Arisaema

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Arisaema
Arisaema triphyllum.jpg
Arisaema triphyllum
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Araceae
Subfamily: Aroideae
Tribe:
Genus: Arisaema
Mart.
Arisaema distribution.svg
Range of the genus Arisaema.
Synonyms[1]
  • Alocasia Neck. ex Raf.
  • Dochafa Schott
  • Muricauda Small
  • Flagellarisaema Nakai
  • Heteroarisaema Nakai
  • Pleuriarum Nakai
  • Ringentiarum Nakai
Arisaema tortuosum

Arisaema is a large and diverse genus of the flowering plant family Araceae. The largest concentration of species is in China and Japan, with other species native to other parts of southern Asia as well as eastern and central Africa, Mexico and eastern North America.[1] Asiatic species are often called cobra lilies, while western species are often called jack-in-the-pulpit; both names refer to the distinctive appearance of the flower, which consists of an erect central spadix rising from a spathe.[2][3][4]

Classification and relationships[]

The closest relatives of Arisaema appear to be Pinellia and Typhonium (although the latter as defined in 2004 seems to be paraphyletic, having given rise to Arisaema and other genera).[5] One unusual trait shared by all Arisaema species, and not those of other genera, is the sex change or act of Sequential hermaphroditism. Arisaema plants are typically male when small, and female or hermaphroditic when large, with a single plant capable of changing sex based on nutrition[5] and genetics,[6] and perhaps changing sex several times during its long life (20 years or more).[5]

Species[]

