Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies
Alternative names | Arp number |
---|---|
Survey type | astronomical catalog |
Organization | California Institute of Technology |
Related media on Wikimedia Commons | |
The Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies is a catalog of peculiar galaxies produced by Halton Arp in 1966. A total of 338 galaxies are presented in the atlas, which was originally published in 1966 by the California Institute of Technology. The primary goal of the catalog was to present photographs of examples of the different kinds of peculiar structures found among galaxies.[1]
Background[]
Arp realized that the reason why galaxies formed into spiral or elliptical shapes was not well understood. He perceived peculiar galaxies as small "experiments" that astronomers could use to understand the physical processes that distort spiral or elliptical galaxies. With this atlas, astronomers had a sample of peculiar galaxies that they could study in more detail. The atlas does not present a complete overview of every peculiar galaxy in the sky but instead provides examples of the different phenomena as observed in nearby galaxies.
Because little was known at the time of publication about the physical processes that caused the different shapes, the galaxies in the atlas are sorted based on their appearance. Objects 1–101 are individual peculiar spiral galaxies or spiral galaxies that apparently have small companions. Objects 102–145 are elliptical and elliptical-like galaxies. Individual or groups of galaxies with neither elliptical nor spiral shapes are listed as objects 146–268. Objects 269–327 are double galaxies. Finally, objects that simply do not fit into any of the above categories are listed as objects 332–338. Most objects are best known by their other designations, but a few galaxies are best known by their Arp numbers (such as Arp 220).
Today, the physical processes that lead to the peculiarities seen in the Arp atlas are thought to be well understood. A large number of the objects have been interpreted as interacting galaxies, including M51 (Arp 85), Arp 220, and the Antennae Galaxies (NGC 4038/NGC 4039, or Arp 244). A few of the galaxies are simply dwarf galaxies that do not have enough mass to produce enough gravity to allow the galaxies to form any cohesive structure. NGC 1569 (Arp 210) is an example of one of the dwarf galaxies in the atlas. A few other galaxies are radio galaxies. These objects contain active galactic nuclei that produce powerful jets of gas called radio jets. The atlas includes the nearby radio galaxies M87 (Arp 152) and Centaurus A (Arp 153).
Many of the peculiar associations present in the catalogue have been interpreted as galaxy mergers, though Arp refuted the idea, claiming, rather, that apparent associations were prime examples of ejections.[2] He writes in "Seeing Red" (1998):
For me, the whole lesson of the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies was that galaxies are generally ejected material. The merger mania seems to be a first guess based on a cursory look at galaxies. [...] The Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies contained a very interesting class of galaxies called spirals with companions (smaller galaxies) on the ends of arms. How had they gotten there? Certainly not by accidental collisions or by the beginning of a merger process, which is fashionably used to "explain" everything in the extragalactic realm.[2]
Notable Arp galaxies[]
Arp Number | Name | Magnitude | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
26 | Pinwheel Galaxy (M101) | +7.5 | spiral galaxy |
37 | Messier 77 | +8.9 | radio galaxy |
41 | NGC 1232 | +9.8 | spiral galaxy |
76 | Messier 90 | +9.5 | spiral galaxy |
77 | NGC 1097 | +9.5 | galaxy interacting with its satellite |
85 | Whirlpool Galaxy (M51) | +8.4 | galaxy interacting with its satellite |
116 | Messier 60 | +8.8 | colliding galaxies |
152 | Virgo A (M87) | +8.6 | elliptical galaxy |
153 | Centaurus A (NGC 5128) | +6.6 | radio galaxy in a collision? |
188 | Tadpole Galaxy | +14.4 | galaxy finishing merging |
242 | Mice Galaxies | +14.7 | colliding galaxies |
244 | Antennae Galaxies | +10.3 | colliding galaxies |
317 | Messier 65 | +9.2 | spiral galaxy |
319 | NGC 7320 | +15 | galaxy in colliding group |
337 | Cigar Galaxy (M82) | +8.6 | starburst galaxy |
List of galaxies in the catalog[]
Spiral galaxies[]
Low surface brightness galaxies[]
These are mostly dwarf galaxies or poorly defined spiral galaxies (with the designation Sm) that have low surface brightnesses (i.e. they emit little light per unit area). Low surface brightness galaxies are actually quite common. The exception is NGC 2857 (Arp 1), which is an Sc spiral galaxy (which means that it has a definite structure with loosely wound spiral arms and a faint but well-defined nucleus).[3]
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
1 | NGC 2857 | Sc spiral galaxy[3] |
2 | ||
3 | ||
4 | ||
5 | NGC 3664 | |
6 | NGC 2537 |
Galaxies with split arms[]
This category contains spiral galaxies with arms that split into two separate parts.
