Angelo LaMarca

Angelo LaMarca
Angelo LaMarca, photo date unknown
Born	Angelo John LaMarca (1925-04-13)April 13, 1925 New York, U.S.
Died	August 7, 1958(1958-08-07) (aged 33) Sing Sing Prison, Ossining, New York, U.S.
Cause of death	Execution by electrocution
Occupation	Auto mechanic, taxi driver
Criminal status	Executed
Spouse(s)	Donna LaMarca
Children	Vincent LaMarca
Conviction(s)	First degree murder
Criminal penalty	Death

Angelo John LaMarca (April 13, 1925 – August 7, 1958) was an American man who was executed for the 1956 kidnapping and murder of Peter Weinberger, a 1-month-old baby. The case gained national notoriety likely due to the circumstances of the kidnapping and the victim's family, as unlike most ransom victims, Weinberger was not from a wealthy and prominent family, but from a suburban middle class family.^[1] Subsequent to the case, then-President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed legislation to reduce the Federal Bureau of Investigation's waiting period in kidnapping cases from 7 days to 24 hours.^[2]

Kidnapping of Peter Weinberger[]

Peter Weinberger, victim of kidnapping/murder by Angelo LaMarca

Peter Weinberger was born in June 1956. On July 4, when Peter was approximately 32 days old, his mother, Betty Weinberger, placed him in a carriage covered with mosquito netting on the patio of their Nassau house and left him unattended for approximately 10 minutes. She returned to find that someone had pulled open the netting, taken Peter, and left a ransom note on notebook paper in green ink.^[3] The note read, in part:

Attention, I'm sorry this had to happen, but I am in bad need of money, & couldn't get it any other way. Don't tell anyone or go to the police about this, because I am watching you closely. I am scared stiff, & will kill the baby at your first wrong move. Just put $2000 in small bills in a brown envelope. . . . If everything goes smooth, I will bring the baby back leave him on the same corner "Safe Happy" at exactly 12 noon. No excuses, I can't wait! Your baby sitter. [ sic ]

— Ransom note found after the kidnapping of Peter Weinberger, July 4, 1956^[4]

The note demanded that the Weinbergers leave the money next to a signpost near their house by 10:00 the next morning. Betty Weinberger's husband Morris, a wholesale pharmacist,^[3] soon returned from a car ride with their older son, 2-year-old Lewis, at which point the two called Nassau police. Shortly afterwards, Detective Frank Abramowitz arrived at the house. He informed his boss, Sergeant Edward Curran, of the kidnapping, at which point Abramowitz, Curran, and the Weinbergers agreed to pay the ransom as quickly as possible to ensure Peter's safe recovery. The Weinbergers paid the ransom with the financial help of several relatives due to their own income being modest. Because the kidnapping occurred on July 4 (Independence Day in the United States), banks in the area were closed, so the police had to arrange for a bank to open and release money specifically for the Weinberger case. Detectives subsequently attached recording devices to the Weinbergers' phones. Meanwhile, police requested that the local press refrain from reporting on the story for 24 hours to reduce the risk of the kidnapper harming Peter. Nevertheless, the New York Daily News reported on the kidnapping that same evening and drew copious amounts of attention to it.^[2][1] The next morning, a swarm of reporters and photographers had descended upon the Weinberger home, likely deterring the kidnapper from retrieving the money.^[3]

Investigation[]

The next day, investigators staged a news conference to appeal to the kidnapper to feed the baby a supposedly medically recommended baby formula that a pharmacist was theoretically required to prepare. In reality, a pharmacist could not fill out the formula, and detectives used it as a ruse to attract the kidnapper to a pharmacy, where a pharmacist would hopefully recognize the situation and tip off the police. The kidnapper did not appear, and no pharmacists reported hearing from the kidnapper.^[3]

On July 10, the kidnapper called the Weinberger household; Morris picked up the phone. Morris claimed that the kidnapper had a male voice and instructed him to leave the ransom by a nearby highway. Although Morris left the ransom, the kidnapper did not retrieve it. Later that same day, the kidnapper called again, and Betty Weinberger answered. The kidnapper arranged a second meeting in another location, at which point detectives, who had recorded the phone call, staked out near the location of the second meeting. The kidnapper was not there, but he left a blue bag containing a note in which he repeated his demand for $2,000. The note contained the same handwriting as the first ransom note.^[3][4]

The Federal Bureau of Investigation waited for one week, as required by law at the time,^[2][4] before they entered the investigation. Handwriting experts analyzed the two ransom notes and noted distinguishing characteristics in the writing. Meanwhile, the Weinbergers were subjected to numerous hoaxes^[1] with unrelated parties attempting to extort the ransom money from them, resulting in five people unrelated to the kidnapping being arrested. One hoax caller lured Betty Weinberger to a movie theater and used the opportunity to snatch her purse.^[3]

