006 Mexican presidential election results
Candidates Party Alliance Votes %
Felipe Calderón National Action Party None 15,000,284 35.89%
Andrés Manuel López Obrador Party of the Democratic Revolution Coalición por el Bien de Todos 14,756,350 35.31%
Roberto Madrazo Institutional Revolutionary Party Alianza por México 9,301,441 22.26%
Patricia Mercado Social Democratic and Peasant Alternative Party None 1,128,850 2.70%
Roberto Campa Cifrián New Alliance Party None 401,804 0.96%
Write in 297,989 0.71%
Blank/Invalid 904,604 2.16%
Total 41,791,322 100.0%
Source: Instituto Federal Electoral [2]

In contesting the election, López Obrador and his coalition made several primary arguments: (a) that President Fox, the CCE and other organizations had illegally interfered in the presidential campaign, which was strictly prohibited by electoral law,[71] thereby providing grounds to annul the election; that (b) that the votes were fraudulently tallied on 2 July and afterwards; and that (c) there was widespread and significant evidence of electoral irregularities, ranging from stuffed ballot boxes and inconsistent tally reports, to improper and illegal handling of the ballot trail and voter intimidation.[citation needed]

The Court did find that President Fox, and the CCE, a business interest group, had interfered in the elections by campaigning for a given candidate, which is against campaign laws. The TEPJF determined that it was not possible to accurately evaluate the influence this interference had had on the election results, but estimated the impact of Fox's interference as insignificant. The Tribunal stated that, similarly, it could not gauge the impact of CCE's interference.[citation needed]

Consequently, the Court ruled that both interferences could not be considered as a sufficient judicial cause to annul the election. In reference to the allegations of fraud, the Court similarly found that there was insufficient evidence to annul the election.[72][73]

López Obrador and his coalition had alleged irregularities in a large number of polling stations and demanded a national recount. Ultimately the electoral tribunal (TEPJF), in a unanimous vote, ordered a recount of only about 9% of the polling stations.[74] The Supreme Court later ruled that the evidence presented did not demonstrate that sufficient fraud had occurred to change the outcome of the election.[citation needed]

In response to this result, in a move reminiscent of Francisco I. Madero declaring himself provisional President of Mexico after calling the 1910 elections against Porfirio Díaz fraudulent, López Obrador's followers proclaimed him the Presidente Legitimo (Legitimate President), inaugurated him in a ceremony in the Zócalo, and formed an alternative, parallel government.[citation needed]

Post-election protests

López Obrador announced his victory to his supporters on the night of the election, stating that according to exit polls he had won by 500,000 votes. He did not cite any polls at the time,[75] later he referenced Covarrubias[76] and IMO.[77] Several days later, the Federal Electoral Institute published its final tally, which had him down by a margin of 0.58%, or approximately 243,000 votes. López Obrador then initiated legal challenges, claiming election irregularities in 54% of polling stations, and demanded publicly the votes to be recounted "vote by vote" in all polling stations. The case was discussed by the Federal Electoral Tribunal (TEPJF) and finally dismissed.[citation needed]

While the case was discussed in the Electoral Tribunal, the IFE called for the candidates to refrain from proclaiming themselves as winner, president-elect, or president until the final resolution was taken. Both candidates disobeyed this call. In an interview by U.S. Spanish-language TV network Univisión, López Obrador referred to himself as "President of Mexico".[78][79]

López Obrador held several gatherings in downtown Mexico City with hundreds of thousands of people attending, pressuring for a "vote for vote" general recount. On 31 July, in an act of civil disobedience, he organized a blockade of 12 kilometers of one of the most important roads in the capital, Paseo de la Reforma, which houses several important hotels, corporate main offices and the Mexico City Stock Market.[80] Business groups said the blockades cost Mexico City businesses located near the areas of conflict daily losses of 350,000,000 pesos (about US$35 million).[81] In order to compensate, they asked the Government of Mexico City to exempt them from paying taxes that year.[citation needed]

On Saturday 5 August, the TEPJF met in a public session to decide the outcome of the complaints the PRD and its coalition partners had filed. The seven magistrates voted unanimously to order a recount of 11,839 ballot boxes in 155 districts (9.2% of the total), despite López Obrador's public demand that all votes and ballot boxes be recounted.[82] The TEPJF based its decision for a partial recount on its finding that, despite publicly demanding a vote-by-vote general recount, López Obrador's party filed legal challenges for 71,000 polling stations (54%). Therefore, the TEPJF found it could by law order a recount of only those 71,000 polling stations contested. The TEPJF ruled that it could not order a recount of the votes not in controversy because "the certainty asked by the [López Obrador] Coalition is tied to the respect for the tallies certified by the citizens in the polling stations not in controversy." However, the TEPJF did certify that principles of certainty in elections were grounds for a recount in some of the stations in controversy, since there was evidence of possible irregularities.[83]

López Obrador rejected the resolution as too narrow, and he and his followers intensified their civil resistance. For about two hours on 9 August, protesters took over the tollbooths on four federal highways linking Mexico City to Cuernavaca, Querétaro, Toluca, and Pachuca. The protesters prevented personnel from charging tolls in some of these roads and allowed vehicles to pass freely. Also, hundreds of López supporters surrounded four of the main offices of foreign banks, including Citibank's Banamex, BBVA's Bancomer, and the Mexican subsidiary of HSBC, closing them for about four hours, claiming that the foreign banks "ransack the country" and "widen the barrier between rich and poor" and because, supposedly, these banks had become involved in Mexican politics by supporting Calderón.[84][85]

On 8 August, López Obrador sent a message to the press, regarding the blockades, where he explained to the people, "10 reasons" in which he stands to continue the "peaceful civil resistance".[86]

López Obrador held a rally, which he called a "National Democratic Convention", on 16 September, Independence Day, when a military parade was also scheduled to be held. The "democratic convention" started after the military parade.[citation needed]

Claiming that all the country's institutions are linked and protect each other, López Obrador said that they "no longer work" and called for the creation of new ones.[87]

López Obrador led a rally on the day of the state of the union speech, where sympathizers celebrated the President being prevented from delivering his speech inside the Congress chamber.[88] They claimed that the President "had created a police state" in the area around the Congress building and interpreted it as a violation of the Constitution that made it impossible for Congress to be called into session, and thereby enabling Fox to address the chamber.[89] He explicitly told his followers not to be lured into violent confrontations, declaring, "We aren't going to fall into any trap. We aren't going to be provoked." He also asked his followers to remain in the Zócalo, instead of marching to the legislative palace, the site of the state of the union speech, as had been planned.[citation needed]

According to a poll published on 1 December 2006 in El Universal, 42% believed that Calderón's victory was fraudulent, and 46% believed that it was not.[90]

"Legitimate Presidency"

López Obrador being proclaimed "Legitimate President of Mexico" by his supporters in November 2006[91]

On 20 November 2006, the date when the Mexican Revolution is commemorated, López Obrador's sympathizers proclaimed him the "Legitimate President" at a rally in the Zócalo in Mexico City, though no formal poll was taken.[92] The action was planned in another rally, the "National Democratic Convention", in which supporters gave him the title. At the convention, López Obrador called for the establishment of a parallel government and shadow cabinet. He also advocated the abolition or reform of several institutions, alleging they are spoiled and corrupt, and asked for changes to the constitution to ensure the institutions work "for the people", and provide welfare and assistance to the elderly and other vulnerable groups.[citation needed]

After his supporters proclaimed him as "Legitimate President of Mexico",[91] López Obrador created a "Cabinet of Denunciation" to counter all moves done by President Felipe Calderón. It was expected that this "alternative cabinet" would be used as a pressure mechanism to the initiatives of the government.[93] In his speech at the proclamation ceremony, López Obrador promised to "procure the happiness of the people",[94] and announced 20 "actions of government", such as fostering a process for renewal for public institutions and defending the right to information and demanding openness of communication media.[95]

Days later, López Obrador announced that he would earn a salary of $50,000 pesos (US$2,500) a month, provided by donations.[96]

Reactions to the "legitimate presidency"

Reactions to the "legitimate presidency" varied widely. An opinion by El País said that López Obrador's "lack of consideration for democratic institutions and rule of law seriously endanger civil peace in Mexico".[97] After speculation on whether or not López Obrador's self-proclamation was against the law, the PRI stated that this political action was not a crime.[98] up Liébano Sáenz, chief of staff of former President Ernesto Zedillo, stated that López Obrador "will become the conscience of the nation, which will do much good for Mexican democracy".[99] José Raúl Vera López, the Roman Catholic bishop of Saltillo, Coahuila, declared that the so-called "legitimate presidency" was a result of the "profound discontent with how the country has been run", and that López Obrador had "very deep moral backing".[100]

A poll conducted by Grupo Reforma indicated that 56% of Mexicans disapproved of López Obrador taking the title, while only 19% approved. Sixty-three percent of those polled also said that the former candidate had lost credibility. Other responses in the poll include 82% describing the political atmosphere in Mexico as "tense", and 45% of those polled blamed it on the PRD, with only 20% blaming it on the PAN, and 25% blaming both parties. The poll was a telephone survey of 850 adults on 18 November with 95% confidence interval of +/-3.4% margin of error.[101]

In the first few months of his term, President Calderón's announced initiatives that mirrored those of López Obrador. These included price ceilings for tortillas,[102] in the form of a "Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact", that protects local producers of corn, a presidential decree limiting the President's salary and that of cabinet ministers, and a proposal for a constitutional amendment that, if passed, would significantly lower salaries for all public servants and impose caps on their remuneration.[103] These measures were interpreted by some as actions "seeking to fulfill a campaign promise to incorporate the agenda of election rival Andrés Manuel López Obrador into his government",[103] and by others as actions designed to undercut the opposition government.

Influence in the 2008 PRD elections
Raúl Vera López, bishop of Saltillo, declared that López Obrador's so-called "legitimate presidency" is the result of "deep discontent with the way the country has been run," and that Obrador had "very deep moral backing"[104]

In 2008, the PRD held leadership elections. López Obrador's candidate, Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez was opposed by Jesús Ortega. Allegations of fraud on both sides halted recounts and raised doubts about the legitimacy of the election. Media figures commented that, while López Obrador had used phrases such as "fraud", "illegitimacy", "corruption", etc. in the 2006 presidential election, the same phrases were now used to describe the PRD's election, and many feared that, no matter what the outcome, there would be a "legitimate" and a "spurious" President inside the Party.[105] According to exit polls conducted by Mitofsky and IMO, Encinas won by 5% and 8% points, respectively.[106]

Occupation of Congress

Congress was also taken by legislators of the Broad Progressive Front (FAP), the PRD, Labor and Convergence parties, on 10 April 2008 because of their disagreement with the Government regarding energy policy discussions, claiming they violated the Constitution. López Obrador's followers took both chambers of Congress and had them chained so nobody could enter, thus avoiding the passage of secondary laws which modified the legal framework of the Mexican national oil company, Pemex.[107] Chairs and tables were used as barricades. López Obrador requested a four-month long debate on energy policies and not a 50-day debate presented by the PAN, PRI, Green Party and New Alliance.[108]

Second presidential run, 2012

López Obrador at Zócalo in 2012

López Obrador ran again as the PRD, Labor Party, and Citizens' Movement candidate under the coalition Movimiento Progresista in the 2012 presidential election.

Political proposals

Economic proposals

In November 2011, he announced some of his economic proposals:[109]

  • Job creation. A sustained 6% growth rate to generate the new 1.2 million jobs needed each year.
  • Austerity. Reducing salaries (of government officials) and unnecessary spending, saving around US$30 billion a year.
  • Progressive fiscal reforms. The people who make less money should pay a smaller percentage of taxes than those making more money.
  • No new taxes and no increment of existing taxes. He plans to focus on ending fiscal privileges.
  • Competition. End monopolies, any private citizen who wants to participate in media, television, telephony, should be able to.
Security policy

López Obrador had been a firm critic of Felipe Calderón's military approach, and promised a further application of the law, proposing to take care of the victims of the Mexican Drug War and an emphasis on the protection of human rights in the country.[110] He proposed a single police command that would gradually assume the activities of the Mexican Navy and the Mexican Army, as well as a single intelligence agency to tackle the financial networks of criminal organizations.[110] The new police force would promote "civic and moral values". He said that he was committed to increase the salaries and benefits given to law enforcement officials throughout Mexico. His security strategy was composed of ten proposals, but all of them had a major theme: organized crime cannot be tackled if the government is responsible for the "erosion of human rights".[110]

He also stated that if elected, he would firmly reject any intelligence activity from the United States, including money and weapons in aid. This policy would put a stop to the operations in Mexico of the Central Intelligence Agency and the Drug Enforcement Administration, including the use of unmanned drones.[110] But it could also discourage U.S. aid to Mexico (US$1.6 billion since 2008).

