Australian Open

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the tennis tournament. For other uses, see Australian Open (disambiguation).
"Australian Championships" and "Australasian Championships" redirect here. For the track and field event, see Australian Athletics Championships and Australasian Athletics Championships.
"AO Tennis" redirects here. For the video game, see AO Tennis (video game).

Australian Open
Australian Open Logo 2017.svg
Official website
Founded1905; 116 years ago (1905)
Editions109 (2021)
LocationMelbourne (since 1972)
Australia
VenueMelbourne Park (since 1988)
SurfaceHard – outdoors[a][b] (since 1988)
Grass – outdoors (1905–1987)
Prize moneyA$71,000,000 (2020)
Men's
Draw128S (128Q) / 64D (16Q)[c]
Current championsNovak Djokovic (singles)
Ivan Dodig
Filip Polášek (doubles)
Most singles titlesNovak Djokovic (9)
Most doubles titlesAdrian Quist (10)
Women's
Draw128S (128Q) / 64D (16Q)
Current championsNaomi Osaka (singles)
Elise Mertens
Aryna Sabalenka (doubles)
Most singles titlesMargaret Court (11)
Most doubles titlesThelma Coyne Long (12)
Mixed doubles
Draw32
Current championsBarbora Krejčíková
Rajeev Ram
Most titles (male)4
Harry Hopman
Colin Long
Most titles (female)4
Daphne Akhurst Cozens
Nell Hall Hopman
Nancye Wynne Bolton
Thelma Coyne Long
Grand Slam
Last completed
2021 Australian Open

The Australian Open is a tennis tournament held annually over the last fortnight of January at Melbourne Park in Melbourne, Australia. The tournament is the first of the four Grand Slam tennis events held each year, preceding the French Open, Wimbledon, and the US Open. It features men's and women's singles; men's, women's, and mixed doubles; junior's championships; and wheelchair, legends, and exhibition events. Before 1988, it was played on grass courts, but since then three types of hardcourt surfaces have been used: green-coloured Rebound Ace up to 2007, blue Plexicushion from 2008 to 2019, and blue GreenSet since 2020.[1][2]

First held in 1905 as the Australasian championships, the Australian Open has grown to become one of the biggest sporting events in the Southern Hemisphere.[3] Nicknamed "the happy slam",[4] the tournament is the highest attended Grand Slam event, with more than 812,000 people attending the 2020 tournament. It was also the first Grand Slam tournament to feature indoor play during wet weather or extreme heat with its three primary courts, Rod Laver Arena, John Cain Arena and the refurbished Margaret Court Arena equipped with retractable roofs.

History[]

The Australian Open is managed by Tennis Australia, formerly the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia (LTAA), and was first played at the Warehouseman's Cricket Ground in Melbourne in November 1905. The facility is now known as the Albert Reserve Tennis Centre, and was a grass court.[5]

The tournament was first known as the Australasian Championships. It became the Australian Championships in 1927. Then, in 1969, it became the Australian Open.[6] Since 1905, the Australian Open has been staged in five Australian cities: Melbourne (55 times), Sydney (17 times), Adelaide (14 times), Brisbane (7 times), Perth (3 times), and two New Zealand cities: Christchurch (1906) and Hastings (1912).[6]

Though started in 1905, the tournament was not designated as being a major championship until 1924, by the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) at a 1923 meeting. The tournament committee changed the structure of the tournament to include seeding at that time.[7] In the period of 1916–1918, no tournament was organized due to World War I.[8]

During World War II, the tournament was not held in the period from 1941–1945.[9] In 1972, it was decided to stage the tournament in Melbourne each year because it attracted the biggest patronage of any Australian city.[5] The tournament was played at the Kooyong Lawn Tennis Club from 1972 until its move to the new Melbourne Park complex in 1988.

