Arctoidea

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Arctoidea
Temporal range: Eocene - Holocene, 46–0 Ma
Arctoidea.jpg
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Caniformia
Infraorder: Arctoidea
Flower, 1869
Subclades

Arctoidea is a clade of mostly carnivorous mammals which include the extinct Hemicyonidae (dog-bears), and the extant Musteloidea (weasels, raccoons, skunks, red pandas), Pinnipedia (seals, sea lions), and Ursidae (bears), found in all continents from the Eocene, 46 million years ago, to the present.[2] Arctoids are caniforms, along with dogs (canids) and extinct bear dogs (Amphicyonidae). The earliest caniforms were superficially similar to martens, which are tree-dwelling mustelids. Together with feliforms, caniforms comprise the order Carnivora; sometimes Arctoidea can be considered a separate suborder from Caniformia and a sister taxon to Feliformia.

Systematics[]

Arctoidea was named by Flower (1869). It was reranked as the unranked clade Arctoidea by Hunt (2001), Hunt (2002) and Hunt (2002); it was reranked as the infraorder Arctoidea by Koretsky (2001), Zhai et al. (2003) and Labs Hochstein (2007). It was assigned to Carnivora by Flower (1883), Barnes (1987), Barnes (1988), Carroll (1988), Barnes (1989), Barnes (1992), Hunt (2001), Hunt (2002) and Hunt (2002); and to Caniformia by Tedford (1976), Bryant (1991), Wang and Tedford (1992), Tedford et al. (1994), Koretsky (2001), Zhai et al. (2003), Wang et al. (2005), Owen (2006), Peigné et al. (2006) and Labs Hochstein (2007).[3][4][5]

Phylogeny[]

The cladogram is based on molecular phylogeny of six genes in Flynn, 2005.[6]

   Caniformia   
 

Amphicyonidae† Ysengrinia americana

 
 
 

Canidae African golden wolf

 
   Arctoidea   
   Ursoidea   
 

Hemicyonidae†

 
 

Ursidae American black bear

 
 
   Mustelida   
Pinnipedia
 

Enaliarctidae† Enaliarctos mealsi.JPG

 
 
   

Phocidae Common seal

 
 
   

Otariidae California sea lion

 
 

Odobenidae Pacific walrus

 
 
 
 
   Musteloidea   
   

Mustelidae European polecat

 
 
   

Mephitidae Striped skunk

 
 
   

Procyonidae Common raccoon

 
 

Ailuridae Red panda

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

References[]

  1. ^ de Queiroz, K.; Cantino, P. D.; Gauthier, J. A. (2020). Phylonyms: A Companion to the PhyloCode. CRC Press. ISBN 0429821212.
  2. ^ "Paleobiology Database: Arctoidea Basic info"[permanent dead link].
  3. ^ R. M. Hunt. 2001. "Small Oligocene amphicyonids from North America (Paradaphoenus, Mammalia, Carnivora)". American Museum Novitates 3331:1–20
  4. ^ I. Koretsky. 2001. "Morphology and systematics of Miocene Phocinae (Mammalia: Carnivora) from Paratethys and the North Atlantic region". Geologica Hungarica Series Palaeontologica 54:1–109
  5. ^ J. Labs Hochstein. 2007. "A new species of Zodiolestes (Mammalia, Mustelidae) from the early Miocene of Florida". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27(2):532–534
  6. ^ Flynn, J. J.; Finarelli, J. A.; Zehr, S.; Hsu, J.; Nedbal, M. A. (2005). "Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships". Systematic Biology. 54 (2): 317–37. doi:10.1080/10635150590923326. PMID 16012099.


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