This proposal was intended to appeal to popular resentment over U.S. actions in "Operation Fast and Furious", in which U.S. ATF agents allegedly engaged in "gunwalking".[110][111]

López Obrador promised to reactivate the economy and social growth so more people could have access to a "better life" without having to join the cartels and abandon the rule of law.[112] He also pledged to improve the education system and create more jobs before the criminal groups have a chance to recruit them.[112] He also spoke of putting an end to corruption, impunity, drug consumption and addiction, and to the great privileges of the elite few.[112] The security Cabinet that he proposed was to work directly with the municipal and state forces in a unified command.[112]

López Obrador summed up his security policy as "Abrazos, no balazos." (Hugs, not bullets).[113] At the start of his campaign, he said that he would remove Army personnel from the streets, but then said in May 2012 that he would use the military until Mexico had a "trained, skilled and moralized police force".[113]

Proposed cabinet

López Obrador announced a tentative cabinet. Among them were:[114]

Election results

The election was won by Enrique Peña Nieto of the PRI, with 38.2%, to 31.6% for López Obrador. López Obrador did not accept the preliminary results, as a majority of votes had yet to be counted.[115]

Subsequently, he claimed vote buying and other irregularities, and demanded a full recount by the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE).[116]

The IFE found some irregularities, but confirmed the results on 6 July. López Obrador rejected this announcement, and on 12 July filed a complaint for invalidation of the election. He alleged vote-buying, spending in excess of election regulations, illegal fund raising, and vote fraud. But on 30 August, the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary rejected his complaint.[citation needed]

Candidate Party Alliance Votes %
Enrique Peña Nieto Institutional Revolutionary Party Compromiso por México [es] 18,727,398 38.15
Andrés Manuel López Obrador Party of the Democratic Revolution  [es] 15,535,117 31.64
Josefina Vázquez Mota National Action Party None 12,473,106 25.40
Gabriel Quadri de la Torre New Alliance Party None 1,129,108 2.36
Non-registered candidates 31,660 0.07
Invalid/blank votes 1,191,057 2.46
Total 49,087,446 100
Registered voters/turnout 77,738,494 63.10
Source: PREP (98.95% of polling stations reporting)
Popular Vote
Peña Nieto
38.20%
López Obrador
31.60%
Vázquez Mota
25.39%
Quadri de la Torre
2.28%
Other
0.04%
Invalid/blank
2.46%

Peña Nieto vote-buying controversy

At a news conference, López Obrador claimed that the election was "plagued with irregularities" and accused the PRI of buying votes.[117] He also claimed that the PRI handed out gifts to lure voters into casting their vote for that party.[118] Soriana is a Wal-Mart-style chain of megastores, operating 500 grocery stores around Mexico. On the day of the 2012 presidential elections, people who voted for the PRI would receive pre-paid gift cards.[119] Nonetheless, the PRI and the store denied those accusations[120] and threatened to sue López Obrador.[118] Peña Nieto vowed to imprison anyone – including members of the PRI – if they are found guilty of electoral fraud.[121] Despite Peña Nieto's statement, many videos by citizens about the Soriana cards surfaced on YouTube.[122][123]

Creation of new political party, MORENA

López Obrador (right) holding his Voter ID upside down along with Martí Batres (center) after submitting the formal political registration of MORENA to the INE

Following the 2012 presidential election loss, López Obrador told a rally in Mexico City's main plaza, the Zócalo, on 9 September 2012 that he would withdraw from the Democratic Revolution Party "on the best of terms". He added that he was working on founding a new party from the Movement for National Regeneration ("Movimiento de Regeneración Nacional" in Spanish), which he would later name MORENA.[124] A couple of days after his departure from the PRD, federal deputy Ricardo Monreal stated it was a "divorce for convenience", and that López Obrador did the most responsible thing in order to avoid the polarization of the country.[125] According to polls and surveys, most of the Mexican public had negative view on the establishment of MORENA as a political party.[126] On 7 January 2014, Martí Batres, president of MORENA, presented the documentation to the INE to be acknowledged political party.[127] In 2014, López Obrador revealed why he left the PRD, stating, "I left the PRD because the leaders of that party betrayed the people, they went with Peña Nieto and approved the Pact for Mexico, which is nothing more than a Pact against Mexico. I can not be in a party where tax increases were approved and it was approved that they will increase the price of gasoline every month. Gasoline in Mexico costs more than in the United States, the salary in Mexico is the lowest in the entire North American continent, and instead of asking for wage increases, the PRD rose to the podium to ask for the increase in the price of gasoline, it's an embarrassment."[128] After Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas criticized him for forming his own political party, on 7 July 2014, López Obrador posted on social media that, "PRD leaders and most of its legislators voted for the fiscal reforms [raising taxes and gas prices] and with their collaboration they paved the way for privatization of the oil industry."[129][dubious ] On 10 July 2014, the INE approved MORENA to be an official political party to receive federal funds and to participate in the 2015 legislative elections.[130]

Presidential campaign 2018

López Obrador ran again in the 2018 presidential election, his third bid for the presidency. In the election he represented MORENA, the PT, and the socially conservative right-wing Social Encounter Party (PES) under the coalition Juntos Haremos Historia. Pre-election polls indicated he had a double-digit lead over candidates Ricardo Anaya, José Antonio Meade, and Jaime Rodríguez Calderón.[131][132][133]

In 2018, Mexican publication Aristegui Noticias criticized Vicente Fox for what it characterized as "extreme" verbal insults on Twitter towards López Obrador crackdown on institutional corruption.[134]

Juntos Haremos Historia

Background On 24 June 2017, the PT agreed to fight the 2018 election in an electoral alliance with MORENA; however the coalition was not officially registered with the National Electoral Institute (INE), the country's electoral authority. For MORENA, the alliance was facilitated by the withdrawal of the PT's candidate Óscar González Yáñez, who resigned his candidacy and called for votes in favor of Delfina Gómez Álvarez, standard-bearer in the state elections of the State of Mexico in 2017.[135][136][137]

In October 2017, at PT's National Congress, as party president Alberto Anaya was reelected to another 6-year term, PT formalized its coalition with MORENA.[138]

At first, there was speculation about the possibility of a front grouping all the left-wing parties: MORENA, the PRD, PT and the MC. However, López Obrador rejected any kind of agreement due to political differences, especially after the elections in the State of Mexico, when the candidates of the PRD and MC continued with their campaigns refusing to support the MORENA candidate.[139] At the end of November 2017, the leaders of MORENA and the PES announced that they were in talks to form a possible alliance: Hugo Eric Flores Cervantes, president of the PES, said "We don't negotiate with the PRI, we have two options, go alone or with MORENA."[140]

Confirmation

Parties of the coalition Juntos Haremos Historia

On 13 December 2017, PES joined the coalition between MORENA and the PT, and it was formalized under the name Juntos Haremos Historia (Together We Will Make History).[141] Following the signing of the agreement, López Obrador was appointed as a pre-candidate for the three political groups.[142] It was a partial coalition that supported López Obrador as the presidential candidate and divided the legislative elections between the three: MORENA chose candidates in 150 federal electoral districts (out of 300) and 32 Senate rates, while the PT and the PES each nominated 75 candidates for the Chamber of Deputies and 16 for the Senate.[143][144]

The alliance received criticism as it was a coalition between two left-wing parties (MORENA and the PT) with a formation related to the evangelical right (PES).[145] In response, MORENA national president Yeidckol Polevnsky said that her party believes in inclusion and team work to "rescue Mexico" and that they will continue to defend human rights;[146] in turn, Hugo Eric Flores Cervantes, national president of the PES, said that "the only possibility of real change in our country is the one headed by Andrés Manuel López Obrador" and that his party had decided to be "on the right side of history".[147]

Andrés Manuel López Obrador said that this would be his last attempt to become president, rejecting to become a permanent moral leader for the left Mexican wing.[148]

International solidarity

In Paris, France, there is the "Official French Committee of MORENA", on which several occasions have presented their support to the candidate in small rallies in that European country.[149] In February 2018, French deputy and former presidential candidate Jean-Luc Mélenchon, founder of the La France Insoumise party, met with López Obrador, before the official start of the electoral campaign in Mexico, and described his possible victory in the following terms: "If they manage to thwart the plans against them and win the elections, it will be a great change for Mexico and all of Latin America."[150]

Miguel Ángel Revilla, president of the Autonomous Community of Cantabria, Spain, mentioned López Obrador in an interview on the El Hormiguero program, where he spoke of the possibility of victory for the presidential candidate in 2018: "I think he's going to win because Mexico needs a change with a good person, because they are presenting him as a Chávez-type populist, type Fidel Castro, but of that nothing: he wants to end corruption and inequality within what he can do because that country does not deserve what it has until now, I want to send my support to this man, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, from here."[151]

López Obrador has been referred to as the "ideological twin" of the UK's Labour Party leader, Jeremy Corbyn, who has visited López Obrador and invited him over to the British Parliament.[152][153][154][155]

Proposed Cabinet

In December 2017, López Obrador presented his proposed cabinet:[156]

Replacements

  • It was announced on 5 July 2018 that Héctor Vasconcelos would be replaced at Foreign Affairs by Marcelo Ebrard, following Vasconcelos's election to the Senate.[157][158]
  • Arturo Herrera replaced Carlos Manuel Urzúa Macías at Finance on 10 July 2019.[159]
  • Víctor Manuel Toledo replaced Josefa González Blanco Ortíz Mena as Minister of Environment and Natural Resources on 25 May 2019.[160]

Political positions during campaign

Salomón Jara Cruz (left) and López Obrador (center) in San Baltazar Chichicapam, Oaxaca, in March 2016

López Obrador has often been described as left-wing[161] and populist.[162] Other outlets have claimed that López Obrador toned down his rhetoric for the 2018 election.[163][164] In his inauguration speech he came out strong against neoliberalism, calling it a "disaster" and a "calamity" for the country and promised a historic "transformation".[165][166]

López Obrador has made citizen forums, consultations, and referendums a key part of his decision-making process. Such consultations have been held on major infrastructure projects such as the construction of a new airport, an oil refinery, an electric plant, and the Mayan Train. Other consultations have been held on various social issues, and more are planned for the future—possibly including LGBTQ rights and amnesty for low-level drug offenders.[167] He also plans a popular vote of confidence when he reaches the middle of his term in 2022.[168] The consultations held in 2018 and 2019 have enjoyed overwhelming support (70% or more),[169] but they have been criticized for low turnout (2% or less) and other reasons.[170]

Proposed domestic policy

He proposed the cancellation of the under-construction New Mexico City International Airport,[171] the conversion of the president's official residence and office complex, Los Pinos, into a cultural center,[172][173] as well as universal healthcare,[174] free internet,[175] pledging to sell the presidential aircraft,[176] and has offered to hold referendums on various issues,[177] among them include a performance evaluation halfway through his term during the 2021 legislative elections, (instead of his former proposal of every two years[178]) that would cut his six-year term short if he loses the consultation.[179] He proposes dispersing the cabinet throughout the country's states, with the objective of "promoting development throughout the national territory", while the Presidency and the Ministries of National Defense, the Navy, the Interior, Foreign Affairs, and Finance and Public Credit remain in the capital.[180][181]

New Airport for Mexico City

Corruption, geological, and environmental problems related to the construction of a new airport in Texcoco, State of Mexico, were a major issue during Lopez Obrador's 2018 presidential campaign. After winning the election but before taking office, he sponsored a citizen referendum on replacing the Texcoco airport with rebuilding the military airport Santa Lucia in Zumpango, State of Mexico. The referendum passed with 70% of the 1 million votes cast.[182] Canceling the airport cost MXN $75 billion (US$3.98 billion).[183] The new airport in Zumpango was renamed "General Felipe Ángeles Airport" and construction began on 17 October 2019.[184] The airport is scheduled to open in May 2022.[185]