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
7 | Arp 7 | |
8 | NGC 497 | |
9 | ||
10 | Contains an off-center nucleus | |
11 | ||
12 | NGC 2608 |
Galaxies with detached segments[]
This category contains spiral galaxies with arms that appear to be segmented. Some spiral arm segments may appear detached because dust lanes in the spiral arms obscure the arms' starlight. Other spiral arms may appear segmented because of the presence of bright star clusters (or discontinuous chains of bright star clusters) in the spiral arms.
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
13 | NGC 7448 | |
14 | NGC 7314 | |
15 | ||
16 | M66 | |
17 | ||
18 | NGC 4088 |
Three-armed spiral galaxies[]
Usually, most spiral galaxies contain two clearly defined spiral arms, or they contain only fuzzy filamentary spiral structures. Galaxies with three well-defined spiral arms are rare.
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
19 | NGC 145 | |
20 | ||
21 |
One-armed spiral galaxies[]
One-armed spiral galaxies, including Magellanic spirals, are also rare. In this case, the single spiral arm may actually be formed by a gravitational interaction with another galaxy (as with the Large Magellanic Cloud itself, although it is not a member of the catalog).
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
22 | NGC 4027 | |
23 | NGC 4618 | Interacting with NGC 4625[4] |
24 |
Spiral galaxies with one heavy arm[]
The spiral arms in these galaxies have an asymmetric appearance. One spiral arm may appear to be considerably brighter than the other. In the photographic plates produced by Arp, the bright arm would look dark or "heavy". While most of these galaxies (such as M101 and NGC 6946) are simply asymmetric spiral galaxies, is an interacting pair of galaxies where one of the two galaxies is viewed edge-on and just happens to lie where the spiral arm for the other face-on galaxy would be visible.[5]
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
25 | NGC 2276 | |
26 | M101 | Face-on spiral galaxy with five notable companion galaxies[4] |
27 | NGC 3631 | |
28 | ||
29 | NGC 6946 | |
30 | Interacting pair of galaxies, with one galaxy viewed edge-on[5] |
Integral sign spiral galaxies[]
These are galaxies that look like a stretched-out S shape (or like the integral sign used in calculus). Some objects, such as IC 167,[6] are simply ordinary spiral galaxies viewed from an unusual angle. Other objects, such as , are interacting pairs of galaxies with tidal tails that look similar to spiral arms.[7]
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
31 | IC 167 | |
32 | ||
33 | ||
34 | ||
35 | ||
36 |
Spiral galaxies with low surface brightness companions[]
Many of these spiral galaxies are probably interacting with the low surface brightness galaxies in the field of view. In some cases, however, it may be difficult to determine whether the companion is physically near the spiral galaxy or whether the companion is a foreground/background source or a source on the edge of the spiral galaxy.
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
37 | M77 | |
38 | NGC 6412 | |
39 | NGC 1347 | |
40 | ||
41 | NGC 1232 | |
42 | NGC 5829 | |
43 | ||
44 | ||
45 | Galaxy triplet[8] | |
46 | ||
47 | ||
48 |
Spiral galaxies with small high surface brightness companions[]
Again, many of these spiral galaxies are probably interacting with companion galaxies, although some of the identified companion galaxies may be foreground/background sources or even bright star clusters within the individual galaxies.
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
49 | NGC 5665 | |
50 | ||
51 | ||
52 | ||
53 | ||
54 | ||
55 | ||
56 | ||
57 | ||
58 | ||
59 | NGC 341 | |
60 | ||
61 | ||
62 | ||
63 | ||
64 | ||
65 | NGC 90 | |
66 | ||
67 | ||
68 | ||
69 | NGC 5579 | |
70 | ||
71 | NGC 6045 | |
, | ||
73 | ||
74 | ||
75 | ||
76 | M90 | |
77 | NGC 1097 | |
78 | NGC 772 |
Spiral galaxies with large high surface brightness companions[]
Galaxies in this category are almost always clearly interacting sources. The most famous of these objects is the Whirlpool galaxy (M51; Arp 85), which is composed of a spiral galaxy NGC 5194 that is interacting with a smaller elliptical galaxy NGC 5195. The interaction has distorted the shape of both galaxies; the spiral arm pattern has been enhanced in the larger spiral galaxy, and a bridge of stars and gas has formed between the two galaxies. Many of the other galaxies in this category are also connected by bridges.
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
79 | ||
80 | ||
NGC 6621, , | ||
NGC 2535, NGC 2536 | ||
, | ||
, NGC 5395 | ||
85 | The Whirlpool Galaxy (M51) | |
NGC 7752, NGC 7753 | ||
87 | NGC 3808A, NGC 3808B | |
88 | ||
89 | ||
NGC 5929, NGC 5930 | ||
, |
Spiral galaxies with elliptical companions[]
Like the spiral galaxies with high surface brightness companions, most of these spiral galaxies are clearly interacting systems. Tidal tails and bridges are visible in many of the images.