Apprehension and interrogation[]

On August 22, 1956,^[4] six weeks after the kidnapping and after the FBI had analyzed over 2 million public records in an attempt to find a handwriting match,^[1][2] a federal probation officer in Brooklyn, New York found a document in his files with handwriting that matched the unique writing style of the ransom notes' author. The defendant in that case was then-31-year-old Angelo LaMarca, who had been convicted of bootlegging^[1] in Suffolk and had just completed his term of probation. After FBI handwriting experts concluded that LaMarca had written the ransom notes, Nassau County police planned the arrest in a way that was intended to avoid harm to Peter Weinberger if he were still alive. The next day, on August 23, police swarmed the homes of LaMarca and all of his close relatives.^[3] Police arrested LaMarca at his own house as he returned from dropping off his own two children at his parents' house.^[3]

At first, during questioning, LaMarca denied knowing anything about the kidnapping. When confronted with the evidence of his handwriting matching the ransom notes, LaMarca attempted to blame the kidnapping on an unknown third party, stating that he had written the notes in jest and that his friends must have taken them from a trash can to frame him for the kidnapping. After changing his story several times, LaMarca wrote a 12-page typewritten and signed confession. LaMarca admitted to having kidnapped Peter Weinberger at random after driving by and watching his mother place him in a carriage on her patio. He confessed that on July 5, approximately 24 hours after the kidnapping, he abandoned Peter Weinberger alive in a wooded area by the Northern State Parkway due to having been scared by the press coverage of the kidnapping.^[1] When asked for a motive, LaMarca said that he was $1,800 in debt after buying a refrigerator and storm windows for his house and that he was behind on his car payments.^[3]

After writing his confession, LaMarca was arraigned on charges of kidnapping. Afterwards, he attempted to implicate a man named Joe Parisi as his accomplice in the kidnapping. After Parisi was arrested and brought into custody, LaMarca recanted his statement implicating Parisi, claiming that he only implicated Parisi to make life difficult for him. He then named a man named "Shorty" as his accomplice. Detectives were unable to find anyone matching LaMarca's description of his alleged accomplice.^[4]

With LaMarca's help, investigators searched the parkway near the exit where LaMarca claimed to have left Peter Weinberger. On the morning of August 24, officials located Peter Weinberger's decomposed body. The cause of death was determined to have been a combination of asphyxia, starvation, and exposure. Nassau County's medical examiner later testified during LaMarca's trial that Peter may have lived for about one week before dying.^[4]

Trial[]

Angelo LaMarca being escorted out of court following his first-degree murder conviction

On August 29, 1956, LaMarca was indicted on charges of kidnapping and first-degree murder. A week later, on September 5, he pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity. On September 21, he motioned for a change of venue due to pretrial publicity in the Nassau County local press, but on October 1, the motion was denied; the trial ultimately took place in Nassau County.^[5]

LaMarca's trial began on November 5, 1956. In an unusual twist, Nassau County District Attorney Frank Gulotta decided to prosecute the case himself.^[3] Jury selection occurred during the first six days of the trial, wherein 230 jurors were questioned; 44 were excused due to lack of time, 6 were excused due to personal illness, 13 were excused because of their ideas and understanding on legal insanity, 20 were excused due to their acquaintance with people involved in the case, and 15 were excused for unspecified reasons. The jury was set on November 14, 1956.^[5] The jury consisted of twelve men, all of whom were fathers^[6] and two of whom were grandfathers.^[3]

LaMarca's defense at his trial was that he was driven to temporary insanity due to his mounting debts and that he was otherwise a normal, hardworking husband and father of two. His argument was that he was in an unbalanced state of mind when he formed the plan to kidnap Peter Weinberger.^[7] LaMarca testified in his own defense, admitting during his testimony that he alone had kidnapped Weinberger and in fact did not have any accomplices. Reporters who witnessed LaMarca's testimony remarked that he sounded "often hazy and uncertain" and gave confusing responses to some of his defense attorney's questions under direct examination.^[8] LaMarca's wife Donna testified that she noticed a shift in his behavior after he purchased the $15,000 house at which he was arrested. She also testified that the couple had been experiencing financial troubles for some time before the crime and that the pressure unbalanced LaMarca. The defense's final witness was a psychiatrist, Dr. Thomas S. Cusack, who testified that LaMarca was insane when he took Peter Weinberger and also insane when he abandoned the baby. ^[9] In all, LaMarca, his wife Donna, and Dr. Cusack were the only witnesses for the defense.^[9]