Anti-corruption

López Obrador's chief pledge was to eradicate institutional corruption by enacting a series of constitutional laws and policies aimed at making corruption more difficult. One example of that is the two laws enacted that now makes corruption and voter fraud a criminal act without bail,[186] as well as removing corrupt government officials with a due process. It is a combination of zero tolerance and personal honesty to sweep it out "from top to bottom like cleaning the stairs".[187] He asked international organizations to come to Mexico to help investigate cases of corruption and human rights abuses, and announced a willingness to allow the creation of a body, akin to the CICIG in Guatemala, to help local prosecutors build graft cases.[188] He also proposed to amend an article in the constitution to make it possible to try presidents for corruption.[178]

López Obrador's anti-corruption efforts have concentrated in five areas: illegal fuel sales known as Huachicolero, accounting methods and tax evasion, illegal outsourcing, judicial corruption, and money laundering.[189] The Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera on 27 December 2019, announced that it has opened investigations into four former governors.[190] In August 2019 Rosario Robles was sent to prison for her involvement in the MXN $7,760 million (US$420 million) "Master Scam" (Spanish: ),[191] and charges against former Pemex officials such as CEO Emilio Lozoya Austin[192] and union leader Carlos Romero Deschamps.[193] In October 2019, a justice of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation (SCJN) was forced to resign due to irregularities involving an irregular bank deposit worth MXN $80 million (US$4 million).[194]

In October 2019, the human rights group Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA) largely praised then president-elect López Obrador's anti-corruption efforts, noting that most prosecutors are autonomous, citing his austerity plan and support for whistleblowers, and investigations into the ("Master Scam") and the Odebretch scandal, both which involve several former high government officials.[195]

Energy

López Obrador has had mixed views on the privatization of oil that was signed into law in 2013. He has called for a referendum over the (es) that ended Pemex's monopoly in the oil industry.[196] Rocío Nahle [es], his top energy adviser, has called for a freeze on future deepwater drilling auctions and a review of contracts with international oil companies.[197] In February 2018, his business adviser, Alfonso Romo, said, "[he] reviewed most of the oil tenders awarded to private drillers and found them to be beneficial for Mexico."[198] He has also pledged ending oil exports in order to focus internally, as well as investing in refineries along with ending the importation of gasoline from the United States,[197][199] saying the nation must recover energy self-sufficiency "as a principle of national security" and should make loss-making state refineries operable and assess biodiesel production.[200] López Obrador has promised no more gasolinazos as well as no more hikes in electricity and gas prices.[201] On 30 November 2018 López Obrador told press that the previous administration's oil reforms, which permitted auctioning oil field rights to private companies, would not continue under his administration.[202]

Shortly after taking office, López Obrador cracked down on the robbery of motor fuels: Huachicolero.[203] Despite 18 January 2019 Tlahuelilpan pipeline explosion that cost the lives of at least 119 in Tlahuelilpan, Hidalgo,[204] and local fuel shortages, gasoline theft was cut by 95% from 81,000 barrels in November 2018 to 4,000 barrels in April 2019 with a savings of 11 billion pesos ($581 million).[205]

By 2023 Mexico plans to have seven oil refineries, including a new one that is being built at the Dos Bocas port in Paraíso, Tabasco.[206] Construction on the Dos Bocas refinery began in August 2019,[207] and the estimated cost is between US$6 billion and $8 billion.[208]

Education

With his saying, "Becarios sí, sicarios, no" (Scholarships, yes; contract killings, no),[209] López Obrador proposes guaranteed schooling and employment to all young people, through universal access to public colleges[210] and intending to offer monthly scholarship money of 2,400 MXN to low-income university students.[211] López Obrador is against the educational reform passed into law in 2013, saying he is against the use of teacher evaluations because it is used as a basis of firing them,[212] saying, "It is an ideological problem of the right, of conservatism, deep down they do not want public education, basically they want education to be privatized, it is the mentality that prevails in these people, I ask them to be serene and if you really want to help improve education, do not polarize or disqualify [the teachers]."[213] He also argues that, "Children go to school without eating and that is not addressed in the so-called education reform."[214]

The educational reform laws that were passed during the administration of Enrique Peña Nieto were overturned in September 2019. The new laws promise to take into account teachers' opinions and to preserve the public nature of the school system.[215]

War on drugs

López Obrador in 2012

As the Mexican Drug War that started under President Calderón (2006–12) dragged on into its 12th year, he reiterated his 2012 presidential run strategy of "Abrazos, no balazos" (Hugs, not bullets), arguing that jobs and better wages, especially for younger people and the rural populace, are necessary to combat crime,[216][217] not the use of more military force.[209] He has proposed amnesty for some drug war criminals,[218] for which he would seek the aid of international NGOs, Pope Francis,[219] and UN Secretary-General António Guterres.[188] Héctor Vasconcelos, a former diplomat, said a López Obrador government would gradually pull back the Army and Navy from the streets where they have been engaged.[220] He is willing to establish a truth commission to bring closure to tens of thousands of people exposed to horrific murders and disappearances of their friends and family, such as the 2014 Ayotzinapa kidnapping.[188][221][222] He declared that he would consider legalizing certain drugs as part of a broader strategy to fight poverty and crime.[223]

Lopez Obrador declared an end to the Drug War, announcing that he wished to shift from capturing capos (drug lords) to reducing violence and paying more attention to health concerns. Nonetheless, the murder rate has actually increased since his inauguration. López Obrador has sent the newly formed, militarized National Guard to fight crime, but they have not been any more successful than previous police and military efforts.[224] A major setback was a failed attempt to arrest Ovidio Guzmán López in October 2019, which set off fierce gun battles in Culiacán, Sinaloa, and had to be called off. López Obrador later explained that his primary concern was saving lives.[225] When three adults and six children, all American citizens belonging to the LeBaron family, were killed near the border between Sinaloa and Chihuahua, President Donald Trump briefly threatened to declare the cartels terrorist organizations. López Obrador persuaded him not to do so.[226][227]

Plans to regularize the personal use of marijuana missed an 24 October 2019 SCJN deadline, which has been extended to 30 April 2020. Users, growers, and businesses could not agree on details.[228]

The COVID-19 pandemic has interrupted supply chains from China to Mexico that provided the precursor chemicals to create fentanyl and methamphetamine, usually then exported to the U.S.[229]

Economic policy

Described by Lopez Obrador as an adherent to Mixed economy, at an event on 3 June 2018 he explained that "there will be a mixed economy; the State with public investment could not face the challenge of growth in Mexico, private investment is required and the social sector is also required."[230] Based on his economic proposals; he wants the country to be "self-sufficient" and to "rescue the agriculture industry" that was affected due to the difficulty to compete with the American Agriculture industry after the North American Free Trade Agreement was established in 1992. He has also doubled compensations to both, pension to two million five hundred senior citizens,[231] and the nation's minimum wage,[232] which currently stands at 88.40 pesos per day. López Obrador has also created a special zone along Mexico's northern border with lower value-added taxes, lower rent taxes, and higher wages.[233][234] His advisers also said that the same measures could also be directed at Mexico's southern border and elsewhere to contain migration.[235] He has planned a host of infrastructure projects in partnership with the private sector, especially a rail link across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, to spark economic growth in Mexico's economically depressed south.[187] At a major banking conference in March 2018, he made promises not to disrupt economic stability and respect the autonomy of the Bank of Mexico saying, "We will support banks and we won’t confiscate assets. There won’t be expropriations or nationalizations."[236][237]

NAFTA / USMCA

López Obrador has been a critic of NAFTA, arguing small Mexican corn farmers have been hurt,[238] as well as proposing to defend avocado farmers from agricultural tariffs.[239] He has asked Peña Nieto's administration to postpone the current renegotiation of the agreement, arguing both U.S. President Donald Trump and Peña Nieto do not have a strong, amicable relationship, tainted by a cancelled foreign trip.[240] During the general assembly of the American Chamber of Commerce in Mexico, he said he does not want the agreement cancelled, arguing it is benefits the three member nations.[241] In June 2018, during a presidential debate, he argued that if there is a failure in the NAFTA renegotiation, the domestic economy must be strengthened, arguing, "[it] cannot be fatal for Mexicans, our country has a lot of natural resources, a lot of wealth."[242][243] López Obrador has argued in favor of increasing workers' salaries "because wages in our country are very low, they are the lowest wages in the world and we need to strengthen the domestic market and this is to improve the income of workers; you can not be paying the workers of the maquilas 800 pesos a week."[244]

Mexico and the United States reached a new trade agreement on 27 August 2018, and Canada agreed on 30 September of that year. The new trade agreement is called the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA).[245] The USMCA increases environmental and labor regulations, and it incentivizes more domestic production of cars and trucks. The agreement also provides updated intellectual property protections.[246] Robert Lighthizer of the United States Department of Commerce, Canadian Deputy prime minister Chrystia Freeland, Deputy Minister for North America Jesús Seade Kuri signed a modified agreement in Mexico City on 10 December 2018.[247] The Mexican Senate ratified the treaty on 19 June 2019,[248] but it still awaits ratification by the U.S. and Canada.[249]

Fiscal policy

Arguing he would be fiscally conservative[250] he intends on raising social spending,[199] without tax hikes nor accumulation of public debt,[200][251][252][253][254] via proposed austerity measures on politician and bureaucrat salaries and privileges, including the president's salary and post-presidential pension.[220][255][256]

Lopez Obrador has reduced the presidential salary by 60% to MXN $108,000 (US$5,000) per month and has limited what public servants and members of the judiciary can earn. He opened the presidential housing complex of Los Pinos to the public, taking up residence in the National Palace. On top of this, he has sold off a number of government assets, including vehicles and real estate; proceeds have gone to social programs for the poor.[257] An austerity law passed in October 2019 restricts remodeling of government offices, bans government employees for a period of ten years from working in private companies they regulated while in office, and cuts presidential pensions.[258] The president flies commercial airlines, but he has not yet found a buyer for the presidential airplane.[259]

Foreign policy

Following accusations by interest groups and the opposition who ran a dark campaign[260] against Lopez Obrador during his campaign, where alleges influenced by Venezuela's government and that he was a mirror image of Donald Trump, López Obrador stated, "No to Chavismo, no to Trumpismo; yes to Juarismo, yes to Maderismo, yes to Cardenismo, yes to Mexicanismo."[261] He has repeatedly stated that he wants to continue the bilateral relationship with the United States based on mutual respect and friendship, and not of "subordination",[262] insisting that "Mexico will not be a piñata of any foreign government"[263] Also said,"we no longer want Mexico to be seen as a country of conquest, the looting is over."[264] During a presidential debate, López Obrador argued that "the best foreign policy is domestic policy,"[265] in that if the country has no corruption and crime, it will help develop trust for investment and tourism because the image of Mexico would improve the perception of Mexico in the international arena. He has campaigned on Mexico's former foreign policy of non-interventionism and the Principle of the self-determination of the peoples' nations that's stated in the Mexican constitution, article 89.[266] López Obrador reiterated his commitment to non-interventionism with the statement he made during his presidential victory speech, "We will be friends of all the world's people and governments. The principles of non-intervention, self-determination, and the peaceful settlement of disputes will be applied again."[267]

Immigration and U.S. Policy

López Obrador with US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo in July 2018

As President Donald Trump accused Mexican illegal immigrants of "bringing drugs [and] crime" during his presidential campaign, López Obrador took a stance against Trump's proposals for the wall on the U.S.-Mexico border as well as the deportation of undocumented immigrants in the United States. In 2017, he called on the current administration to "[present] a lawsuit at the United Nations against the U.S. government for violation of human rights and racial discrimination".[268] He promised to convert the 50 Mexican consulates in the United States into "procurators" for the defense of migrants, suggested appointing Alicia Bárcena, current Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, as Mexico's permanent representative to the UN, and pledged to put pressure on the United States through organizations like the United Nations. He accused the establishment parties of the corruption that keeps migrants from receiving the support they need.[269] Regarding migration to Mexico, he asserted his government would not "continue the dirty work" of the United States and detain Central American migrants at the country's southern border. Following his proposed idea of decentralizing the nation's cabinet away from Mexico City, he would move the National Institute of Migration to Tijuana, Baja California. He suggested that the NAFTA negotiations be used to put together a development plan for Central America as a means to address emigration in the region,[269] including a proposed "alliance for progress" including Mexico, the United States, Canada and Central America to foster job creation, grow the economy and pacify the region.[270] López Obrador said he wants to broker a deal with President Trump to stem illegal immigration through jobs and development rather than a border wall.[235] López Obrador's pick for the proposed reestablishment of the Secretariat of Public Security, Alfonso Durazo, declared in July 2018 that there are plans in order to create a border police that would mainly patrol Mexico's southern border to halt illegal immigration, drugs, and weapons.[271] In October 2018, López Obrador declared working visas for Central American immigrants,[272] a couple of days later, following the arrival of Central American migrant caravans into Mexico en route to the United States, he asked for solidarity with the migrants.[273]

Election results

Celebration of Andrés Manuel López Obrador in Mexico City's Zocalo after being declared winner in Mexico's federal elections of 1 July 2018

López Obrador won the election on 1 July 2018 with 53% of the popular vote–the first candidate to win an outright majority since 1988,[274] and the first candidate not from the PRI or its predecessors to do so since the Mexican Revolution.