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
92 | NGC 7603 | |
, | ||
NGC 3226, NGC 3227 | ||
, | ||
96 | ||
97 | ||
98 | ||
, , | Galaxy triplet[9] | |
, | ||
, |
Elliptical and elliptical-like galaxies[]
Elliptical galaxies connected to spiral galaxies[]
These objects are very similar to the spiral galaxies with elliptical companions. All of the galaxies have features such as tidal tails and tidal bridges that have formed through gravitational interaction.
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
102 | ||
103 | Galaxy triplet[10] | |
104 | , | |
105 | NGC 3561 | |
106 | ||
107 | UGC 5984 | |
108 |
Elliptical galaxies repelling spiral arms[]
Based on the description of these objects, it appears that Arp originally thought that the elliptical galaxies were pushing away spiral arms in companion galaxies. However, the tidal spiral arms may actually look distorted because of the interaction. Some of these "repelled" spiral arms are on the opposite side of the spiral galaxy from the elliptical galaxy. Simulations have shown that such features can be formed through gravitational interactions alone; no repelling forces are needed.
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
109 | ||
110 | ||
111 | Galaxy group[11] | |
, |
Elliptical galaxies close to and perturbing spiral galaxies[]
This is another category in which the majority of objects are interacting galaxies. As noted in the category name, the spiral galaxies look perturbed. Arp originally described some of the elliptical galaxies as repelling.
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
113 | NGC 70 | Part of a group of galaxies[12] |
NGC 2276, NGC 2300 | ||
115 | Galaxy triplet[13] | |
116 | Messier 60, NGC 4647 | |
, | ||
, NGC 1142 | ||
119 | ||
120 | NGC 4435, NGC 4438 | |
121 | ||
122 | NGC 6040 | |
, | ||
124 | ||
125 | ||
126 | ||
127 | NGC 191 | Actually interacting S0 galaxy and spiral galaxy[13] |
128 | ||
129 | ||
130 | ||
131 | ||
132 |
Galaxies with nearby fragments[]
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
133 | NGC 541 | |
134 | Messier 49 | |
135 | NGC 1023 | |
136 | NGC 5820 |
Material emanating from elliptical galaxies[]
Arp thought that the elliptical galaxies in this category were ejecting material from their nuclei. Many of the pictures could be interpreted that way. However, these objects are actually a mixture of other phenomena. For example, (Arp 137) is merely a spiral galaxy with faint spiral arms,[14] and (Arp 138) is an interacting pair of galaxies where one galaxy is an edge-on spiral galaxy.[15] Some objects, such as and (), are systems that contain "ring galaxies", which are created when one galaxy (the elliptical galaxies in these examples) passes through the disk of another. This passage causes a gravitational wave in which gas first falls inward and then propagates outward to form the ring structure.[16]
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
137 | Spiral galaxy with faint spiral arms[14] | |
138 | Interacting pair of galaxies[15] | |
139 | Interacting pair of galaxies[18] | |
NGC 274, NGC 275 | Interacting pair of galaxies[19] | |
141 | Ring galaxy system[20] | |
NGC 2936, , | Galaxy triplet[21] | |
, | Ring galaxy system[22] | |
, | Ring galaxy system[23] | |
145 | Ring galaxy system[24] |
Amorphous galaxies[]
Galaxies in this category are referred to by Arp as galaxies that are neither spiral nor elliptical in shape. Although he does not use the term "amorphous" to describe these galaxies, it is the best description of these galaxies.
Many of these galaxies are either interacting galaxies or galaxies that are the remnants of the merger of two smaller galaxies. The interaction process will produce various tidal features, such as tidal tails and tidal bridges, that may last well after the progenitor galaxies' disks and nuclei have merged. Although the tidal tails are described as several different visual phenomena ("counter-tails", "filaments", "loops"), they are all manifestations of the same phenomena.
Galaxies with associated rings[]
As noted above, these ring galaxies may have formed when a companion galaxy passed through the ring galaxy. The interaction would produce a wave effect that would first draw matter into the center and then cause it to propagate outward in a ring.[16]
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
146 | Arp 146 | |
147 | IC 298 | |
148 | Arp 148 |
Galaxies with jets[]
These are galaxies that appear to be ejecting material outwards from their nuclei. The "jets" themselves look similar to water spraying out of a hose. In the case of (Arp 149) and (Arp 150), the jets are simply part of the amorphous structure produced by the interacting galaxies. In and Messier 87 (Arp 152), however, the jets are ionized gas that has been ejected from the environment around supermassive black holes in the galaxies' active galactic nuclei.[25][26] These jets, sometimes called relativistic jets or radio jets, are powerful sources of synchrotron radiation, especially at radio wavelengths.