The trial concluded in early December, with the jury reaching their verdict on December 7, after deliberating for 6 hours and 24 minutes.^[7] LaMarca was found guilty of first-degree murder and kidnapping. In New York at the time, first-degree murder convictions carried mandatory death sentences; in addition, LaMarca's jury failed to recommend mercy so that he may have been sentenced to life imprisonment instead.^[4] Upon hearing the verdict, LaMarca's wife and mother, who were in the gallery witnessing the trial, reportedly fainted. One week later, on December 14, 1956, LaMarca was formally sentenced to death, with Nassau County Judge Mario Pittoni scheduling his execution to take place during the week of January 28, 1957.^[6] Under New York law at the time, the sentence was subjected to an automatic appeal, meaning that LaMarca would not be executed in January 1957.^[7]

Execution[]

Due to filing appeals, LaMarca postponed the execution of his death sentence for over 18 months. The duration of LaMarca's stay in the Sing Sing death house was one year, seven months, and 24 days, approximately twice the duration of an average inmate condemned to death in the state at the time.^[10] In his final appeal before his execution, LaMarca argued that the jurors in his case were prejudiced against him. He also argued that the rejection of his motion to change venues resulted in an unfair trial. In rejecting his appeal, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit pointed out that the size of the jury pool in LaMarca's trial was unusually large, that the time that it took to conduct jury examinations showed the care that county officials put into ensuring that LaMarca would have a fair trial, and that there was no evidence to support the claim that LaMarca had not received a fair trial in Nassau County.^[5]

On August 6, 1958, one of LaMarca's attorneys, Nancy Carley, attempted to obtain a writ of habeas corpus to stay her client's execution, which was scheduled to take place the next day. Carley argued that Judge Mario Pittoni had refused to answer a question from the jury and had thus denied LaMarca a fair trial. During a 30-minute hearing, the Circuit Court ruled that the argument was invalid. Afterwards, Carley stated that no other legal action in the case was likely and that LaMarca's only chance of survival was if New York Governor W. Averell Harriman agreed to grant executive clemency.^[11] LaMarca's wife Donna also appealed to Governor Harriman by radio. LaMarca's second attorney, David Markowitz, stated that the intention behind making the radio appeal was "to try to contradict the feeling of antagonism that has been aroused against Angelo LaMarca. Maybe enough people will be moved to send telegrams to the governor asking him to save this man's life." Governor Harriman refused to intervene. Until the end of LaMarca's life, Donna insisted that he was insane, stating to a reporter after making her radio appeal, "I just can't believe my husband will die. How can they send an insane man to the chair? No man who is a father can let another child die unless he was crazy."^[11]

Angelo LaMarca was executed at 11:00 PM on August 7, 1958. He was pronounced dead at 11:03.^[12] His last meal had consisted of fried chicken, French-fried potatoes, vegetables, ice cream, and coffee. At his execution, LaMarca was accompanied by a Catholic chaplain. He was not observed to have said anything in the death chamber except quiet muttered responses to the chaplain's prayers, and one comment to a guard placing a strap over his eyes and face: "What are you trying to do, choke me?" Otherwise, he made no final statement.^[12] There were 35 witnesses to his execution, one of whom was Edward Curran. Curran later recalled, "I didn't particularly want to be there, but Betty Weinberger and Frank Gulotta asked me to go, so I felt I had to do it."^[3]

Aftermath[]

Prior to the Weinberger case, the laws concerning federal intervention in kidnapping cases had been shaped by the Lindbergh kidnapping by Richard Hauptmann, who, like LaMarca, was executed after being convicted of the kidnapping and murder of a baby. Hauptmann's case had inspired the Federal Kidnapping Act, which, after 1934 amendments, decreed that if a kidnapping victim was still missing after seven days, the FBI was allowed to presume that the victim had been trafficked across state lines and could therefore intervene as federal authorities.^[1] As a direct result of Peter Weinberger's kidnapping and murder, the Federal Kidnapping Act was amended in 1956 to allow the FBI to enter a kidnapping investigation after just 24 hours had passed.^[1] Later, in 1998, the Protection of Children from Sexual Predators Act would allow the FBI to get involved in kidnappings prior to 24 hours passing.^[1]

Angelo LaMarca's son, Vincent LaMarca, was 11 at the time of his father's execution. Vincent would later go on to become a police detective. In an interview after retiring from the police force, Vincent would state, "It was actually tougher being a kid, 9, 10 or 11 years old. You're going to school with kids who see your father's name on the front page of the papers every day. Let's just say kids can be a little bit cruel."^[13] Vincent also stated that his father's predicament inspired him to become a police officer, stating in another interview, "It tore me apart when he did this horrible thing. But it taught me a lifelong lesson about responsibility. And I became a cop so that no one could ever say one single bad thing about me [and so I could] restore the family name."^[14]

Years later, in 1996, LaMarca's grandson, Joey, was implicated in a murder in Long Beach. After his arrest, Joey claimed that he was genetically predisposed to murder. The case, and Vincent's life as a whole, inspired the plot of the 2002 film City by the Sea.^[13][15]

See also[]

• List of people executed in New York

References[]