Aulacus

Aulacus
	Aulacus sp.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Aulacidae
Genus:	Aulacus; Jurine, 1807
Synonyms
	Aulacinus Westwood, 1868 ; Disaulacinus Kieffer, 1910 ; Disphaeron Dahlbom, 1837 ; Micraulacinus Kieffer, 1910 ; Neuraulacinus Kieffer, 1910 ; Pammegischia Provancher, 1882 ; Parafoenus Kieffer, 1910 ; Pycnaulacus Cushman, 1929 ;

Aulacus is a genus of aulacids, ensigns, and gasteruptiids in the family Aulacidae. There are 77 species of Aulacus.^[3]^[4]

Taxonomy and phylogeny[]

This genus was originally described in 1807 by Louis Jurine.^[5] It it currently one of two extant genera within the family Aulacidae along with its sister genus, Pristaulacus.^[6]

As presently defined, the genus Aulacus has been noted by Turrisi et al. in 2009 as not representing a monophyletic group, instead being a paraphyletic assemblage of species with respect to Pristaulacus. Their research also concluded the need for further studies to split the genus into several monophyletic genera.^[7]

Description and identification[]

Aulacus are generally small auladic wasps. The head lacks an occipital carina, and the tarsal claws are simple.^[8] The forewing has vein 2r-m present in contrast to the genus Pristaulacus, which lacks this vein.^[9]

Distribution[]

The genus Aulacus has a nearly worldwide distribution apart from the Afrotropics and Antarctica.^[1]^[4]

Behavior[]

While little is known about the biology of the genus as a whole, many species are known to be koinobiont parasitoids of beetles or wood wasps.^[6]

Species[]

The following are 72 of the described species belong to the genus Aulacus:

(Kieffer, 1911)^{i c g}
(Roman, 1917)^{i c g}
Walkley, 1952^{i c g}
(Girault, 1926)^{i c g}
(Kieffer, 1911)^{i c g}
Jennings, Austin & Stevens, 2004^{i c g}
(Szépligeti, 1903)^{i c g}
Cameron, 1899^{i c g}
(Kieffer, 1911)^{i c g}
(Szépligeti, 1903)^{i c g}
(Kieffer, 1911)^{i c g}
(Cushman, 1929)^{i c g}
Smith, 2005^{i c g}
Aulacus burquei (Provancher, 1882)^{i c g b}
Jennings, Austin & Stevens, 2004^{i c g}
Smith, 2005^{i c g}
Jennings, Austin & Stevens, 2004^{i c g}
(Kieffer, 1904)^{i c g}
Kuroda, Konishi, Turrisi & Yamasako, 2020^j
Townes, 1950^{i c g}
Aulacus dispilis Townes, 1950^{i c g b}
Jennings, Austin & Stevens, 2004^{i c g}
(Kieffer, 1911)^{i c g}
Jennings, Austin & Stevens, 2004^{i c g}
Nel, Waller & De Ploëg, 2004^{i c g}
He & Chen, 2002^{i c g}
(Kieffer, 1911)^{i c g}
(Kieffer, 1911)^{i c g}
Alekseev, 1986^{i c g j}
(Kieffer, 1911)^{i c g}
Jennings, Austin & Stevens, 2004^{i c g}
(Smith, 2001)^{i c g}
† (Brues, 1933)^{i c g}
Cameron, 1911^{i c g}
Schletterer, 1890^{i c g}
(Kieffer, 1904)^{i c g}
Jennings, Austin & Stevens, 2004^{i c g}
Jennings, Austin & Stevens, 2004^{i c g}
Westwood, 1841^{i g}
Smith, 1991^{i c g j}
Konishi, 1990^{i c g j}
Alekseev, 1993^{i c g}
Schletterer, 1890^{i c g}
Elgueta & Lanfranco, 1994^{i c g}
Sundukov & Lelej, 2015
(Kieffer, 1911)^{i c g}
(Ashmead, 1901)^{i c g}
Kuroda, Kikuchi & Konishi, 2016 ^j
Chen, Turrisi & Xu, 2016^z
Jennings, Austin & Stevens, 2004^{i c g}
Crosskey, 1953^{i c g}
Westwood, 1868^{i c g}
(Kieffer, 1911)^{i c g}
(Szépligeti, 1903)^{i c g}
Smith, 2005^{i c g}
(Cameron, 1911)^{i c g}
Cresson, 1879^{i c g}
Schletterer, 1890^{i c g}
(Kieffer, 1916)^{i c g}
(Szépligeti, 1903)^{i c g}
† (Brues, 1933)^{i c g}
(Szépligeti, 1903)^{i c g}
Smith, 1996^{i c g}
Turrisi, 2005^{i c g}
Kuroda, Konishi, Turrisi & Yamasako, 2020^j
He & Chen, 2007 ^j
Jurine, 1807^{i c g}
Westwood, 1841^{i c g}
(Kieffer, 1911)^{i c g}
Turrisi & Konishi, 2011 ^j
(Kieffer, 1911)^{i c g}
Kieffer, 1912^{i c g}