In terms of states won, López Obrador won in a landslide, carrying 31 out of 32 of the country's states.[274]

Around 30 minutes after polls closed in the country's northwest, José Antonio Meade, speaking at a news conference from PRI headquarters, conceded defeat and wished Andrés Manuel López Obrador "every success".[275][276] Ricardo Anaya also conceded defeat within an hour of the polls closing,[277][278] and independent candidate Jaime Rodríguez Calderón recognized López Obrador's victory shortly afterward.[279]

Candidate Party Alliance Votes %
Andrés Manuel López Obrador National Regeneration Movement Juntos Haremos Historia 30,112,109 53.19
Ricardo Anaya National Action Party Por México al Frente 12,609,472 22.28
José Antonio Meade Institutional Revolutionary Party Todos por México 9,289,378 16.41
Jaime Rodríguez Calderón Independent None 2,961,539 5.23
Margarita Zavala[b] Independent None 32,743 0.06
Write-in votes 31,981 0.06
Invalid/blank votes 1,570,828 2.77
Total 56,608,050 100
Registered voters/turnout 89,994,039 63.43
Source: INE
Popular Vote
López Obrador
53.19%
Anaya
22.28%
Meade
16.41%
Rodríguez Calderón
5.23%
Zavala
0.06%
Other
0.06%
Invalid/blank
2.77%

President-elect, July–December 2018

López Obrador took office on 1 December 2018.[280] When he was president-elect, he announced that he would take a 60% salary pay cut.[281]

Prior to taking office, from 22 to 25 October, he held an impromptu vote, organized by supporters of his own party, on whether or not the New International Airport for Mexico City was to be scrapped, citing that the project was rife with corruption, cronyism, and a waste of taxpayer money. About 70% of the results voted against the continuation of the project. López Obrador proposed on expanding the Santa Lucía Air Force Base instead.[282]

In December 2018, López Obrador ordered the creation of a truth commission to re-examine one of the country's most notorious unsolved crimes: the kidnapping and presumed murder of 43 trainee teachers who disappeared after they were attacked by cartel gunmen and corrupt police officers.[283]

After the 2018 presidential election, media organizations including Forbes reported that López Obrador said the victory of his party, MORENA, was "La Cuarta Transformación" (The Fourth Transformation).[284] The phrase is a reference to three major historical reforms, namely Mexican independence, the Reform War, and the Mexican Revolution.[284]

Just before his 1 December inauguration, a documentary on López Obrador was broadcast on Now This World.[285]

Presidency (December 2018–present)

Exercise of political power

López Obrador with Spain's Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez in January 2019

In his first year, López Obrador did not have to contend with any major new issues. His approval ratings were high, approximately the same as previous administrations at the same point in their terms. Despite that, there has appeared to be little progress on issues on which he campaigned, which critics have pointed out.[286] The Economist, a British liberal magazine, critiqued his first year as lacking in statecraft and abundant in theatrical gestures.[287] In August 2019, Bloomberg News did an extended interview with López Obrador.[288] The China Global Television Network did a short special assessment of López Obrador's first year in office.[289]

López Obrador has made the direct connection with the Mexican people a center piece of his political style. He sees his presidency as the “Fourth Transformation” in Mexican history, with the first three being the Mexican War of Independence (1810–1821), the War of the Reform (1857–1861), and the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920). He implicitly compares himself to Jesus Christ in his concern for the poor.[290] He holds daily briefings (mañaneras), often with few journalists in attendance, which are broadcast on media that are state concessions. Mainstream broadcast media has generally not challenged him, but some print publications, websites, and podcasts counter the president's narrative and criticize his policies. The separation of governmental powers that emerged in Mexico starting in the late 1990s, with a stronger judiciary and functioning legislature has now shifted to increasing concentration of power in the hands of the executive.[5]

Morning Consult’s Global Leader Approval Rating Tracker, which evaluates the approval rating of 13 world leaders on a weekly basis, positioned López Obrador as the second highest in terms of net approval rating as of December 22, 2020.[291][292]

Anti-corruption

A top priority during López Obrador's campaign was his pledge to end corruption, since Mexico is on a par with Russia at 138 (of 180 countries) by the Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index. López Obrador has made some high-profile gestures against corruption, but his critics see them as not getting at the core issue.[293] López Obrador no longer utilizes the agency designed to uncover corruption in government spending, the National Institute for Access to Information and Data Protection (INAI). Enrique Krauze has criticized López Obrador's move, saying "Now there is absolutely no transparency in the use of public money, and, at the same time, the awarding of contracts to companies owned by the president's friends."[5]

Education

About education, in 2019 López Obrador consolidated some projects to support the educational system in Mexico, some of them being the creation of one hundred public universities and the approval of the reforms to articles 3, 31 and 73 of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, about education, in which parents, teachers and authorities participated.[294] That same year, he also implemented the scholarship program "Bienestar Benito Juárez" in all educational levels of public service, in order to encourage the permanence of students[295] and also succeeded in canceling the then "educational reform" and replacing it with a new one that would guarantee free education at all levels.[296]

In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico, face-to-face classes were suspended since March, in order to avoid contagions of the disease.[297] In August, the president signed an agreement with the television networks Televisa, TV Azteca, Imagen Televisión and Grupo Multimedios so that preschool, primary and secondary school students could begin receiving classes and educational content on television.[298][299] In December, he announced Delfina Gómez Álvarez as the new secretary of Public Education, replacing Esteban Moctezuma Barragán, who would become Mexico's ambassador to the United States.[300][301] In 2021, a protocol was announced with which students could gradually return to face-to-face classes, but only in those states that were on a green light of the epidemiological traffic light during the COVID pandemic.[302] The exchange between Delfina and Moctezuma was officially carried out on 15 February.[303] The return of face-to-face classes since the beginning of the pandemic took place on 7 June in Mexico City, San Luis Potosí and Aguascalientes,[304] and on the 14 of the same month in the State of Mexico.[305] However, this return was silently canceled again when cases of children infected with COVID-19 began to be registered inside schools,[306][307] little student presence,[308] and the beginning of a third wave of infections by the disease.[309] Despite this, the president announced that the return of face-to-face classes would be "rained, thundered or lighted" in August,[310] one of his motivations being to avoid the supposed "addiction to video games" that kids have today.[311]

Economy

López Obrador's handling of the economy has not inspired private investors, and he has returned to policies favoring the state over the market. Petroleum is at the center of his energy policy and has in essence banned private investment in that sector. Pemex is deeply in debt as of June 2020, and its bonds devalued to junk bond status, a drag of the national economy.[5] There was low or flat economic growth in his first year. He has implemented a wage increase for workers by 16.21% in 2019 and by 20% months later.[312] With the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico, the government has done little to prepare for the economic impact. Its largest trading partner, the U.S., is expected to be in recession or depression due to the pandemic, which will have an impact on Mexico. In 2009, Mexico's economy shrank as it dealt with the swine flu pandemic. The coronavirus pandemic is expected to be worse, but as of now, the government has been slow to act, even as the peso has fallen to historic low levels.[313] López Obrador made good on his promise to cancel the building of a new airport to serve Mexico City, with $13.3 billion already spent. Instead, there are plans to remodel the Santa Lucía military airport, which is in a mountainous area that make it unsuitable for large commercial aircraft.[5] The trade deal with the U.S. and Canada has been ratified by all three nations and will go into effect in July 2020.[314] López Obrador traveled to the U.S. to sign the agreement, but Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of the third partner, Canada, did not attend, claiming the coronavirus as the reason. Trump and López Obrador signed the agreement at the White House.[315] With the COVID-19 pandemic, remittances from Mexicans in the U.S. have fallen. In addition, with the U.S.-Mexico border increasingly difficult to cross, Mexicans in the U.S. are now ageing and dying, often being buried in their home towns and villages.[316]

Response to the COVID-19 pandemic

According to the Los Angeles Times, the initial response by López Obrador's government was as of mid-March 2020, was dealt with a great deal of criticism. The president continued to hold rallies, be tactile with crowds, and downplay the threat of coronavirus to Mexicans' health and to the Mexican economy. When COVID-19 arrived in Mexico, the government took few steps to ramp up preparedness. The healthcare system is undergoing reforms to lessen the possibility of corruption and to shift the existing insurance system to a universal one.[317] In March 2020, López Obrador pledged to donate a quarter of his salary to help the country weather the pandemic.[318]

As of January 25, 2021, 1,763,219 people have contracted the virus and 149,614 have died.[319]

Immigration and U.S. pressure

Obrador with U.S. President Donald Trump at the White House in July 2020

The Trump administration in the U.S. pressed for building a wall on Mexico's northern border, and it also implemented measures attempting to stem the flow of migrants from Central America and other regions of the world. Although López Obrador expressed sympathy with migrants during his campaign, since taking office his stance has changed. When the number of migrants surged, the U.S. pressured his government with trade sanctions, and he hardened the southern border. Government forces broke up migrant caravans heading through Mexico to the U.S.[320] At the northern border, Mexico is now the stopping point for migrants sent back to Mexico by U.S. immigration authorities awaiting adjudication of their claims for asylum.[321] López Obrador dismantled the Federal Police, saying they were corrupt, but incorporated them into the new National Guard, now being used to stop Central American immigrants at the southern border, delighting U.S. President Trump.[5]

Crime and the drug war

Rates of crime remain high in Mexico and conflict and violence of drug mafias has not been stemmed.[322] The number of murders nationwide in 2019 was over 34,000. Although the rate of women's murders is only about 10% of that number, femicide (murders of women specifically because they are women), has risen and has resulted in major demonstrations in early 2020.

López Obrador initially backed away from the policy of taking out mafia heads. His policy was not a harsh crackdown, offering "abrazos, no balazos"" ("hugs, not gunshots"), which confused and demoralized the security forces. He then gave the army nation-wide control of security.[5] A high-profile situation developed in Sinaloa in October 2019 when the son of imprisoned drug mafia head Joaquín “El Chapo” Guzmán was captured by a small government force. The mafia responded there with a shootout on the Culiacán city streets, resulting in the government freeing Ovidio Guzmán.[323] He has acceded to U.S. requests to extradite criminals to the U.S.[324] In Michoacán, drug mafias have been extorting avocado producers, an ongoing issue especially following the rise in demand in the U.S. for the crop.[325]

During the coronavirus pandemic, Mexican drug mafias have been handing out food relief in some places. López Obrador has called on them instead to end the violence.[326] Cartels have been acting with even greater impunity in Mexico City, with the chief of its police force, Omar García Harfuch targeted for assassination in an early morning by the Jalisco New Generation cartel. He was wounded, but two of his body guards were killed, in addition to a civilian.[327] López Obrador's hands off policy toward drug cartels has been reported in the press in the United States on an ongoing basis.[328]

Response to femicide and women's activism

López Obrador has been accused by the opposition of being slow to respond to women's demands to act on the issue of femicide.[329] After a particularly well-publicized gruesome femicide followed by that of a kidnapped little girl, women began protesting more vociferously; as a result, the Head of Government of Mexico City, Claudia Sheinbaum (who is also a member of MORENA) announced new measures to prevent further femicides in that city,[330][331] while López Obrador also announced a package of new measures to address the issue.[332] Soon after, women's groups called for two days of action, a massive demonstration in Mexico City on International Women's Day (8 March), following by a strike on 9 March 2020. This is the first new and major movement with which his presidency has had to deal. The Mexico City demonstration had some 80,000 participants. On Monday, 9 March 2020, the second day of action was marked by the absence of women at work, in class, shopping and other public activities. The "Day Without Us" (Día Sin Nosotras) was reported in the international press along with the previous day's demonstrations.[333][334]