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
149 | Interacting galaxies[27] | |
150 | Interacting galaxies[28] | |
151 | Seyfert galaxy (contains an active galactic nucleus)[25] | |
152 | Messier 87 | Seyfert galaxy (contains an active galactic nucleus)[26] |
Disturbed galaxies with interior absorption[]
Galaxies in this category feature dark dust lanes that obscure part of the disk of the galaxy. All of these galaxies are the products of two galaxies merging. NGC 520 (Arp 157) is one of the best examples of an intermediate-stage merger, where the two progenitor galaxies' disks have coalesced together but the nuclei have not. Centaurus A (Arp 153) and NGC 1316 (Arp 154) are both effectively elliptical galaxies with unusual dust lanes; their kinematics and structure indicate that they have undergone merging events recently. (Arp 159) may be nothing more than an edge-on spiral galaxy with a significantly dark dust lanes.[29]
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
153 | Centaurus A | Notable radio galaxy; contains an active galactic nucleus)[30] |
154 | NGC 1316 | Notable radio galaxy; contains an active galactic nucleus)[30] |
155 | NGC 3656 | |
156 | ||
157 | NGC 520 | Notable intermediate-stage merger |
158 | NGC 523 | |
159 | Spiral galaxy with dark dust lanes[29] | |
160 | NGC 4194 | Also known as the |
Galaxies with diffuse filaments[]
The filaments in these objects may represent tidal tails from galaxy interactions. Many of the galaxies are the remnants of the mergers of two spiral galaxies to form a single elliptical galaxy. However, NGC 3414 (Arp 162) appears to be merely an unusual S0 galaxy with a very small disk relative to its bulge size.[4] (Arp 163) is a blue compact dwarf galaxy with extremely strong star formation activity;[31] it is clearly too small to be the merger remnant of two spiral galaxies like the other merger remnants in this sample, although it may have been involved in a much smaller interaction.
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
161 | UGC 6665 | |
162 | NGC 3414 | S0 galaxy[4] |
163 | Blue compact dwarf galaxy[31] | |
164 | NGC 455 | |
165 | ||
166 | NGC 750, NGC 751 | Interacting galaxies |
Galaxies with diffuse counter-tails[]
All of these objects are galaxies involved in gravitational interactions. These counter-tails are tidal features caused by the gravitational interactions between two galaxies, just like similar features described in the Arp catalog. Messier 32 (Arp 168), a dwarf galaxy interacting with the Andromeda Galaxy,[4] is included in this category (although the "diffuse counter-tail" is very difficult to see in Arp's photograph).
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
, | ||
168 | Messier 32 | Dwarf galaxy interacting with Andromeda Galaxy[4] |
, , | Galaxy triplet[32] | |
170 | ||
, | ||
, |
Galaxies with narrow counter-tails[]
This is another category containing galaxies with tidal tails produced by gravitational interactions. These tidal tails are narrower and better defined than the tidal tails in objects 167–172.
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
173 | ||
174 | ||
, , | Galaxy triplet[33] | |
176 | Galaxy triplet[34] | |
177 | ||
178 | NGC 5613, NGC 5614, NGC 5615 | Galaxy triplet[35] |
Galaxies with narrow filaments[]
This category contains a mixture of different types of objects. Like the galaxies with diffuse filaments or galaxies with counter-tails, some of the galaxies in this category have been involved in interactions, and the filaments are tidal features created by those interactions. Other sources, however, are simply individual spiral galaxies with faint spiral arms that are described as "filaments" by Arp.
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
179 | ||
180 | Interacting galaxy pair[36] | |
, | Interacting galaxy pair[37] | |
NGC 7674, | Interacting galaxy pair[38] | |
183 | Spiral galaxy[39] | |
184 | NGC 1961 | Spiral galaxy[40] |
185 | NGC 6217 | Spiral galaxy[41] |
186 | NGC 1614 | Spiral galaxy involved in recent interaction[42] |
187 | Arp 187 | |
188 | Tadpole Galaxy | Galaxy involved in recent interaction |
189 | NGC 4651 | Tidal star streams[43] |
190 | Interacting galaxy pair[44] | |
191 | Interacting galaxy pair[45] | |
192 | Interacting galaxy pair[46] | |
193 | IC 883 | Merger remnant |
Galaxies with material ejected from nuclei[]
The ejecta in many of these objects appear to be tidal features created by gravitational interactions. In some cases (such as for NGC 5544 and NGC 5545 in ), the "ejecta" are clearly a spiral galaxy viewed edge-on that happens to line up with another galaxy's nucleus.