The new facilities at Melbourne Park (formerly Flinders Park) were envisaged to meet the demands of a tournament that had outgrown Kooyong's capacity. The move to Melbourne Park was an immediate success, with a 90 percent increase in attendance in 1988 (266,436) on the previous year at Kooyong (140,000).[10]

Because of Australia's geographic remoteness, very few foreign players entered this tournament in the early 20th century. In the 1920s, the trip by ship from Europe to Australia took about 45 days. The first tennis players who came by boats were the US Davis Cup players in November 1946.[10] Even inside Australia, many players could not travel easily. When the tournament was held in Perth, no one from Victoria or New South Wales crossed by train, a distance of about 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) between the East and West coasts. In Christchurch in 1906, of a small field of 10 players, only two Australians attended and the tournament was won by a New Zealander.[11]

Rod Laver Arena.

The first tournaments of the Australasian Championships suffered from the competition of the other Australasian tournaments. Before 1905, all Australian states, and New Zealand, had their own championships; the first being organised in 1880 in Melbourne and called the Championship of the Colony of Victoria (later the Championship of Victoria).[12] In those years, the best two players – Australian Norman Brookes (whose name is now written on the men's singles cup) and New Zealander Anthony Wilding – almost did not play this tournament.

Brookes took part once and won in 1911, and Wilding entered and won the competition twice (1906 and 1909). Their meetings in the Victorian Championships (or at Wimbledon) helped to determine the best Australasian players. Even when the Australasian Championships were held in Hastings, New Zealand, in 1912, Wilding, though three times Wimbledon champion, did not come back to his home country. It was a recurring problem for all players of the era. Brookes went to Europe only three times, where he reached the Wimbledon Challenge Round once and then won Wimbledon twice.

Thus, many players had never played the Austral(as)ian amateur or open championships: the Doherty brothers, William Larned, Maurice McLoughlin, Beals Wright, Bill Johnston, Bill Tilden, René Lacoste, Henri Cochet, Bobby Riggs, Jack Kramer, Ted Schroeder, Pancho Gonzales, Budge Patty, and others, while Brookes, Ellsworth Vines, Jaroslav Drobný, came just once. Even in the 1960s and 1970s, when travel was less difficult, leading players such as Manuel Santana, Jan Kodeš, Manuel Orantes, Ilie Năstase (who only came once, when 35 years old) and Björn Borg came rarely or not at all.

Margaret Court Arena at the Australian Open with the old Rebound Ace surface. Rod Laver Arena, the centre court, in the background.

Beginning in 1969, when the first Australian Open was held on the Milton Courts at Brisbane, the tournament was open to all players, including professionals who were not allowed to play the traditional circuit.[13] Nevertheless, except for the 1969 and 1971 tournaments, many of the best players missed this championship until 1982, because of the remoteness, the inconvenient dates (around Christmas and New Year's Day) and the low prize money. In 1970, George MacCall's National Tennis League, which employed Rod Laver, Ken Rosewall, Andrés Gimeno, Pancho Gonzales, Roy Emerson and Fred Stolle, prevented its players from entering the tournament because the guarantees were insufficient. The tournament was won by Arthur Ashe.[14]

In 1983, Ivan Lendl, John McEnroe and Mats Wilander entered the tournament. Wilander won the singles title[15] and both his Davis Cup singles rubbers in the Swedish loss to Australia at Kooyong shortly after.[16] Following the 1983 Australian Open, the International Tennis Federation prompted the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia to change the site of the tournament, because the Kooyong stadium was then inappropriate to serve such a big event. In 1988 the tournament was first held at Flinders Park (later renamed Melbourne Park).[17] The change of the venue also led to a change of the court surface from grass to a hard court surface known as Rebound Ace.[18]

Mats Wilander was the only player to win the tournament on both grass and hard courts. In 2008, after being used for 20 years, the Rebound Ace was replaced by a cushioned, medium-paced,[19] acrylic surface known as Plexicushion Prestige. Roger Federer and Serena Williams are the only players to win the Australian Open on both Rebound Ace and Plexicushion Prestige. The main benefits of the new surface are better consistency and less retention of heat because of a thinner top layer.[18] This change was accompanied by changes in the surfaces of all lead-up tournaments to the Australian Open. The change was controversial because of the new surface's similarity to DecoTurf, the surface used by the US Open.[20]

Before the Melbourne Park stadium era, tournament dates fluctuated as well, in particular in the early years because of the climate of each site or exceptional events. For example, the 1919 tournament was held in January 1920 (the 1920 tournament was played in March) and the 1923 tournament in Brisbane took place in August when the weather was not too hot and wet. After a first 1977 tournament was held in December 1976 – January 1977, the organisers chose to move the next tournament forward a few days, then a second 1977 tournament was played (ended on 31 December), but this failed to attract the best players.

