Anelosimus

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Anelosimus
Anelosimus.crassipes.female.-.tanikawa.jpg
Female A. crassipes from Japan
Anelosimus.crassipes.male.-.tanikawa.jpg
Male A. crassipes
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Theridiidae
Genus: Anelosimus
Simon, 1891[1]
Species

See text.

Synonyms[1]
  • Seycellocesa Koçak & Kemal, 2008
  • Saaristoa Koçak & Kemal, 2008 (replacement name)
  • Selimus Saaristo, 2006 (replacement name)

Anelosimus is a cosmopolitan genus of cobweb spiders (Theridiidae), currently containing 74 species.[2] Anelosimus is a key group in the study of sociality and its evolution in spiders (Aviles 1997[citation needed]). It contains species spanning the spectrum from solitary to highly social (quasisocial), with eight quasisocial species, far more than any other spider genus. Among these is the South American social species Anelosimus eximius, among the best studied social spider species.

The web of a colony of A. eximius can reach cover entire tree canopies and contain tens of thousands of individuals. Most of the highly social species live in lowland tropical forests, and all occur in the Americas. Other species, particularly those at higher altitudes in northern latitudes in the Americas and all non-American species appear to be solitary or sub-social.[3][4] Social Anelosimus species are generally highly inbred and have female-biased sex ratios, with up to 10 females per male.

The social, subsocial, and solitary behavior of differing species within Anelosimus has been used to examine hypotheses of environmental pressures on social behavior, and inbreeding.[5] Subsociality as a trait seems to be conserved, despite the wide range of environments in which Anelosimus species live; all known solitary species within the genus belong to a single clade.[6] Sociality, however, has independently arisen several times.[5]

Description[]

Anelosimus spiders have a notched red or brown band on their abdomen, which is dark when preserved in alcohol. Laterally, the abdomen has a white band and/or white blotches. Specimens range in size from 1.8 to 7.5 millimetres (0.071 to 0.295 in). Individuals in this genus lack a colulus.[7]

Species[]

Female A. exiguus
Male A. exiguus
A. vittatus

As of May 2016, the World Spider Catalog accepted the following species:[1]