Almost all of the objects in this category are interacting or have recently undergone interactions. (Arp 203) is an exception; it is merely a low surface brightness spiral galaxy.[47]
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
194 | UGC 6945 | Interacting galaxy pair[48] |
195 | Interacting galaxy triplet[49] | |
196 | Interacting galaxy pair[50] | |
, | Interacting galaxy pair[51] | |
198 | Interacting galaxy pair[52] | |
NGC 5544, NGC 5545 | Interacting galaxy pair[53] | |
200 | NGC 1134 | Spiral galaxy interacting with low surface brightness galaxy[54] |
201 | Interacting galaxy pair[55] | |
, | Interacting galaxy pair[56] | |
203 | Low surface brightness spiral galaxy[47] | |
204 | Interacting galaxy pair[57] | |
205 | Merger remnant[58] | |
, NGC 3432 | Interacting galaxy pair[59] | |
207 | Spiral galaxy interacting with dwarf galaxy[60] | |
208 | Interacting galaxy pair[61] |
Galaxies with irregularities, absorption, and resolution[]
Galaxies in this category have either irregular structures (irregularities), notable dust lanes (absorption), or a grainy appearance (resolution). This category contains a mix of interacting galaxies distorted by tidal interactions, nearby dwarf irregular galaxies, and spiral galaxies with unusual large amounts of gas.
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
209 | NGC 6052 | Interacting galaxy pair[62] |
210 | NGC 1569 | Dwarf galaxy[63] |
211 | Interacting dwarf galaxies[64] | |
212 | Peculiar spiral galaxy[65] | |
213 | Peculiar spiral galaxy[66] | |
214 | NGC 3718 | Peculiar spiral galaxy[67] |
Galaxies with adjacent loops[]
These adjacent loops are another manifestation of the structures formed by gravitational interactions between galaxies. Some of these sources consist of galaxies that have nearly completed the merger process; the "adjacent loops" are merely the remnants of the interaction. Among the objects in this category is Arp 220, one of the best-studied ultraluminous infrared galaxies in the sky.
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
215 | NGC 2782 | Peculiar spiral galaxy[4] |
NGC 7679, | Interacting galaxy pair[68] | |
217 | NGC 3310 | Notable nearby starburst;[69] merger remnant[4] |
218 | Interacting galaxy pair[70] | |
219 | Galaxy in interaction[71] | |
220 | IC 4553 | Merger remnant; notable ultraluminous infrared galaxy |
Galaxies with amorphous spiral arms[]
Many of these galaxies are merger remnants. The "amorphous spiral arms" are the tidal debris that remains after the collision.
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
221 | Interacting galaxy triplet[72] | |
222 | NGC 7727 | Merger remnant[4] |
223 | NGC 7585 | Recent inequal-mass merger[4] |
224 | NGC 3921 | Merger remnant |
225 | NGC 2655 | Recent inequal-mass merger |
226 | The Atoms for Peace Galaxy (NGC 7252) | Merger remnant[4] |
Galaxies with concentric rings[]
These are galaxies with shell-like structures. Some shell structures have been identified as the results of recent mergers.[citation needed] In other cases, however, the shell structure may represent the outer disk of an S0 galaxy. In some complicated cases, the galaxy with the rings or shells is an S0 galaxy interacting with another galaxy; the origins of the shells in such systems can be difficult to determine.
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
NGC 470, NGC 474 | Interacting galaxy pair with one S0 galaxy[73] | |
228 | S0 galaxy[74] | |
NGC 507, NGC 508 | Interacting galaxy pair including one S0 galaxy and one elliptical galaxy[75] | |
230 | Peculiar S0 galaxy;[76] possible merger remnant | |
231 | ||
232 | Peculiar S0 galaxy[77] |
Galaxies with the appearance of fission[]
Although the description of the objects in this category implies that the galaxies are separating, most of these galaxies are merging. Many of the objects have very pronounced tidal tails and bridges that have formed as a consequence of the interaction. Most objects are in the early stages of the merging process, where the galaxies still appear to have distinct nuclei and distinct (albeit distorted) disks. Among the most notable galaxies in this category are the Antennae Galaxies (NGC 4038 and NGC 4039, Arp 244) and the Mice Galaxies (NGC 4676, Arp 242).
However, not all of these objects are interacting galaxies. A few of these galaxies are simply nearby dwarf galaxies with irregular structure.