Political asylum

Former Bolivian President Evo Morales, who was forced to resign amid allegations of fraud in October's presidential election, fled Bolivia during the night of November 11, 2019, on a plane for Mexico, which offered him asylum. Mexican Foreign Minister Marcelo Ebrard said his country decided to grant asylum "for humanitarian reasons, and given the urgent situation faced in Bolivia".[335]

Plans for historical commemorations

During López Obrador's term, there will be major historical commemorations in 2021 and he has formed an official committee. The events are the founding of Tenochtitlan (although the date of its founding is often given as 1325); the 1521 fall of Tenochtitlan to the Spanish; and the 1821 consummation of Mexican independence.[336][337] The Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral is being repaired, along with other colonial-era buildings in advance of the commemorations.[338] He is taking the occasions to apologize in the name of Mexico to indigenous peoples as well as Chinese for abuses.[339] López Obrador has invited King Felipe VI of Spain and Pope Francis to Mexico for the commemorations.[340] The Pope declined the invitation.[341]

Honours

National honour

Publications

  • Los Primeros Pasos, Tabasco, 1810-1867. Villahermosa, Tabasco: Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. 1986. OCLC 21117234.
  • Del esplendor a la sombra: la República restaurada, Tabasco 1867-1876. Villahermosa, Tabasco: Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. 1988. OCLC 48297841.
  • Tabasco, Víctima de un Fraude. Mexico City: Nuestro tiempo. 1990. OCLC 651573248.
  • Entre la Historia y la Esperanza: corrupción y lucha democrática en Tabasco. Mexico City: Grijalbo. 1996. OCLC 906604879.
  • Fobaproa, expediente abierto: reseña y archivo. Mexico City: Grijalbo. 1999. OCLC 654341802.
  • Un proyecto alternativo de nación: hacia un cambio verdadero. Mexico City: Grijalbo. 2004. ISBN 9685956979.
  • Contra el desafuero: mi defensa jurídica. Mexico City: Grijalbo. 2005. ISBN 9685957908.
  • La mafia nos robó la Presidencia. Mexico City: Grijalbo. 2007. ISBN 9789707802155.
  • La gran tentación: el petróleo de México. Mexico City: Grijalbo. 2008. ISBN 9789708105651.
  • La mafia que se adueñó de México... y el 2012. Mexico City: Grijalbo Mondadori. 2010. ISBN 9786073100694.
  • No decir adiós a la esperanza. Mexico City: Grijalbo. 2012. ISBN 9786073113434.
  • Neoporfirismo hoy como ayer. Mexico City: Grijalbo. 2014. ISBN 9786073123129.
  • El poder en el trópico. Mexico City: Planeta mexicana. 2015. ISBN 9786070728211.
  • Catarino Erasmo Garza Rodríguez ¿Revolucionario o Bandido?. México: Planeta. 2016. ISBN 9786070733314.
  • 2018 La salida. Decadencia y renacimiento de México. Mexico City: Planeta. 2017. ISBN 9786070738739.
  • Oye, Trump. Planeta. 2017. ISBN 9786070742644.
  • Hacia Una Economia Moral 2019. ISBN B081K92CQG

Places named after López Obrador

In October 2019, López Obrador said that once he leaves the presidency he wants to retire in peace and does not want any streets or statues named for him. Nevertheless, on July 18, 2020, the newspaper El Universal published a list of places that bear his name:[342]

  • López Obrador Street, Tezonttila, Xochimilco, CDMX (since 2003)
  • Avenida López Obrador, San Vicente Chicolapa de Juarez, Chimalhuacán, State of Mexico
  • A neighborhood in Arcelia municipality, Guerrero
  • An alley in La Montańa de Guerrero, Acapulco, Guerrero
  • A street in San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec, Oaxaca
  • A street in La Concepción, Veracruz

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Was not officially registered as a political party until 10 July 2014.
  2. ^ Dropped out of the race, but votes towards her will be counted