Data sources: i = ITIS,^[10] c = Catalogue of Life,^[11] g = GBIF,^[12] b = Bugguide.net,^[13] z = Revision of Chinese Aulacidae,^[4] j = Revisional Study of Japan,^[6] r = Aulacidae in the Russian Far East^[14]

Nomina nuda[]

There are additionally 4 species names that are considered nomina nuda in Smith's catalog of species.^[1]

Tournier, 1911
Tournier, 1911
Giraud, 1868
Tournier, 1911

References[]

^ ^a ^b ^c Smith, David R. (2001). "World catalog of the family Aulacidae (Hymenoptera)". Contributions on Entomology, International. 4 (3): 261–320. ISSN 1084-0745.
^ Poole, R.W. & P. Gentili, 1996. Hymenoptera, Mecoptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera, Raphidioptera, Trichoptera. Nomina Insecta Nearctica: A Check List of the Insects of North America. Vol 2. ISBN 1-889002-02-X
^ Añino Ramos, Yostin Jesús (2018). Sistemática y taxonomía de avispas Aulacidae, Gasteruptiidae y Stephanidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) de Panamá (Thesis). University of Panama. pp. 1–48. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.15482.39365. Retrieved 2022-01-16.
^ ^a ^b ^c Chen, Hua-yan; Turrisi, Giuseppe Fabrizio; Xu, Zai-fu (2016). "A revision of the Chinese Aulacidae (Hymenoptera, Evanioidea)". ZooKeys (587): 77–124. doi:10.3897/zookeys.587.7207. PMC 4926709. PMID 27408528.
^ Jurine, Louis (1807). Nouvelle Méthode de Classer les Hyménoptères et les Diptères. Hyménoptères. Tome Premier. Genève: J. J. Paschoud. pp. 319 pp. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.60886.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kuroda, Keita; Konishi, Kazuhiko; Turrisi, Giuseppe Fabrizio; Yamasako, Junsuke (2020). "A revisional study of the genus Aulacus Jurine (Hymenoptera: Aulacidae) of Japan". Zootaxa. 4830 (1): 161–185. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4830.1.7. PMID 33056256. S2CID 222835969.
^ Turrisi, G.F.; Jennings, J.T; Vilhelmsen, L. (2009). "Phylogeny and generic concepts in the parasitoid wasp family Aulacidae (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea)". Invertebrate Systematics. 23 (1): 27–59. doi:10.1071/IS08031.
^ Smith, David R. (1996). "Aulacidae (Hymenoptera) in the mid-Atlantic states, with a key to species of eastern North America". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 98 (2): 274–291. Retrieved 2022-01-16.
^ Smith, David R. (2008). "Aulacidae of the southwestern United States, Mexico, and Central America". Beiträge zur Entomologie. 58 (2): 267–355. doi:10.21248/contrib.entomol.58.2.267-355. Retrieved 2022-01-16.
^ "Aulacus Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2018-05-03.
^ "Catalogue of Life". Retrieved 2018-05-03.
^ "Aulacus". GBIF. Retrieved 2018-05-03.
^ "Aulacus Genus Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2018-05-03.
^ Sundukov, Yu N; Lelej, A.S. (2015). "Review of the family Aulacidae (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea) in the Russian Far East". Euroasian Entomological Journal. 14 (2): 107–118. Retrieved 2022-01-16.