  1. Seriz - Shikoku Island in Japan
  2. Nakai & F.Maek - Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku Islands in Japan
  3. Sivad. & C.S.Kumar - southwestern India
  4. N.E.Br. - Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in eastern India
  5. Maxim. - Russian Far East, China, North Korea
  6. Hemsl. - Peninsular Malaysia
  7. J.Murata - Izu Peninsula on Honshu Island in Japan
  8. H.Li - Yunnan
  9. N.E.Br - China, eastern Himalayas, Arunachal Pradesh, Myanmar
  10. Buchet - Sichuan, Hunan, and Yunnan Provinces in China
  11. H.Li - Yunnan, Vietnam
  12. V.D.Nguyen & P.C.Boyce - Vietnam
  13. Engl. - Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, southern China
  14. H.Li - Arunachal Pradesh, Myanmar, Yunnan
  15. Buchet - Yunnan, Thailand, Java, Bali
  16. C.E.C.Fisch - India, Sri Lanka
  17. Engl. - China
  18. Engl. - Sichuan, Yunnan
  19. Schott - Yemen
  20. H.Li, R.Li & J.Murata - Yunnan
  21. H.Li - Yunnan
  22. Arisaema candidissimum W.W.Sm. - Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan
  23. Engl. - western India
  24. Z.Y.Zhu, B.Q.Min & S.J.Zhu - Sichuan
  25. Gagnep. - Thailand
  26. Arisaema ciliatum H.Li - Sichuan, Yunnan
  27. Buchet - Chongqing, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan
  28. Schott - Tibet, Assam, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, eastern + northern India
  29. V.D.Nguyen - Condao Island in Vietnam
  30. Arisaema consanguineum Schott - southern China, Himalayas, Indochina
  31. E.Barnes - Sri Lanka
  32. N.E.Br. - Guangxi, Guangdong, Lantao
  33. (Wall.) Mart. - Tibet, Nepal
  34. M.Hotta - Honshu in Japan
  35. H.Li - Yunnan, Myanmar
  36. Schott - southern China, eastern Himalayas, Vietnam
  37. Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott - Green dragon - Nuevo León + Veracruz in Mexico; much of eastern United States and eastern Canada
  38. (Wall.) Schott - Tibet, Nepal, Yunnan, eastern Himalayas
  39. H.Li - Yunnan
  40. J.Murata & J.Ohno - Shikoku in Japan
  41. Buchet - Bhutan, Myanmar, Tibet, Chongqing, Gansu, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan
  42. Hochst. ex A.Rich. - Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, Yemen
  43. Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott - Nepal
  44. H.Hara - Nepal, Tibet
  45. Buchet - Tibet, Chongqing, Gansu, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan
  46. (Reinw.) Blume - Borneo, Java, Malaysia, Sumatra
  47. Masters - Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Pulau Lankawi
  48. Arisaema flavum (Forsk.) Schott - Ethiopia, Somalia, Arabian Peninsula, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Assam, Himalayas, Tibet, Yunnan, Sichuan
  49. (Hayata) Hayata - Taiwan
  50. Engl. - Tibet, Myanmar, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan
  51. Schott - Assam
  52. N.E.Br. - Tibet, Bhutan, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Myanmar
  53. Gagnep. - Thailand
  54. (Sardesai, S.P.Gaikwad & S.R.Yadav) Punekar & Kumaran - Maharashtra
  55. Hayata - Fujian, Taiwan
  56. Schott - Nepal, Darjiling, Tibet
  57. C.Y.Wu ex H.Li, Y.Shiao & S.L.Tseng - Hainan
  58. Stapf ex Hand.-Mazz. - Tibet, Myanmar, Yunnan
  59. Koidz. - Ryukyu Islands
  60. Arisaema heterophyllum - Korea, Japan, widespread across much of China
  61. Hand.-Mazz. - Chongqing, Guangdong, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan
  62. J.C.Wang - Taiwan
  63. (N.E.Br.) N.E.Br. ex B.D.Jacks. - Java, Sumatra, Flores
  64. Blume - Tibet, Yunnan, Nepal, eastern Himalayas
  65. Murata - Honshu, Shikoku
  66. Makino - Honshu, Shikoku
  67. Arisaema jacquemontii Blume - Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, Himalayas of northern + eastern India
  68. Thiyagaraj & P.Daniel - Tamil Nadu
  69. H.Peng & H.Li - Yunnan
  70. Seriz - Ryukyu Islands
  71. Craib - Thailand
  72. Makino ex Nakai - Honshu
  73. Makino - Honshu, Kyushu
  74. Seriz - Honshu
  75. Engl. - Yunnan, Myanmar
  76. Blume - Borneo, Java, Bali, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Palawan
  77. Blume - southern India, Sri Lanka
  78. W.W.Sm. - Sichuan, Yunnan
  79. J.Murata & S.K.Wu - Yunnan
  80. J.Murata & S.K.Wu - Guangxi
  81. Nakai & F.Maek. - Japan
  82. Gusman & J.T.Yin - Yunnan
  83. H.Li - Guangxi, Assam, Myanmar
  84. Engl. - China
  85. M.Hotta - Japan
  86. Z.X.Ma. -China
  87. Benth. - Mexico (from Oaxaca north to Sinaloa + Nuevo León)
  88. J.Murata & S.Kakish. - Honshu
  89. H.Lév. - Sichuan, Yunnan
  90. (Engl.) Nakai - Kyushu
  91. Hett. & Gusman - Thailand
  92. Z.X. Ma, X. Yun Wang & W.Y. Du - China[7]
  93. Buchet - Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan
  94. Y.H.Ji, H.Li & Z.F.Xu - Guangxi
  95. Engl. - Java, Timor
  96. Engl. - Zaire, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi
  97. Seriz - Kyushu
  98. (Seriz.) J.Murata - Honshu
  99. Nakai - Honshu
  100. M.G.Gilbert & Mayo - Ethiopia
  101. Gusman & J.T.Yin - Yunnan
  102. Sivad. - Kerala
  103. (J.Graham) Hook. - Maharashtra