  • Anelosimus agnar Agnarsson, 2006 – Malaysia
  • Agnarsson, 2009 – Comoro Is.
  • Anelosimus analyticus (Chamberlin, 1924) – USA, Mexico
  • Agnarsson & Kuntner, 2005 – Madagascar
  • Agnarsson, 2006 – USA, Mexico
  • Agnarsson, Kuntner & Jencik, 2015 – Madagascar
  • Agnarsson, 2006 – Mexico to Brazil
  • Anelosimus bali Agnarsson, 2012 – Bali
  • Anelosimus biglebowski Agnarsson, 2006 – Tanzania
  • Anelosimus buffoni Agnarsson, Kuntner & Jencik, 2015 – Madagascar
  • Levi, 1956 – Mexico to Peru
  • Zhu, 1998 – China
  • (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) – China, Korea, Japan, Ryukyu Is.
  • Agnarsson, Kuntner & Jencik, 2015 – Madagascar
  • (Fage, 1930) – Aldabra, Madagascar, Comoro Is.
  • (Simon, 1890) – Aden
  • Levi, 1963 – Colombia to Suriname and Peru
  • (Keyserling, 1891) – Brazil
  • (Tullgren, 1910) – Tanzania
  • Anelosimus dude Agnarsson, 2006 – Tanzania
  • Anelosimus eidur Agnarsson, 2012 – New Guinea
  • Anelosimus elegans Agnarsson, 2006 – Mexico to Peru
  • (Keyserling, 1884) – Brazil
  • Yoshida, 1986 – China, Japan, Ryukyu Is.
  • Anelosimus eximius (Keyserling, 1884) (type species) – Lesser Antilles, Panama to Argentina
  • Bryant, 1948 – Hispaniola
  • Anelosimus guacamayos Agnarsson, 2006 – Ecuador
  • Agnarsson, Kuntner & Jencik, 2015 – Madagascar
  • Agnarsson, Veve & Kuntner, 2015 – Madagascar
  • Agnarsson, 2005 – Brazil, Argentina
  • Yoshida, 1986 – Korea, Japan
  • Anelosimus jabaquara Levi, 1956 – Brazil
  • (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896) – Mexico to Argentina
  • Anelosimus kohi Yoshida, 1993 – Malaysia, Singapore
  • Agnarsson & Goh, 2015 – Madagascar
  • Anelosimus linda Agnarsson, 2006 – Malaysia
  • Fowler & Levi, 1979 – Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina
  • Anelosimus luckyi Agnarsson, 2012 – New Guinea
  • Agnarsson, 2005 – Madagascar
  • Zhang, Liu & Zhang, 2011 – China
  • Agnarsson, 2005 – Argentina
  • Anelosimus monskenyensis Agnarsson, 2006 – Kenya
  • Agnarsson, Kuntner & Jencik, 2015 – Madagascar
  • Agnarsson & Kuntner, 2005 – Madagascar
  • Anelosimus nelsoni Agnarsson, 2006 – South Africa
  • (Keyserling, 1884) – Guyana, Brazil
  • Agnarsson, 2006 – Mexico to Costa Rica
  • Anelosimus oritoyacu Agnarsson, 2006 – Mexico to Ecuador
  • Levi, 1956 – Mexico to Costa Rica, Jamaica
  • Agnarsson, 2006 – Brazil
  • (Blackwall, 1877) – Seychelles
  • Anelosimus pomio Agnarsson, 2012 – New Britain
  • Anelosimus potmosbi Agnarsson, 2012 – New Guinea
  • Anelosimus pratchetti Agnarsson, 2012 – New South Wales
  • (Walckenaer, 1802) – Europe to Russia, Iran, North Africa
  • Agnarsson, 2006 – Guatemala to Panama
  • Levi, 1963 – Brazil
  • Levi, 1956 – Trinidad to Brazil
  • Agnarsson & Kuntner, 2005 – Madagascar
  • Agnarsson & Kuntner, 2005 – Madagascar
  • (Zhu, 1998) – China
  • Anelosimus studiosus (Hentz, 1850) – USA to Argentina
  • Zhang, Liu & Zhang, 2011 – China
  • Anelosimus sulawesi Agnarsson, 2006 – Sulawesi
  • Agnarsson, 2005 – Brazil
  • Yoshida, 1986 – Taiwan, Krakatau
  • Anelosimus terraincognita Agnarsson, 2012 – possibly Australasia
  • Agnarsson, Kuntner & Jencik, 2015 – Madagascar
  • Agnarsson, 2015 – Madagascar
  • (Chamberlin, 1916) – Mexico to Peru
  • Agnarsson, 2012 – Uruguay
  • (C. L. Koch, 1836) – Palearctic
  • Agnarsson & Kuntner, 2005 – Madagascar
  • Agnarsson, Veve & Kuntner, 2015 – Madagascar

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Gen. Anelosimus Simon, 1891". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2016-05-27.
  2. ^ "Gen. Anelosimus Simon, 1891 (genus detail)". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2016-05-27.
  3. ^ Agnarsson, Ingi (2012). "Systematics of new subsocial and solitary Australasian Anelosimus species (Araneae: Theridiidae)". Invertebrate Systematics. 26: 1–16. doi:10.1071/is11039.
  4. ^ Powers, K.S.; Aviles, L. (2007). "The role of prey size and abundance in the geographical distribution of spider sociality". Journal of Animal Ecology. 76 (5): 995–1003. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01267.x. PMID 17714278.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Agnarsson-Avile, I.; Avilés, L.; Maddison, W.P. (2013). "Loss of genetic variability in social spiders: genetic and phylogenetic consequences of population subdivision and inbreeding". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 26 (1): 27–37. doi:10.1111/jeb.12022. PMC 3588177. PMID 23145542.
  6. ^ Agnarsson, Ingi; Kuntner, Matjaz; Coddington, Jonathan; Blackledge, Todd (2010). "Shifting continents, not behaviours: independent colonization of solitary and subsocial Anelosimus spider lineages on Madagascar (Araneae, Theridiidae)". Zoologica Scripta. 39: 75–87. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2009.00406.x.
  7. ^ Agnarsson, Ingi (2006). "A revision of the New World eximius lineage of Anelosimus (Araneae, Theridiidae) and a phylogenetic analysis using worldwide exemplars". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 146 (4): 453–593. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00213.x.
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