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
233 | Dwarf galaxy[78] | |
234 | NGC 3738 | Dwarf galaxy[79] |
235 | NGC 14 | Dwarf galaxy[80] |
236 | Interacting galaxy pair[81] | |
237 | Interacting galaxy pair[82] | |
238 | UGC 8335 | Interacting galaxy pair[83] |
, | Interacting galaxy pair[84] | |
240 | NGC 5257, NGC 5258 | Interacting galaxy pair[85] |
241 | UGC 9425 | Interacting galaxy pair[86] |
242 | Mice Galaxies (NGC 4676) | Interacting galaxy pair[87] |
243 | NGC 2623 | Interacting galaxy triplet[88] |
244 | Antennae Galaxies (NGC 4038, NGC 4039) | Interacting galaxy pair[89] |
NGC 2992, | Interacting galaxy pair[90] | |
NGC 7837, NGC 7838 | Interacting galaxy pair[91] | |
247 | Interacting galaxy pair[92] | |
248 | Interacting galaxy triplet[93] | |
249 | Interacting galaxy pair[94] | |
250 | ||
251 | Interacting galaxy triplet[95] | |
252 | Interacting galaxy pair[96] | |
, | Interacting galaxy pair[97] | |
254 | NGC 5917 | Peculiar spiral galaxy[98] |
255 | Interacting galaxy pair[99] | |
256 | Arp 256 | Interacting galaxy pair[100] |
Galaxies with irregular clumps[]
These are objects that appear to be a series of irregular clumps with no coherent structure. Many of these objects are simply nearby dwarf galaxies. Some of these objects are interacting galaxies, while others are small groups of galaxies. In both cases, many of the constituent galaxies are irregular galaxies. The superposition of two or more such irregular galaxies can easily look like a single larger irregular galaxy, which is why the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies (and other catalogs) often classify these pairs and groups as single objects.
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
257 | Interacting galaxy pair[101] | |
258 | UGC 2140 | Galaxy group[102] |
259 | NGC 1741 | Galaxy group[103] |
260 | Interacting galaxy pair[104] | |
261 | Galaxy group[105] | |
262 | Interacting galaxy pair[106] | |
263 | NGC 3239 | Dwarf galaxy[107] |
264 | Dwarf galaxy[108] | |
265 | Interacting galaxy pair[109] | |
266 | NGC 4861 | Dwarf galaxy[110] |
267 | Dwarf galaxy[111] | |
268 | UGC 4305, Holmberg II | Dwarf galaxy[112] |
Double and multiple galaxies[]
Arp originally referred to these galaxies as "double galaxies", but many of these sources are more than two galaxies. Some of the objects consist of interacting galaxies, whereas other sources are actually groups of galaxies. The difference is that interacting galaxies will be distorted, whereas galaxies in groups are simply gravitationally bound to each other but not necessarily close enough to each other to induce major structural changes.
Galaxies with connected arms[]
All of these galaxies are interacting pairs of galaxies except for NGC 5679 (Arp 274), which may be an interacting galaxy triplet.[113] The connected arms described here are tidal bridge features that form between interacting galaxies. These bridges form early during galaxy interactions.
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
NGC 4485, NGC 4490 | Interacting galaxy pair[114] | |
, | Interacting galaxy pair[115] | |
271 | NGC 5426, NGC 5427 | Interacting galaxy pair[116] |
272 | NGC 6050, IC 1179 | Interacting galaxy pair[117] |
273 | , | Interacting galaxy pair[118] |
274 | NGC 5679 | Interacting galaxy triplet[113] |
Interacting galaxies[]
Unlike many of the objects listed in the amorphous galaxies section, the interacting galaxies that comprise these objects are still distinguishable from each other.
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
275 | Interacting galaxy pair[119] | |
276 | NGC 935, IC 1801 | Interacting galaxy pair[120] |
, | Interacting galaxy pair[121] | |
278 | Interacting galaxy pair[122] | |
, | Interacting galaxy pair[123] | |
, | Interacting galaxy pair[124] |
Galaxies with infall and attraction[]
This category contains an odd mixture of objects. Two of the objects are edge-on disk galaxies with smaller companion galaxies nearby. Two of the objects are connected by tidal bridges. The last two objects may simply be interacting with each other over long distance.
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
NGC 4627, NGC 4631 | Spiral galaxy with companion dwarf elliptical galaxy[125] | |
NGC 169, | Spiral galaxy with smaller companion galaxy[126] | |
NGC 2798, | Interacting galaxy pair[127] | |
NGC 7714, NGC 7715 | Interacting galaxy pair[128] | |
, | Galaxy pair[129] | |
, NGC 5566, | Interacting galaxy triplet[4][130] |
Galaxies with wind effects[]
Although included in the double galaxies category, many of these objects are individual galaxies. The "wind effects" refer to the appearance, not the actual detection of high-velocity gas (such as is found in M82). In some cases, the appearance may be the result of interaction. In other cases, particularly NGC 3981 (Arp 289), the faint, extended emission may be related to the intrinsic nature of the galaxy itself and not interactions with other objects.[4]
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
, | Galaxy pair[131] | |
, | Galaxy triplet[132] | |
289 | NGC 3981 | Peculiar spiral galaxy[4][133] |
, | Interacting galaxy pair[134] | |
291 | Irregular galaxy[135] | |
Peculiar spiral galaxy[136] | ||
NGC 6285, NGC 6286 | Interacting galaxy pair[137] |
Double or multiple galaxies with long filaments[]
The long filaments in these systems are probably tidal tails or bridges that have been produced as the result of the gravitational interaction between the galaxies.