References

  1. ^ "Semblanza". Lopezobrador.org.mx. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  2. ^ "Andrés Manuel López Obrador". gob.mx (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  3. ^ "Lopez Obrador Progressive". Apboroda.
  4. ^ "Mexico's populist would-be president". The Economist. Retrieved 5 April 2018. A figure of national consequence for more than 20 years...
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Krauze, Enrique (2 July 2020). "Mexico's Ruinous Messiah". The New York Review of Books. ISSN 0028-7504. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  6. ^ Arredondo, Alejandra (22 November 2018). "La vida de López Obrador: de activista a presidente". La Voz de América (U.S. Agency for Global Media, formerly Broadcasting Board of Governors). Archived from the original on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019. López Obrador es el hijo de dos comerciantes de Tabasco. Nació el 13 de noviembre del 1953 en Villa Tepetitán, municipio Macuspana.
  7. ^ "El origen de López Obrador en sus propias palabras". Morena. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  8. ^ Enrique Krause (30 June 2006). "El mesías tropical". Letras Libres. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  9. ^ Alcauter, Brando. "Quiénes son los hermanos de Andrés Manuel López Obrador". Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  10. ^ José Obrador, el abuelo de AMLO que cruzó el Atlántico escondido en un barril - 26 March 2019
  11. ^ Las raíces cántabras de López Obrador - 9 September 2017
  12. ^ El nacimiento de AMLO relatado por él mismo - 13 November 2016
  13. ^ "El origen de López Obrador en sus propias palabras – Morena – La esperanza de México". Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b "El día que Andrés Manuel López Obrador vio la muerte de su hermano". Nacion 321. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  15. ^ García Ramírez, Fernando. "8 de junio de 1969". El Financiero. Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  16. ^ Guzmán, Armando; Vergara, Rosalía (2011). "Vocación de resistencia". Proceso - los Aspirantes 2012: López Obrador; la Resistencia (9): 7–9.
  17. ^ "López Obrador: el fósil de la UNAM" Vivir Mexico.
  18. ^ "Tesis Digital". 132.248.9.195.
  19. ^ Miguel Ángel Vargas V. (10 June 2012). "Las tesis universitarias de los candidatos presidenciales". ADN Político. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b Guzmán, Armando; Vergara, Rosalía (2011). "Vocación de resistencia". Proceso - los Aspirantes 2012: López Obrador; la Resistencia (9): 7–9.
  21. ^ Sánchez Olmos, Pablo. "La suerte e infortunios de López Obrador, el presidente de México que no quiere guardaespaldas". El Mundo. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
  22. ^ Jump up to: a b "La Jornada Virtu@l". www.jornada.unam.mx. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  23. ^ "Andrés Manuel López Obrador (perfil)". El Universal. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  24. ^ México, El Universal, Compañia Periodística Nacional. "Fallece la esposa de López Obrador". Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  25. ^ "Beatriz Gutiérrez Müller, la esposa (y defensora) de AMLO - 2012 - ADNPolítico.com". static.adnpolitico.com. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  26. ^ "¿Quiénes son los hijos de Andrés Manuel López Obrhador?". Milenio.com (in Spanish). 12 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  27. ^ "AMLO ¿protestante?". La Jornada (in Spanish). 10 May 2006. Archived from the original on 27 January 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
  28. ^ "¿Un presidente evangélico en México?". ALC Noticias (in Spanish). 1 May 2016. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008.
  29. ^ Román, José Antonio (29 March 2018). "Como "cristiano en sentido amplio", se define AMLO". La Jornada. Archived from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  30. ^ "Otros apodos de AMLO a lo largo de su vida (además de 'el Peje')". www.nacion321.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  31. ^ "Siete datos curiosos de Andrés Manuel López Obrador". www.milenio.com. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  32. ^ "Andrés Manuel López Obrador: The 100 Most Influential People of 2019". TIME. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  33. ^ Pitofsky, Marina (24 January 2021). "Mexico's president tests positive for COVID-19". TheHill. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  34. ^ "Levantan bloqueos; no aceptaremos simulaciones: López Obrador". La Jornada (in Spanish). 17 February 1996. Archived from the original on 11 November 2004. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
  35. ^ "INSTITUTO ELECTORAL DE LA CIUDAD DE MÉXICO". www.iedf.org.mx. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  36. ^ "In support of Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador – Mayor of Mexico City". World Mayor. Archived from the original on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  37. ^ Jump up to: a b Theodore Hamm (June 2003). "Viva Rudy?". The Brooklyn Rail. Archived from the original on 3 May 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
  38. ^ Monica Campbell (17 March 2004). "Clean and austere: Mexico's next president?". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 3 May 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
  39. ^ María José Ortega Moncada (10 September 2001). "El Gobierno del Distrito Federal ante el reto de la modernización inmobiliaria" (in Spanish). Inmobiliare Magazine. Archived from the original on 4 May 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
  40. ^ Arturo Cerda (31 October 2004). "No hay que pensar en proyectos muy sofisticados para cambiar las cosas en el país; sólo hace falta cumplir la Constitución, dice López Obrador" (in Spanish). EsMas.com. Archived from the original on 3 May 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
  41. ^ Marla Dickerson (19 June 2005). "Mayor seeks a way to ease traffic". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 22 November 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
  42. ^ Editorial (23 November 2004). "Linchan a agentes de la PFP en Tláhuac" (in Spanish). EsMas.com. Archived from the original on 4 May 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
  43. ^ Editorial (23 November 2004). "La PJDF rescata a agente de la PFP" (in Spanish). EsMas.com. Archived from the original on 3 May 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
  44. ^ ""No estoy justificando lo injustificable": Encinas" (in Spanish). EsMas.com. 26 November 2004. Archived from the original on 17 June 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
  45. ^ Francisco Barradas (25 November 2004). "Explota "Jefe Diego" Vs. usos y costumbres" (in Spanish). EsMas.com. Archived from the original on 18 June 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
  46. ^ "In the pre-electoral atmosphere, human rights issues are in the last place" (PDF). Centro de Derechos Humanos Miguel Agustín Pro Juárez. Autumn 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
  47. ^ "Mexico: Federal Cops Lynched". Tulane University. 28 November 2004. p. 8. Archived from the original (TXT) on 4 May 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
  48. ^ Editorial Desk (7 April 2005). "Let Mexico's Voters Decide". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 April 2005. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
  49. ^ Editorial desk (April 6, 2005). "Decision on Democracy". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
  50. ^ "Más de un millón repudiaron el abuso del poder". La Jornada (in Spanish). April 25, 2005. Archived from the original on May 3, 2008. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
  51. ^ "López Obrador: El nuevo desafío". Proceso.com.mx. 29 July 2005. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  52. ^ "Quedan compromisos pendientes de cumplir". Reforma. 28 July 2005. p. 4B.
  53. ^ "Andrés Manuel López Obrador and Mexico's presidential election". Economist.com (requires subscription). April 20, 2006. Archived from the original on May 3, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
  54. ^ Ulises Beltrán, Alejandro Cruz Martínez (April 2006). "Se cierra la contienda" (PDF) (in Spanish). BGC, Ulises Beltrán y Asociados. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
  55. ^ Reséndiz, Francisco (8 March 2006). "Operan grupos bolivarianos 10 centros logísticos en DF". La Crónica de Hoy. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  56. ^ "Los mineros, los muertos, los políticos". Archived from the original on 30 April 2006. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  57. ^ "Arturo Núñez justifica la aprobación de Fobaproa – El Universal – México". El Universal. Archived from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  58. ^ Roig-Franzia, Manuel (23 June 2006). "Using FDR as Model, Presidential Hopeful Out to Build New Deal for Mexico". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
  59. ^ "Calderón Remains on Top in Mexico: Angus Reid Global Monitor". Angus-reid.com. Archived from the original on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  60. ^ "La posición del IFE es tibia y débil: Madrazo". Archived from the original on 21 November 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  61. ^ ""Asume" el IFE que Fox será imparcial el 2 de julio". Archived from the original on 26 June 2006. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  62. ^ "Mexican PRI Senator Throws Support to Lopez Obrador (Update3)". Bloomberg. 25 May 2006. Archived from the original on 26 June 2009.
  63. ^ "La alianza con el PRI es decisión del PRD: AMLO". Archived from the original on 21 November 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  64. ^ "No declinaré, mucho menos en favor de otro candidato, asegura Madrazo". Archived from the original on 21 November 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  65. ^ "El Economista.com.mx" (in Spanish). El Economista.com.mx. Archived from the original on 3 May 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  66. ^ Ortega Ávila, Antonio (3 September 2006). "López Obrador extrema su postura y manda "al diablo" a las instituciones mexicanas". El País. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  67. ^ "Va AMLO al Trife :: México". esmas. 6 July 2006. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  68. ^ [1] Archived 5 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  69. ^ "Supporters of Mexico's Leftist Candidate Obrador Take to Streets". Fox News. 9 July 2006. Archived from the original on 11 July 2006. Retrieved 8 July 2006.
  70. ^ Carlos Avilés, Arturo Zárate (5 September 2006). "Proponen magistrados declarar Presidente electo a Calderón". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
  71. ^ "Campaign row heats up in Mexico". BBC News. 23 May 2006. Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
  72. ^ "(TEPJF) Injerencia de Fox, mayor irregularidad: Navarro" (in Spanish). Invertia.com. 5 September 2006. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
  73. ^ "(TEPJF) Afirma que CCE tuvo injerencia en campaña electoral" (in Spanish). Invertia.com. 5 September 2006. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
  74. ^ Jorge Herrera, Arturo Zárate (August 5, 2006). "Precisan recuento: 9.07% de las casillas en 149 distritos". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on May 3, 2008. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
  75. ^ "Somos respetuosos de la autoridad electoral, pero ganamos la Presidencia, subraya López Obrador". Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 4 August 2006.
  76. ^ "El PRD dice que López encabeza los sondeos a pie de urna y convoca a la población al Zócalo a las 23:00". Actualidad.terra.es. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  77. ^ "Exit Poll and Quick Count Carried Out by IMO in Mexico" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 August 2006. Retrieved 4 August 2006.
  78. ^ "Página no está disponible". Univision.com. 28 July 2006. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  79. ^ "El" (in Spanish). Economista.com.mx. Archived from the original on 3 May 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  80. ^ "WTOP | Washington's Top News". WTOP. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  81. ^ "El" (in Spanish). Economista.com.mx. Archived from the original on 3 May 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  82. ^ Jorge Herrera, Arturo Zarate (5 August 2006). "Precisan recuento: 9.07% de las casillas en 149 distritos". El Universal. Archived from the original on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
  83. ^ Defienden Certeza de Proceso Electoral, El Norte, 8 August 2006 (requires subscription)
  84. ^ "Condenan banqueros bloqueos en centros financieros – El Universal – Elecciones". El Universal. Archived from the original on 3 December 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  85. ^ "portada". reforma.com. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  86. ^ "10 razones para resistencia civil". Eluniversal.com.mx. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  87. ^ "Nacional | Plantea AMLO: soy presidente o resistencia". El Porvenir. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  88. ^ "Informe: "Sí se pudo": simpatizantes de AMLO en Zócalo – El Universal – México". El Universal. Archived from the original on 3 December 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  89. ^ "La toma de la tribuna impide a Fox leer mensaje al Congreso". Archived from the original on 10 May 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  90. ^ "7 de cada 10 desaprueban eventual boicot al cambio de poderes – El Universal – México". El Universal. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  91. ^ Jump up to: a b "La izquierda mexicana proclama a López Obrador 'presidente legítimo' del país". Elmundo.es. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  92. ^ "Rinde AMLO protesta como "presidente legítimo" – El Universal – Sucesión". El Universal. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  93. ^ "Izquierdista Lopez Obrador prepara su 'gabinete'". terra. Archived from the original on 8 September 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  94. ^ "Requires subscription". Elnorte.com. 6 April 2010. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  95. ^ "Requires subscription". Elnorte.com. 6 April 2010. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  96. ^ "Requires Subscription". Elnorte.com. 6 April 2010. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  97. ^ "Pone AMLO en peligro paz de México: El País – El Universal – Sucesión". El Universal. Archived from the original on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  98. ^ "AMLO no usurpa funciones como "presidente legítimo": PRI – El Universal – Sucesión". El Universal. Archived from the original on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  99. ^ La Jornada. "A la mitad del foro – La Jornada". Jornada.unam.mx. Archived from the original on 3 December 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  100. ^ Emir Olivares Alonso (21 November 2006). "El acto de López Obrador, por reclamo social, no por capricho: el obispo Vera". La Jornada. Archived from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
  101. ^ ""Reprueban nombramiento de AMLO", by Grupo Reforma -In Spanish- (requires subscription)". Gruporeforma.elnorte.com. 6 April 2010. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  102. ^ Calderon signs accord to contain tortilla prices Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine "The accord limits tortilla prices to 8.50 pesos ($0.78) per kilogram and threatens prison sentences of up to 10 years for companies found hoarding corn."
  103. ^ Jump up to: a b "Calderon Proposes Cap on Mexican Government Salaries". Bloomberg. 23 January 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
  104. ^ Olivares Alonso, Emir (21 November 2006). "El acto de López Obrador, por reclamo social, no por capricho: el obispo Vera". La Jornada (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  105. ^ Ramos, Jorge (13 April 2008). "Comisión técnica se rehusa a reabrir cómputo en PRD". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
  106. ^ Muñoz, Alma E.; Enrique Méndez (27 March 2008). "Ortega sólo podría ganar con trampas, asegura IMO". La Jornada (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
  107. ^ Gómez, Ricardo; Andrea Merlos (9 April 2008). "Reforma energética, una privatización encubierta: González Garza" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
  108. ^ Zárate, Arturo; Andrea Merlos; Ricardo Gómez (15 April 2008). "Rechaza el FAP debate de 50 días" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