From 1982 to 1985, the tournament was played in mid-December. Then it was decided to move the next tournament to mid-January (January 1987), which meant no tournament was organized in 1986. Since 1987, the Australian Open date has not changed. Some top players, including Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal, have said in the past that the tournament is held too soon after the Christmas and New Year holidays, and expressed a desire to consider shifting the tournament to February.[21] Such a change, however, would move the tournament outside the summer school holiday period, potentially impacting attendance figures.

See also: Melbourne Park § Redevelopments

New South Wales and overseas authorities proposed becoming the new hosts of the tournament in 2008, though such a move never materialised.[22][23] In any case, it was around this time the Melbourne Park precinct commenced upgrades which enhanced facilities for players and spectators. Notably a retractable roof was placed over Margaret Court Arena, making the Open the first of the four Grand Slams to have retractable roofs available on three of their main courts.[24] The player and administrative facilities, as well as access points for spectators, were improved and the tournament site expanded its footprint out of Melbourne Park into nearby Birrarung Marr.[25] A fourth major show court, seating 5,000 people is expected to be completed by late 2021.[26]

In December 2018, tournament organisers announced the Australian Open would follow the examples set by Wimbledon and the US Open and introduce tie-breaks in the final sets of men's and women's singles matches. Unlike Wimbledon and the US Open, which initiate conventional tie-breaks at 12-12 games and 6-6 games respectively, the Australian Open utilises a first to 10 points breaker at 6 games all.[27]

In 2020, the tournament organisers decided to replace the official court manufacturer to GreenSet, though retained the iconic blue cushioned acrylic hardcourt.[28]

In 2021, in an effort to reduce the number of staff on-site due to the COVID-19 pandemic, tournament director Craig Tiley announced the introduction of a live electronic line calls system. Instead of line judges, movement-activated and pre-recorded voices were used for the calls "Out", "Foot Fault" and "Fault" in all courts.[29] This technology was developed by Hawk-Eye Live and the tournament was the first Grand Slam to use it.[30]

Courts[]

The Australian Open is played at Melbourne Park, which is located in the Melbourne Sports and Entertainment Precinct; the event moved to this site in 1988. Currently three of the courts have retractable roofs, allowing play to continue during rain and extreme heat. As of 2017, spectators can also observe play at Show Courts 2 and 3, which have capacities of 3,000 each,[31] as well as at Courts 4–15, 19 and 20 with the aid of temporary seating grandstands of capacity anywhere from 50 to 2,500.[32]

Construction of a new 5,000 seat capacity stadium began in 2019 as part of a $271 million redevelopment of the precinct.[33]

Between 2008 and 2019, all of the courts used during the Australian Open were hard courts with Plexicushion acrylic surfaces (though Melbourne Park does have eight practice clay courts these are not used for the tournament). This replaced the Rebound Ace surface used from the opening of Melbourne Park. The ITF rated the surface's speed as medium.[34] In 2020, the courts were switched to GreenSet, though retained their distinctive blue appearance.

Court Opened Capacity Arena Roof Ref.
Rod Laver Arena Rod Laver Arena 2015 Australian Open.jpg 1988 14,820 Retractable [35]
John Cain Arena Hisense Arena January 2016.jpg 2000 10,500 Retractable [36]
Margaret Court Arena
(Formerly Show Court 1) 		Margaret Court Arena (Australian Open 2017).jpg 1988 7,500 Retractable [37]
Show Court Arena
(Provisional name – under construction) 		No image.png Late 2021 5,000 No [38]
Show Court 2
(1573 Arena) 		Show Court 2 Melbourne Park 2020.jpg 1988 3,000 No [39]
Show Court 3 Show Court 3 Melbourne Park 2020.jpg 1988 3,000 No [39]