Arp Number | Common Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
, | Interacting galaxy pair[138] | |
295 | Interacting galaxy pair[139] | |
296 | ||
297 | Interacting galaxies within a galaxy group[140] |
Unclassified objects[]
Arp did not give a subclassification for objects 298–310 in his atlas. These objects are mostly interacting galaxy pairs.
Arp Number | Common Name | Description |
---|---|---|
NGC 7469, | Galaxy pair[141] | |
299 | Arp 299 | Galaxy triplet[142] |
300 | Galaxy group[143] | |
, | Galaxy pair[144] | |
302 | UGC 9618 | Galaxy pair[145] |
, | Galaxy pair[146] | |
NGC 1241, | Galaxy pair[147] | |
, | Galaxy pair[148] | |
306 | Galaxy group with two galaxy pairs[149] | |
, | Galaxy pair[150] | |
NGC 545, NGC 547 | Galaxy pair[151] | |
, | Galaxy pair[152] | |
310 | Galaxy pair[153] |
Groups of galaxies[]
Arp Number | Common Name | Description |
---|---|---|
and Companions | ||
+ | ||
+ + | ||
+ + | ||
+ NGC 3190 + | ||
317 | Leo Triplet | |
and companions | ||
319 | Stephan's Quintet | |
A-E |
Chains of galaxies[]
Arp Number | Common Name | Description |
---|---|---|
A-D | ||
ESO601-G018A+B and | ||
; A-D | ||
; | ||
I Zw 167; | ||
NGC 379 and companions (Pisces Cloud) | ||
+ + + |
Miscellaneous[]
Arp Number | Common Name | Description |
---|---|---|
336 | NGC 2685 | |
337 | Messier 82 | |
Brightest Arp galaxies for amateur astronomers[]
Maynard Pittendreigh, an amateur astronomer and occasional writer, has compiled a list of the brightest Arp Galaxies that are most easily viewed by typical amateur astronomers. The galaxies on the list can be observed visually and do not require special photographic or imaging equipment. These include:
- Arp 26, also known as M101
- Arp 37, also known as M77
- Arp 76, also known as M90
- Arp 77
- Arp 85, also known as M51
- Arp 116, also known as M60
- Arp 120
- Arp 152, also known as M87
- Arp 153
- Arp 168, also known as M32
- Arp 244
- Arp 269
- Arp 270
- Arp 271
- Arp 281
- Arp 286
- Arp 317, also known as M65
- Arp 313
- Arp 337, also known as M82
See also[]
- Index Catalogue (IC)
- Messier object (M)
- New General Catalogue (NGC)
- Uppsala General Catalogue (UGC)
Further reading[]
- J. Kanipe, D. Webb The Arp Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, A Chronicle and Observer's Guide, Willmann-Bell Inc. (2006) ISBN 978-0-943396-76-7
References[]
- Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies courtesy of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Retrieved on 2006-07-03, 2006-07-12, 2006-07-14, 2006-07-16, 2006-07-17, 2006-07-18, 2006-07-19, 2006-07-20, 2006-07-24, 2006-07-25, 2006-07-26, 2006-07-27, 2006-07-31, 2006-08-02, 2006-08-08, 2006-08-10, 2006-08-13.
- NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database General information retrieval on individual Arp objects. Retrieved on 2006-07-03, 2006-07-12, 2006-07-14, 2006-07-16, 2006-07-17, 2006-07-18, 2006-07-19, 2006-07-20, 2006-07-24, 2006-07-25, 2006-07-26, 2006-07-27, 2006-07-31, 2006-08-02, 2006-08-08, 2006-08-10, 2006-08-13.
External links[]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arp galaxies. |
Notes[]
- ^ Arp, Halton (1966). Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies. Pasadena, California: California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 5 Jan 2010. (online version, including Arp's original tabular data, and PDF link)
- ^ Jump up to: a b Halton Arp, Seeing Red: Redshift, Cosmology and Academic Science, Aperion, Montreal (August 1998), pp. 14, 61-62, 72, 104-105 ISBN 0-9683689-0-5
- ^ Jump up to: a b "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 2857. Retrieved 2006-07-16.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n A. Sandage, J. Bedke (1994). Carnegie Atlas of Galaxies. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington. ISBN 0-87279-667-1.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 6365. Retrieved 2006-07-12.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for IC 167. Retrieved 2006-07-12.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for UGC 10770. Retrieved 2006-07-12.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 45. Retrieved 2006-07-14.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 99. Retrieved 2006-07-17.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 103. Retrieved 2006-07-18.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 111. Retrieved 2006-07-18.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 70. Retrieved 2006-07-19.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 115. Retrieved 2006-07-19.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 2914. Retrieved 2006-07-20.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 4015. Retrieved 2006-07-20.