  109. ^ "Las 6 promesas económicas de AMLO". CNNExpansión. 5 November 2011. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  110. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Wilson, Tim (8 February 2012). "Mexico Presidential Candidates Play it Safe with Security Plans". InSight Crime. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  111. ^ Jonsson, Patrik (26 July 2011). "How Mexican killers got US guns from 'Fast and Furious' operation". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  112. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Andrés Manuel López Obrador: Drilling to the root of Mexico's pain". The Dallas Morning News. 14 June 2012. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  113. ^ Jump up to: a b Shoichet, Catherine E. (24 June 2012). "Mexican election could mean drug war strategy shift, U.S. officials say". CNN. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  114. ^ "Sitio Oficial de Andrés Manuel López Obrador" (in Spanish). 31 March 2012. Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  115. ^ Archibold, Randal C. (1 July 2012). "Newly Elected Mexican Leader Peña Pledges Transparency". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 August 2012.
  116. ^ "Vote buying alleged, recount demanded in Mexico". CBS News. Archived from the original on 4 July 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  117. ^ "Pena Nieto set to become Mexico's president". Al Jazeera. 3 July 2012. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
  118. ^ Jump up to: a b Diaz, Lizbeth (9 July 2012). "Mexican leftist refuses to accept election result". Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
  119. ^ Quintero, Josefina (6 July 2012). "Las tarjetas Soriana que dio el PRI tienen dinero: poseedores". Jornada. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  120. ^ "Mexican retailer lashes out at losing presidential candidate". 2 August 2012. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016.
  121. ^ Oppenheimer, Andres (15 July 2012). "Mexico's president-elect vows to imprison vote buyers". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  122. ^ Jo Tuckman. "Mexico elections: claims of dirty tricks cast shadow over Peña Nieto's victory | World news". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  123. ^ "Mexico vote-buy scandal". New York Daily News. 3 July 2012. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  124. ^ "Ex-candidate quits Mexico leftist party". Al Jazeera English. 10 September 2012. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  125. ^ "LA SEPARACIÓN DE LÓPEZ OBRADOR DEL PRD FUE UN "DIVORCIO POR CONVENIENCIA"". Expansion. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  126. ^ "Sólo 21% a favor que Morena sea partido político: Parametría". Animal Politico. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  127. ^ "Solicita Morena al IFE su registro como partido político". Aristegui Noticias. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  128. ^ Lara Paz, Ana Paola. "AMLO indicó que se salió del PRD porque los dirigentes de ese partido se fueron con EPN y traicionaron al pueblo". MVS Noticias. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  129. ^ Chouza, Paula. "Mexico's López Obrador registers new leftist party to run in 2015 election". El Pais. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  130. ^ Zepeda, Aurora. "Aprueban tres nuevos partidos; a partir de agosto recibirán dinero público". Excelsior. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  131. ^ "Mexican leftist frontrunner extends lead for presidency: poll". Reuters. 15 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  132. ^ "Mexican leftist Lopez Obrador opens 20-point lead in presidential poll". Reuters. 14 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  133. ^ Editorial, Reuters. "As Mexico vote looms, leftist's support jumps to 52 percent: poll". Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  134. ^ Aristegui, Carmen (8 April 2018). "Arremete Fox contra AMLO en Twitter y aclara que sigue apoyando a Meade - Aristegui Noticias". Aristegui Noticias. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  135. ^ Digital, Milenio. "PT acuerda ir con Morena por la Presidencia en el 2018". Milenio. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  136. ^ "Aprueba PT coalición con Morena en elecciones de 2018". SDPnoticias.com. 25 June 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  137. ^ "PRD avala "frente amplio" en 2018; PT se va con Morena (Documento)". aristeguinoticias.com. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  138. ^ García, Carina. "PT va con MORENA y reelige a Alberto Anaya en liderazgo". El Universal. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  139. ^ "Prd amlo alianza 2018". www.animalpolitico.com. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  140. ^ "No negociaremos con el PRI; vamos solos o con Morena: PES". Excélsior. 7 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  141. ^ "Partido del Trabajo y Encuentro Social anuncian coalición con Morena". Expansión. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  142. ^ Nación321 (13 December 2017). "Morena y Encuentro Social oficializan su unión rumbo a 2018". Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  143. ^ Redacción (13 December 2017). "Morena, PT y Encuentro Social firman coalición rumbo a elección de 2018". El Financiero. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  144. ^ Zavala, Misael (13 December 2017). "Firman acuerdo Morena, PES y PT para ir en coalición". El Universal. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  145. ^ Camhaji, Elías (13 December 2017). "López Obrador se alía con el conservador Encuentro Social para las elecciones de 2018". El País. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  146. ^ "En Morena creemos en la inclusión: Yeidckol ante las críticas por alianza con el PES". El Financiero Bloomberg. 13 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017 – via YouTube.
  147. ^ "La única opción para cambiar el país es la que encabeza AMLO: Hugo Eric Flores". El Financiero Bloomberg. 13 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017 – via YouTube.
  148. ^ "A Palacio o a La Chingada; no seré líder moral: AMLO". El Universal (in Spanish). 27 October 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  149. ^ "Mexicanos muestran su apoyo a AMLO desde París". SDPnoticias.com (in Spanish). 1 April 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
  150. ^ Mélenchon, Jean-Luc (26 February 2018). "Le Mexique à l'horizon !". L'Ère du Peuple (in French). Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  151. ^ "VIDEO: Él es el gobernante español que quiere que AMLO gane". Nación 321. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  152. ^ "AMLO se reúne con Jeremy Corbin en el parlamento inglés". 6 September 2017.
  153. ^ San Martin Texmelucan, Matthew Campbell (13 May 2018). "'Corbyn's twin' Lopez Obrador poised for power in Mexico" – via www.thetimes.co.uk.
  154. ^ Agren, David; Phillips, Tom (7 May 2018). "'Amlo': the veteran leftwinger who could be Mexico's next president". the Guardian.
  155. ^ Tucker, Duncan (25 June 2017). "Corbyn surge raises hopes that Mexico might soon have a friend in No 10". the Guardian.
  156. ^ "Presenta AMLO Gabinete para Presidencia 2018-2024 #GabineteAMLO – AMLO". lopezobrador.org.mx. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  157. ^ "Mexico's president-elect Lopez Obrador picks Marcelo Ebrard as foreign minister". Reuters. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  158. ^ "Marcelo Ebrard a la Cancillería; Héctor Vasconcelos va al Senado: AMLO". Aristegui Noticias. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  159. ^ "¿Quién es Arturo Herrera, nuevo secretario de Hacienda?" [Who is Arturo Herrera, new Treasury Secretary?]. UNO TV (in Spanish). 9 July 2019.
  160. ^ Jimenez, Gabriela (27 May 2019), "Víctor Manuel Toledo, el nuevo titular de la Semarnat: AMLO" [Víctor Manuel Toledo, the new leader of the Secretary of the Environment], El Sol de Mexico (in Spanish), Mexico City, retrieved 10 July 2019
  161. ^ Velasco, León Krauze, Fernando Pizarro, Janet Rodriguez, Paulina. "Mexican Voters Are Swinging Hard to the Left in the Age of Trump".
  162. ^ Rapoza, Kenneth. "Mexico's Next President, And What A Populist Win Means For NAFTA".
  163. ^ O’Grady, Mary Anastasia (7 January 2018). "The Reinvention of Mexico's López Obrador" – via www.wsj.com.
  164. ^ "AMLO dice que un colapso del TLCAN no "sería fatal" para México". Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  165. ^ Carlsen, Laura (9 December 2018). "Mexico in the Era of AMLO". Jacobin. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  166. ^ Webber, Jude (2 December 2018). "Mexico's López Obrador vows to end neo-liberalism in inauguration". Financial Times. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  167. ^ AMLO recurre a las consultas ciudadanas como una herramienta para su gobierno Expansion Politica, 17 July 2018
  168. ^ Celebra AMLO aprobación de consulta y revocación de mandato Carlos Lara, El Sol de Mexico, 6 November 2019
  169. ^ ¿Participación ciudadana? Éstas son todas las consultas populares de AMLO Ana Grimaldo Santana, El Heraldo de Mexico, 3 September 2019
  170. ^ Alexis Ortiz (19 December 2019). "Rechaza ONU consulta ciudadana del Tren Maya" [UN rejects citizen consultation of the Mayan Train]. El Universal Nacion (in Spanish).
  171. ^ "Mexico front-runner must respect oil, airport contracts: business..." Reuters. 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  172. ^ Andrés Manuel López Obrador (2 April 2018). "No viviré en Los Pinos: AMLO". Retrieved 25 June 2018 – via YouTube.
  173. ^ "Quiere convertir AMLO a 'Los Pinos' en complejo cultural". 31 March 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  174. ^ "Atacar corrupción para entregar medicina gratuita a todo el pueblo, plantea AMLO - Proceso". 12 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  175. ^ "AMLO ofrece internet gratuito en áreas públicas". El Heraldo de Mexico. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  176. ^ "No security for Mexico's next president: 'The people will protect me'". Mexico News Daily. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  177. ^ González, Isabel. "Puntualiza AMLO: sobre libertad sexual y aborto es la gente la que decide". Excelsior. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  178. ^ Jump up to: a b Oré, Diego. "Mexican election front-runner offers referendums, could end term early". Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  179. ^ Solomon, Daina Beth. "Mexico's Lopez Obrador meets outgoing president, wants three-year referendum". Reuters. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  180. ^ "López Obrador Officially Launches Third Bid for Mexico's Presidency". 13 December 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  181. ^ "The ten proposals of AMLO's pre-campaign". 14 December 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  182. ^ Mark Stevenson (29 October 2018). "Mexico referendum cancels partly built $13 billion airport". AP News.
  183. ^ Mexico pay MXN 75 billion to settle Texcoco Airport El Universal, 29 August 2019
  184. ^ Green light to new international airport in Mexico The Limited Times, 18 October 2019
  185. ^ Así avanzan las obras del aeropuerto de Santa Lucía Milenio, 16 December 2019
  186. ^ Zerega, Georgina (21 February 2019). "México aprueba la prisión preventiva para los acusados de corrupción, delitos electorales y robo de combustible". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  187. ^ Jump up to: a b "Missionary zeal: 'Amlo' promises to shake up Mexico". Financial Times. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  188. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Mexico presidential candidate open to international help, truth commission on drugs, corruption". Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  189. ^ "México asciende en el barómetro global contra la corrupción" [Mexico ascends in the global barometer against corruption]. Informador (in Spanish). 27 December 2019.
  190. ^ "Investigan a cuatro exgobernadores ligados con actos de corrupción" [Four former governors linked to acts of corruption are investigated]. Forbes Mexico (in Spanish). 27 December 2019.
  191. ^ David Marcial Perez (18 September 2019). "La exministra de Peña Nieto encarcelada por corrupción es inhabilitada ahora por mentir sobre su patrimonio" [Peña Nieto's ex-minister jailed for corruption is now disabled for lying about her estate]. El Pais (in Spanish).
  192. ^ "Former Pemex director is accused of money laundering, fraud, and bribery". El Universal English. 29 May 2019.
  193. ^ "Gobierno de AMLO presentó 2 denuncias antela FRG contra Romero Deschamps" [AMLO Government files 2 complaints before AG against Romero Deschamps]. El Universal (in Spanish). 16 October 2019.
  194. ^ HÉCTOR FIGUEROA ALCÁNTARA (8 October 2019). "Aprueba Senado renuncia de Medina Mora a la Corte" [Senate approves Medina Mora's resignation from the Court]. Excelsior (in Spanish).
  195. ^ Gina Hinojosa (28 October 2019). "What's Happening with Mexico's National Anti-Corruption System? Progress and Continued Challenges at the Federal and State Level". WOLA.
  196. ^ "Anxiety rising over fate of Mexico's energy reforms". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  197. ^ Jump up to: a b "'Mexico First' Campaign Could End Welcome for U.S. Oil Giants". 26 April 2018 – via NYTimes.com.
  198. ^ "Mexico's Obrador Backs Private Oil Contracts, Top Adviser Says". 20 February 2018 – via Bloomberg.com.
  199. ^ Jump up to: a b "Mexicans torn on how much to fear 'dangerous' Amlo". Financial Times. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  200. ^ Jump up to: a b "López Obrador vows to clean out corruption 'from top to bottom'". Financial Times.
  201. ^ "No habrá gasolinazos ni aumentos al gas o la luz: AMLO". 17 March 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  202. ^ "Incoming Mexican president: 'neo-liberal' oil plan shelved". Reuters. 30 November 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  203. ^ 'Huachicoleo': Oil theft in Mexico and around the world By Kristen Martinez-Gugerli, Panoramas Scholarly Platform, 28 January 2019
  204. ^ Death toll from Mexico pipeline explosion increase to 119 Efe/Epa, 31 January 2019
  205. ^ "Mexico gasoline theft cut by 95%, says Pemex". The Mazatlan Post. 25 April 2019.
  206. ^ Serán siete las refinerías de México en 2022 Informador, 9 May 2019
  207. ^ Construcción de la nueva refinería de México arranca en agosto, confirma el ministerio de Energía America Economia, retrieved 27 December 2019
  208. ^ Nueva refinería en México costará entre 6,000 y 8,000 mdd, dice la Sener Expansion (CNN), 11 March 2019
  209. ^ Jump up to: a b "'Becarios sí, sicarios, no', garantiza López Obrador". Zocalo. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  210. ^ "Si llega a la Presidencia, López Obrador suspenderá examen de admisión a universidades". El Arsenal. 2017. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  211. ^ "Reitera AMLO propuesta de "becarios si, sicarios no"". El Universal. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  212. ^ PÁRAMO, ARTURO. "AMLO reitera rechazo a reforma educativa". Excelsior. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  213. ^ ""Vamos a cancelar la Reforma Educativa", reitera AMLO". Aristegui Noticias. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  214. ^ "AMLO responde a Nuño: "como si la Reforma Educativa fuera cosa muy buena. Hasta me da risa"". Sinembargo. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  215. ^ Reforma educativa: fin de una afrenta La Jornada, 27 September 2019
  216. ^ "Con "abrazos, no balazos", AMLO promete reducir violencia". www.milenio.com. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  217. ^ Diaz, Lizbeth. "Mexico presidential favorite puts himself at heart of security plan". Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  218. ^ Linthicum, Kate (12 December 2017). "He's been running for president in Mexico for more than a decade. He's floated amnesty for drug criminals. Could he win?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 13 December 2017. ...increase aid for students and the elderly and consider amnesty for drug war criminals.
  219. ^ "Presidential candidates 'gang up' on López Obrador in first debate". 23 April 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  220. ^ Jump up to: a b Daniel, Frank Jack. "Mexico's presidential front-runner vows stable economy; aide urges..." Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  221. ^ Avilés, Francisco Díaz, Ricardo Almazán y Raymundo Ruiz. "La Jornada Guerrero - Ofrece AMLO a padres de los 43 crear una comisión para el caso Ayotzinapa". www.lajornadaguerrero.com.mx.
  222. ^ "AMLO, the drug trade, and Fox". 3 December 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  223. ^ "Mexico president-elect says will look at legalizing some drugs". Reuters. 7 October 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  224. ^ Mexico’s Drug War Council on Foreign Relations, 22 October 2019
  225. ^ 'Call it off, please': video shows how operation against El Chapo's son fell apart Jo Tuckman, The Guardian, 30 October 2019
  226. ^ LeBarón and Ciudad Juárez attacks: the rise of four Mexican drug cartels El Universal English, 8 November 2019
  227. ^ TRUMP IS READY TO DESIGNATE MEXICAN DRUG CARTELS 'TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS' BUT REFRAINS, CLAIMING REQUEST FROM MEXICAN PRESIDENT By JEFFERY MARTIN, Newsweek, 6 December 2019
  228. ^ "El largo camino hacia la legalización del cannabis en México". France24. 13 November 2019.