  104. Tom.Kobay., K.Sasam. & J.Murata - Honshu
  105. Kitam. - Honshu
  106. Makino - Hachijo + Miyake Islands of Japan
  107. (Wall.) Mart. - Nepal, Tibet, Yunnan, Bhutan, Assam, Myanmar
  108. Nakai - Honshu
  109. Sivad. - Kerala
  110. J.Murata & S.K.Wu - Yunnan
  111. Koidz. - Kyushu
  112. Gusman - Thailand
  113. Miq. - Sumatra
  114. Nakai - Japan
  115. Hett. & Gusman - Thailand
  116. Engl. - Sumatra
  117. J.Murata - Laos, Vietnam
  118. N.E.Br. ex Hemsl. - Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan
  119. Gagnep. - Thailand
  120. N.E.Br. - Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan
  121. K.Krause - Yunnan, Vietnam
  122. Hook.f. - Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Myanmar, Yunnan
  123. H.Li - Yunnan
  124. H.Li - Yunnan, Vietnam
  125. (Blanco) Merr. - Philippines, Sulawesi
  126. Hook.f. - Yunnan, Thailand, Myanmar
  127. Arisaema propinquum Schott - Himalayas (Pakistan, Nepal, Tibet, India)
  128. E.Barnes - Kerala
  129. Arisaema quinatum (Nutt.) Schott - southeastern United States
  130. H.Li & J.Murata - Yunnan
  131. Alderw. - Java, Timor
  132. (Thunb.) Schott - Korea, Japan, Ryukyu Islands, Jiangsu, Taiwan, Zhejiang
  133. V.D.Nguyen & P.C.Boyce - Vietnam
  134. Kunth - Assam, Indochina
  135. H.Li & J.Murata - Yunnan
  136. N.E.Br. - Zaire, Uganda, Burundi
  137. (Miyabe & Kudô) J.Murata - Sakhalin in Russia, Hokkaido in Japan
  138. P.S.N.Rao & S.K.Srivast - Andaman Islands
  139. E.Barnes & C.E.C.Fisch. - Kerala
  140. Buchet - Sichuan, Yunnan
  141. Arisaema sazensoo (Blume) Makino - Kyushu
  142. Schott - Zaire, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda
  143. Hook.f - Peninsular Malaysia
  144. Kitam. - Honshu
  145. Arisaema serratum (Thunb.) Schott - Primorye, Korea, Kuril Islands, Japan, northeastern China
  146. A.Sudh.Rao & D.M.Verma - Arunachal Pradesh
  147. Gagnep. - Thailand, Vietnam
  148. Gusman - Arunachal Pradesh
  149. Arisaema sikokianum Franch. & Sav. - Shikoku
  150. Pamp. - China
  151. K.Krause - China
  152. Hett. & Gusman - Thailand
  153. S.Y.Hu - Thailand
  154. M.G.Gilbert & Mayo - Somalia
  155. Buchet - Sichuan, Chongqing
  156. Arisaema speciosum (Wall.) Mart. - Cobra lily - Tibet, Nepal, Assam, Bhutan
  157. Gagnep. - Yunnan, Thailand
  158. J.Murata - Taiwan
  159. H.Li - Yunnan, Myanmar
  160. Makino - Japan
  161. Arisaema thunbergii Blume - Japan, Korea, Taiwan
  162. Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott - Whipcord cobra lily - India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Himalayas, Nepal, Assam, Pakistan, Tibet, Yunnan, Myanmar
  163. Makino - Japan
  164. C.E.C.Fisch - Nilgiri Mountains in Tamil Nadu in India
  165. Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott in H.W.Schott & S.L.Endlicher - Small Jack-in-the-pulpit - eastern Canada, eastern United States
  166. J.T.Yin & Gusman - Tibet
  167. C.E.C.Fisch. - Nilgiri Mountains in Tamil Nadu in India
  168. M.G.Gilbert & Mayo - Uluguru Mountains in Tanzania
  169. Ridl. - Borneo
  170. Nakai - Honshu + Shikoku in Japan
  171. Arisaema utile Hook.f. ex Schott - Tibet, Yunnan, Nepal, Bhutan, Himalayas of India + Pakistan
  172. H.Hara & H.Ohashi - Tibet, Nepal
  173. V.D.Nguyen - Yunnan, Guangxi, Vietnam
  174. M.T.An, H.H.Zhang & Q.Lin - Guizhou
  175. C.Marquand & Airy Shaw - Qinghai, Shanxi, Yunnan, Tibet
  176. J. D. Hook. - Assam, Myanmar, Tibet, Yunnan
  177. Engl. - Tibet, Bhutan, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan
  178. Hemsl. - Thailand, Sabah, Malaysia
  179. H.Li - Yunnan
  180. Arisaema yamatense (Nakai) Nakai - Yamatense cobra lily - Honshu
  181. Z.Y.Zhu & B.Q.Min - Sichuan
  182. Buchet - Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan
  183. H.Li - Yunnan

References[]

  1. ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ^ Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1-560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  3. ^ Flora China Vol. 23 Page 43, 天南星属 tian nan xing shu, Arisaema Martius, Flora. 14: 459. 1831.
  4. ^ Flora of North America, Vol. 22, Arisaema Martius, Flora. 14: 459. 1831.
  5. ^ a b c Renner, S. S.; Zhang, L.-B.; Murata, J. (2004), "A chloroplast phylogeny of Arisaema (Araceae) illustrates Tertiary floristic links between Asia, North America, and East Africa", American Journal of Botany, 91 (6): 881–8, doi:10.3732/ajb.91.6.881, PMID 21653444
  6. ^ Vitt, P.; Holsinger, K. E.; Jones, C. S. (2003), "Local differentiation and plasticity in size and sex expression in jack-in-the-pulpit, Arisaema triphyllum (Araceae)", American Journal of Botany, 90 (12): 1729–35, doi:10.3732/ajb.90.12.1729, PMID 21653349
  7. ^ Wang, Xiao-Yun; Du, Wen-Yan; Ma, Zheng-Xu (2019-03-12). "A new species and a new combination of the genus Arisaema (Araceae) from China". Phytotaxa. 395 (4): 265–276. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.395.4.2. ISSN 1179-3163.

External links[]

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