External links[]

Media related to Aulacus at Wikimedia Commons

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[catalog-1] Smith, David R. (2001). "World catalog of the family Aulacidae (Hymenoptera)". Contributions on Entomology, International. 4 (3): 261–320. ISSN 1084-0745.

[nearctica-2] Poole, R.W. & P. Gentili, 1996. Hymenoptera, Mecoptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera, Raphidioptera, Trichoptera. Nomina Insecta Nearctica: A Check List of the Insects of North America. Vol 2. ISBN 1-889002-02-X

[3] Añino Ramos, Yostin Jesús (2018). Sistemática y taxonomía de avispas Aulacidae, Gasteruptiidae y Stephanidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) de Panamá (Thesis). University of Panama. pp. 1–48. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.15482.39365. Retrieved 2022-01-16.

[revision-4] Chen, Hua-yan; Turrisi, Giuseppe Fabrizio; Xu, Zai-fu (2016). "A revision of the Chinese Aulacidae (Hymenoptera, Evanioidea)". ZooKeys (587): 77–124. doi:10.3897/zookeys.587.7207. PMC 4926709. PMID 27408528.

[5] Jurine, Louis (1807). Nouvelle Méthode de Classer les Hyménoptères et les Diptères. Hyménoptères. Tome Premier. Genève: J. J. Paschoud. pp. 319 pp. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.60886.

[Japan-6] Kuroda, Keita; Konishi, Kazuhiko; Turrisi, Giuseppe Fabrizio; Yamasako, Junsuke (2020). "A revisional study of the genus Aulacus Jurine (Hymenoptera: Aulacidae) of Japan". Zootaxa. 4830 (1): 161–185. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4830.1.7. PMID 33056256. S2CID 222835969.

[Turrisi_et_al._2009-7] Turrisi, G.F.; Jennings, J.T; Vilhelmsen, L. (2009). "Phylogeny and generic concepts in the parasitoid wasp family Aulacidae (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea)". Invertebrate Systematics. 23 (1): 27–59. doi:10.1071/IS08031.

[mid-Atlantic-8] Smith, David R. (1996). "Aulacidae (Hymenoptera) in the mid-Atlantic states, with a key to species of eastern North America". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 98 (2): 274–291. Retrieved 2022-01-16.

[9] Smith, David R. (2008). "Aulacidae of the southwestern United States, Mexico, and Central America". Beiträge zur Entomologie. 58 (2): 267–355. doi:10.21248/contrib.entomol.58.2.267-355. Retrieved 2022-01-16.

[itis-10] "Aulacus Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2018-05-03.

[catlife-11] "Catalogue of Life". Retrieved 2018-05-03.

[gbif-12] "Aulacus". GBIF. Retrieved 2018-05-03.

[bugref-13] "Aulacus Genus Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2018-05-03.

[Russian-14] Sundukov, Yu N; Lelej, A.S. (2015). "Review of the family Aulacidae (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea) in the Russian Far East". Euroasian Entomological Journal. 14 (2): 107–118. Retrieved 2022-01-16.

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Aulacus

Aulacus sp.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Aulacidae
Genus:	Aulacus Jurine, 1807
Synonyms^[1]^[2]
Aulacinus Westwood, 1868 Disaulacinus Kieffer, 1910 Disphaeron Dahlbom, 1837 Micraulacinus Kieffer, 1910 Neuraulacinus Kieffer, 1910 Pammegischia Provancher, 1882 Parafoenus Kieffer, 1910 Pycnaulacus Cushman, 1929