  229. ^ "Wuhan coronavirus chokes the drug trade". Los Angeles Times. 24 April 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  230. ^ "Llama AMLO a todos los empresarios para unirse y sacar adelante al país, "amor y paz" – AMLO". AMLO. 3 June 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  231. ^ @ecra; romeo.valentin (13 January 2019). "Elevan al doble pensión para adultos mayores". Diario de México (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  232. ^ "Mexico doubles minimum wage in northern border zones". Associated Press. 18 December 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  233. ^ "AMLO propone bajar impuestos en la frontera". Forbes Mexico. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  234. ^ "AMLO dice que va por reducción de IVA e ISR". El Financiero. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  235. ^ Jump up to: a b Graham, Dave. "Mexico leftist's pitch to Trump: growth, not walls to fix migration". Reuters. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  236. ^ Eschenbacher, Stephanie. "Mexican leftist seeks to court bankers, to mixed reviews". Reuters. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  237. ^ "AMLO Descarta Expropiaciones a La Banca y Promete Respetar Autonomía de Banxico". Expansion. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  238. ^ Grillo, Ioan. "Why Mexico Is Turning Left". USNews. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  239. ^ "Mexico's election poses a growing threat to NAFTA's survival - CBC News".
  240. ^ Monroy, Jorge. "Pide López Obrador que lo dejen renegociar el TLC con Trump". El Economista. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  241. ^ "El TLCAN debe continuar y beneficiar a los 3 países: AMLO". 9 April 2018.
  242. ^ Esposito, Anthony; Torres, Noe. "In final debate, Mexican presidential favorite says a NAFTA fail 'not fatal'". Reuters. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  243. ^ "AMLO Dice Que Un Colapso Del TLCAN No "Sería Fatal" Para México". Expansion. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  244. ^ "Propuestas en política exterior de los presidenciables". Excelsior. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  245. ^ "¿Que es el USMCA?". El Economista.
  246. ^ "Labour, environment standards key to getting USMCA through: Canadian ambassador". National Post. 3 December 2018.
  247. ^ "Los negociadores comerciales de Estados Unidos, Canadá y México firman el acuerdo modificado del T-MEC" [Trade negotiators from the United States, Canada and Mexico sign the modified T-MEC agreement]. CNN Commercio (in Spanish). 10 December 2019.
  248. ^ "Mexican Senate Ratifies Treaty". International Institute for Sustainable Development. 27 June 2019.
  249. ^ "Mexico to urge Pelosi to move ahead with trade deal approval". CNBC Politics. 25 November 2019.
  250. ^ "Mexico's Presidential Front-Runner Proposes Urzua for Finance Minister". Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  251. ^ "AMLO kicks off campaign with austerity promise". 1 April 2018.
  252. ^ "Mexico leftist Amlo vows no nationalisation, no expropriations". Financial Times.
  253. ^ "Gobernaré con austeridad: López Obrador". 31 March 2018.
  254. ^ "AMLO ofrece no aumentar impuestos ni deuda pública". 23 April 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  255. ^ "Pensiones de ex presidentes se destinarán para reactivar el campo: AMLO". Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  256. ^ Thompson, Jennifer (28 July 2018). "Mexico's new leftwing leader may turn out to be a fiscal hawk". Financial Times. Retrieved 23 August 2018. He wants to spend more on old age and disability pensions, provide more funds for youth programmes, provide financial support to struggling farmers and improve infrastructure, particularly in Mexico’s poorest southern regions. This he hopes to achieve by clamping down on corruption and adjusting existing public spending programmes, most notably reducing the salaries of bureaucrats, including politicians.
  257. ^ "President López Obrador continues to prioritize fiscal austerity". Justice in Mexico. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  258. ^ Michael O'Boyle (8 October 2019). "Mexico Passes AMLO's Austerity Law Curbing Excessive Spending". Bloomberg News.
  259. ^ "Mexico's presidential plane is so luxurious the UN hasn't been able to sell it". El Universal English. 18 August 2019.
  260. ^ "Ellos operaron la campaña negra contra AMLO en 2018". Nación321 (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  261. ^ González, Isabel. "Ni chavismo, ni trumpismo, pero sí mexicanismo, aclara AMLO". Excelsior. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  262. ^ "López Obrador llama "Ricky Riquín Canallín" a Anaya y ofrece "abrazos, no balazos" a contrincantes". Proceso. 20 May 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  263. ^ Zavala, Misael; Morales, Alberto (1 April 2018). "México no será piñata de ningún gobierno extranjero: lanza AMLO a". El Universal. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  264. ^ "Versión estenográfica de la conferencia de prensa matutina del presidente Andrés Manuel López Obrador – AMLO". 29 April 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  265. ^ "La Mejor Política Exterior Es La Política Interior: AMLO". TV Azteca Noticias. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  266. ^ "Lineamientos Constiutucionales de La Polític Exterior en México". Camara de Diputados Legislatura LXIV. September 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 2005. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  267. ^ "Mexico's new president could help ease pressure on Venezuela". AP News. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  268. ^ Rama, Anahi. "Mexico opposition leader urges U.N. lawsuit over Trump wall". Reuters. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  269. ^ Jump up to: a b "Mexico's Presidential Candidates on Migration Issues". CIS.org. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  270. ^ Esposito, Anthony. "Mexican rivals attack leftist in second debate, Trump hovers over..." Reuters. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  271. ^ Cattan, Nacha. "AMLO planea que México tenga su propia 'patrulla fronteriza'". El Financiero. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  272. ^ "AMLO will provide working visas to Central Americans immigrants". Theyucatantimes.com. 18 October 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
  273. ^ "AMLO pide solidaridad con la caravana migrante: 'donde come uno, comen dos'". Forbes. 22 October 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
  274. ^ Jump up to: a b Murray, Christine; Oré, Diego. "Mexican Lopez Obrador wins historic election landslide for left". Reuters. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  275. ^ "Jose Antonio Meade of Mexico's ruling party concedes defeat to Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador in presidential vote". ABC News (USA). 1 July 2018. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  276. ^ "Le deseo el mayor de los éxitos a AMLO: Meade". Excélsior. 1 July 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  277. ^ "Anaya reconoce victoria de AMLO". El Universal (Mexico City). 1 July 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  278. ^ "Mexico election: Exit polls put López Obrador in front". BBC News. 1 July 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  279. ^ García, Aracely (1 July 2018). "'El Bronco' reconoce triunfo de López Obrador". Excélsior. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  280. ^ Sheridan, Mary Beth (1 December 2018). "AMLO inaugurated as Mexico's president, vowing to transform the country". The Washington Post. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  281. ^ "Mexico's president-elect Amlo to take 60% pay cut in austerity push". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  282. ^ Navarro, Andrea; Martin, Eric; Villamil, Justin (28 October 2018). "Mexico's AMLO Scraps $13 Billion Airport Project; Peso Plunges". Bloomberg. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  283. ^ Agren, David (3 December 2018). "Mexico's new president creates truth commission to investigate 43 missing students". The Guardian.
  284. ^ Jump up to: a b Morfini, Nicola; Sainz Martínez, Bernardo (19 September 2018). "López Obrador hacia la cuarta transformación". Forbes. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  285. ^ "The Rise of Mexico's Andrés Manuel López Obrador" | NowThis World 2020/11/29 accessed 12 March 2020
  286. ^ Carlos G. Castañeda, "López Obrador Is Cruising, Mexico Is Not." New York Times Op-Ed 2019/12/12 accessed 12 March 2020
  287. ^ “Mexico Needs Statecraft, yet its president offers theater.” The Economist, 2020/02/27 accessed 12 March 2020
  288. ^ "Bloomberg interview with AMLO 2019/08/05" accessed 12 March 2020.
  289. ^ "AMLO's first year in office" YouTube accessed 12 March 2020
  290. ^ The Economist, “The Surprising Similarities between AMLO and Jair Bolsonaro” 5 December 2019 accessed 29 June 2020
  291. ^ Reuters Staff (30 December 2020). "Mexican president makes show of popularity against world leaders". Reuters. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  292. ^ "Global Leader Approval Tracker". Morning Consult. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  293. ^ AMLO and anti-corruption drive. The Economist 2019/11/30. accessed 12 March 2020.
  294. ^ "Se consolida el proyecto educativo de López Obrador: SEP". Excelsior (in Spanish). 1 December 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  295. ^ "Presenta presidente de México logros del Programa Nacional de Becas para el Bienestar Benito Juárez". Gobierno de México (in Spanish). 1 July 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  296. ^ "Logro, cancelación de la llamada Reforma Educativa: Presidente AMLO". Gobierno de México (in Spanish). 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  297. ^ "SEP suspende clases en México del 20 de marzo al 20 de abril por coronavirus". LatinUs (in Spanish). 14 March 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  298. ^ "Firma acuerdo inédito López Obrador con 4 televisoras: "no significa concesiones"". Diario de Yucatan (in Spanish). 3 August 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  299. ^ "Regreso a clases SEP: Horarios para ciclo escolar 2020-2021 preescolar, primaria y secundaria". El Heraldo (in Spanish). 3 August 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  300. ^ "Delfina Gómez sustituirá a Esteban Moctezuma en la Secretaría de Educación". CNN Expansión (in Spanish). 20 December 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  301. ^ "Delfina Gómez, excandidata al Gobierno del Edomex, es la nueva titular de la SEP". El Economista (in Spanish). 21 December 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  302. ^ "Regreso a clases presenciales: estos son los requisitos que pide la SEP para la reapertura de escuelas". infobae (in Spanish). 4 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  303. ^ "AMLO hizo oficial cambio en la SEP: se va Esteban Moctezuma y llega Delfina Gómez". infobae (in Spanish). 15 February 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  304. ^ "México regresa a clases presenciales este 7 de junio". infobae (in Spanish). 7 June 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  305. ^ "¡Es hoy! Este lunes inició el regreso a clases presenciales en Edomex". UNOTV.com (in Spanish). 14 June 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  306. ^ Claudio Bañuelos y Vicente Juárez (8 June 2021). "Cancelan clases mañana en una escuela de Aguascalientes por Covid-19". La Jornada (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  307. ^ Suárez, Karina (14 June 2021). "Ciudad de México registra seis menores contagiados de la covid-19 tras la reapertura de escuelas". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  308. ^ "Escuelas del Edomex registran poca presencia estudiantil tras regreso a las aulas". El Sol de Toluca (in Spanish). 14 June 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  309. ^ "La tercera ola de covid en México se extiende entre jóvenes y no vacunados". The San Diego Union-Tribune (in Spanish). 20 July 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  310. ^ "Regreso a clases presenciales será en agosto "llueva, truene o relampaguee": AMLO". Aristegui noticias (in Spanish). 25 July 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  311. ^ "AMLO exige que los niños regresen a las aulas para evitar la "adicción por los vieojuegos"". Atomix (in Spanish). 22 July 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  312. ^ "Mexico to Increase Minimum Wage for 2019". www.hklaw.com. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
  313. ^ "As Mexican peso collapses over coronavirus threat, criticism falls on president Lopez Obrador" Los Angeles Times 2020/03/20 accessed 20 March 2020
  314. ^ "Canadian Parliament rushes through ratification of USMCA trade pact" Reuters 2020/03/13 accessed 5 May 2020
  315. ^ John Lee Anderson, "Why López Obrador Went to Dinner With Donald Trump" The New Yorker 9 July 2020, accessed 17 July 2020
  316. ^ The Economist 2020 July 23 accessed 24 July 2020
  317. ^ "As Mexican peso collapses over coronavirus threat, criticism falls on president Lopez Obrador" Los Angeles Times 2020/03/20. Accessed 20 March 2020
  318. ^ "Mexico's president to donate part of salary to coronavirus effort". Reuters. 17 March 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  319. ^ "Mexico Coronavirus: 1,763,219 Cases and 149,614 Deaths - Worldometer". www.worldometers.info. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  320. ^ “Mexico Stops Migrant Caravan, Pleasing the White House” New York Times 2020/01/24. accessed 12 March 2020
  321. ^ Jorge Ramos. "Trump Got his Wish: Mexico is the Now the Wall." New York Times Op-Ed, 2020/02/07 accessed 13 March 2020
  322. ^ "A New Toll in Mexico's Drug War" New York Times 2020/01/06 accessed 13 March 2020
  323. ^ “The AMLO Doctrine: Lessons from a Shootout in Sinaloa”. The Economist 2019/10/24 accessed 12 March 2020
  324. ^ "Mexico Extraditions." New York Times 2020/02/24 accessed 12 March 2020.
  325. ^ Ioan Grillo, “Boycotting Avocados Won’t Hurt Cartels” - New York Times Op-Ed 2020/03/02 accessed 12 March 2020
  326. ^ "Mexican President tells gangs to stop donating food, end crime instead". Reuters 20/4/2020 accessed 22 April 2020.
  327. ^ "Mexico City police chief shot in assassination attempt" Reuters 26 June 2020 accessed 28 June 2020.
  328. ^ "As Mexico's Dominant Cartel Gains Power, The President Vows 'Hugs, Not Bullets'" National Public Radio accessed 24 July 2020
  329. ^ "'Despicable' - Women seethe over Mexican leader's wobbly response to violence". 6 March 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020 – via www.reuters.com.
  330. ^ Hernandez, Erick (18 February 2020). "Sheinbaum anuncia 'alerta previa' contra violencia a la mujer". Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  331. ^ "Sheinbaum anuncia que la CdMx reforzará la Alerta de Género después del feminicidio de Fátima". SinEmbargo MX. 21 February 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  332. ^ "Feminicidios en México: medidas implementadas por el gobierno para evitar crímenes contra mujeres". La República. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  333. ^ New York Times, "Mexican Women Strike and Protest". accessed 10 March 2020
  334. ^ "Mexican Women Stay Home to Protest Femicides in a Day Without Us", National Public Radio accessed 10 March 2020
  335. ^ Padilla, Liliana (11 November 2019). "México dará asilo político a Evo Morales por razones humanitarias". Milenio (in Spanish).
  336. ^ "AMLO alista 3 conmemoraciones en 2021 en rescate memorial histórica" Politico MX. 2019/03/25 accessed 20 March 2020
  337. ^ "Alistan un comité para 2021" El Heraldo de México 2020/01/03 accessed 20 March 2020.
  338. ^ "Catedral reparada para 2021 preven". El Universal 2020/02/19 accessed 20 March 2020
  339. ^ "En el 2021 habrá 3 conmemoraciones importantes en Mexico adelanta" XEVT 2019/03/25 accessed 20 March 2020
  340. ^ "Buscar hermanarnos en reconciliación historica para 2021 invita presidente López Obrador a España y a la iglesia católica". Gobierno de México 2019/03/25 accessed 20 March 2020
  341. ^ "Papa declina invitación para visitar México en 2021". Excélsior (in Spanish). 27 March 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  342. ^ "Several Mexico streets are named after President López Obrador". El Universal (in Spanish). 18 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.

External links

Political offices
Preceded by
Rosario Robles
Head of Government of Mexico City
2000–2005
Succeeded by
Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez
Preceded by
Enrique Peña Nieto
President of Mexico
2018–present
Incumbent
Party political offices
Preceded by
Porfirio Muñoz Ledo
Leader of the Party of the Democratic Revolution
1996–1999
Succeeded by
Pablo Gómez Álvarez
Preceded by
Martí Batres
President of the National Regeneration Movement
2012–2017
Succeeded by
Yeidckol Polevnsky Gurwitz
Preceded by
Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas
Party of the Democratic Revolution nominee for
President of Mexico

2006, 2012
Succeeded by
Ricardo Anaya
New political party National Regeneration Movement nominee for
President of Mexico

2018
Most recent
Retrieved from ""