- ^ Jump up to: a b R. Lynds, A. Toomre (1976). "On the interpretation of ring galaxies : the binary ring system II Hz4". Astrophysical Journal. 209: 328–388. Bibcode:1976ApJ...209..382L. doi:10.1086/154730.
- ^ "Hubble spots galaxies in close encounter". ESA/Hubble Press Release. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 139. Retrieved 2006-07-20.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 140. Retrieved 2006-07-20.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 141. Retrieved 2006-07-20.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 142. Retrieved 2006-07-20.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 143. Retrieved 2006-07-20.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 144. Retrieved 2006-07-20.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 145. Retrieved 2006-07-20.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 151. Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for M87. Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for IC 803. Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 7609. Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 4747. Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 5128. Retrieved 2006-07-24.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 4670. Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 169. Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 175. Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 176. Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 178. Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 180. Retrieved 2006-07-26.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 181. Retrieved 2006-07-26.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 182. Retrieved 2006-07-26.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for UGC 8560. Retrieved 2006-07-26.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 1961. Retrieved 2006-07-26.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 6217. Retrieved 2006-07-26.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 1614. Retrieved 2006-07-26.
- ^ "NGC 4651: The Umbrella Galaxy". Astronomy Picture of the Day. Archived from the original on 17 April 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for UGC 2320. Retrieved 2006-07-26.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for UGC 6175. Retrieved 2006-07-26.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC3303. Retrieved 2006-07-26.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 3712. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 194. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 195. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 196. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 197. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 198. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 199. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 1134. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 201. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 202. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 204. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 205. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 206. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 207. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 208. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 209. Retrieved 2006-07-28.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 1569. Retrieved 2006-07-28.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for UGCA 290. Retrieved 2006-07-28.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 7625. Retrieved 2006-07-28.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for IC 356. Retrieved 2006-07-28.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 3718. Retrieved 2006-07-28.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 216. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 3310. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 218. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 219. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 221. Retrieved 2006-07-31.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 227. Retrieved 2006-07-31.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for IC 162. Retrieved 2006-07-31.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 229. Retrieved 2006-07-31.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for IC 51. Retrieved 2006-07-31.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 2911. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for UGC 5720. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 3738. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 14. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for IC 1623. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for UGC 5044. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for UGC 8355. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 239. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 240. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for UGC 9425. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 4676. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 2623. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 244. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 245. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 246. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for UGC 4383. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 248. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for UGC 12891. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 251. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 252. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 253. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 5917. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for UGC 5304. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 256. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for UGC 4836. Retrieved 2006-08-07.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for UGC 2140. Retrieved 2006-08-07.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 7140. Retrieved 2006-08-07.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for UGC 7230. Retrieved 2006-08-07.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 261. Retrieved 2006-08-07.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 262. Retrieved 2006-08-07.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 3239. Retrieved 2006-08-07.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 3104. Retrieved 2006-08-07.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for IC 3862. Retrieved 2006-08-07.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 4861. Retrieved 2006-08-07.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for UGC 5746. Retrieved 2006-08-07.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for UGC 4305. Retrieved 2006-08-07.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 5679. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 269. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 270. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 271. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for UGC 10186. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 273. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 2881. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 276. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 277. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 7253. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 279. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 280. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 281. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 282. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 283. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 284. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 285. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
- ^ Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (13 August 2010). "Arp 286: Trio in Virgo". Astronomy Picture of the Day. NASA.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 287. Retrieved 2006-08-13.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 288. Retrieved 2006-08-13.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 3981. Retrieved 2006-08-13.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 290. Retrieved 2006-08-13.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for UGC 5832. Retrieved 2006-08-13.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for IC 575. Retrieved 2006-08-13.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 293. Retrieved 2006-08-13.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 294. Retrieved 2006-08-13.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 295. Retrieved 2006-08-13.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 297. Retrieved 2006-08-13.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 298. Retrieved 2006-08-21.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 299. Retrieved 2006-08-21.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 300. Retrieved 2006-08-21.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 301. Retrieved 2006-08-21.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for UGC 9618. Retrieved 2006-08-21.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 303. Retrieved 2006-08-21.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 304. Retrieved 2006-08-21.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 305. Retrieved 2006-08-21.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 306. Retrieved 2006-08-21.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 307. Retrieved 2006-08-21.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 308. Retrieved 2006-08-21.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 309. Retrieved 2006-08-21.
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Arp 310. Retrieved 2006-08-21.
- Arp objects
- Astronomical catalogues of galaxies
- Peculiar galaxies