Ranking points[]

Ranking points for the men (ATP) and women (WTA) have varied at the Australian Open through the years but presently players receive the following points:

Event W F SF QF 4R 3R 2R 1R Q Q3 Q2 Q1
Singles Men 2000 1200 720 360 180 90 45 10 25 16 8 0
Women 2000 1300 780 430 240 130 70 10 40 30 20 2
Doubles Men 2000 1200 720 360 180 90 0 – – – – –
Women 2000 1300 780 430 240 130 10 – – – – –

Prize money and trophies[]

The prize money awarded in the men's and women's singles tournaments is distributed equally. The total prize money for the 2021 tournament in Australian dollars is AUD $80,000,000.[40] The prize money distribution is as follows:[d]

AO 2021 W F SF QF 4R 3R 2R 1R Q3 Q2 Q1
Singles A$2,750,000 A$1,500,000 A$850,000 A$525,000 A$320,000 A$215,000 A$150,000 A$100,000 A$52,500 A$35,000 A$25,000
Doubles A$600,000 A$340,000 A$200,000 A$110,000 A$65,000 A$45,000 A$30,000 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Mixed Doubles A$150,000 A$85,000 A$45,000 A$24,000 A$12,000 A$6,250 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Doubles prize money is per team.

Trophies[]

The names of the tournament winners are inscribed on the perpetual trophy cups.

  • The women's singles winner is presented with the Daphne Akhurst Memorial Cup.[41]
  • The men's singles winner is presented with the Norman Brookes Challenge Cup.

Champions[]

Former champions[]

Current champions[]

2021 Australian Open

  • Novak Djokovic, 2021 Men's Singles champion. It was his eighteenth Grand Slam title and his ninth at the Australian Open.

  • Naomi Osaka, 2021 Women's Singles champion. It was her fourth Grand Slam title and her second at the Australian Open.

  • Ivan Dodig was part of the 2021 winning Men's Doubles team . It was his fifth Grand Slam title and first at the Australian Open.

  • Filip Polášek was part of the 2021 winning Men's Doubles team. It was his first Grand Slam title.

  • Elise Mertens was part of the 2021 winning Women's Doubles team. It was her second Grand Slam title and first at the Australian Open.

  • Aryna Sabalenka was part of the 2021 winning Women's Doubles team. It was her second Grand Slam title and first at the Australian Open.

  • Barbora Krejčíková was part of the 2021 winning Mixed Doubles team. It was her fifth Grand Slam title and third straight at the Australian Open.

  • Rajeev Ram was part of the 2021 winning Mixed Doubles team. It was his third Grand Slam title and second at the Australian Open.

Most recent finals[]

2021 Event Champion Runner-up Score
Men's Singles Serbia Novak Djokovic Russia Daniil Medvedev 7–5, 6–2, 6–2
Women's Singles Japan Naomi Osaka United States Jennifer Brady 6–4, 6–3
Men's Doubles Croatia Ivan Dodig
Slovakia Filip Polášek		 United States Rajeev Ram
United Kingdom Joe Salisbury		 6–3, 6–4
Women's Doubles Belgium Elise Mertens
Belarus Aryna Sabalenka		 Czech Republic Barbora Krejčíková
Czech Republic Kateřina Siniaková		 6–2, 6–3
Mixed Doubles Czech Republic Barbora Krejčíková
United States Rajeev Ram		 Australia Samantha Stosur
Australia Matthew Ebden		 6–1, 6–4

Records[]

Novak Djokovic, the all-time record holder in men's singles.
Margaret Court, the all-time record holder in women's singles.
  • Unlike the other three Grand Slam tournaments, which became open in 1968, the Australian tournament opened to professionals in 1969.[42]
Record Era Player(s) Count Years
Men since 1905
Most Singles titles Open Era Serbia Novak Djokovic 9 2008, 2011–2013, 2015–2016, 2019–2021
Pre-Open Era Australia Roy Emerson 6 1961, 1963–1967
Most consecutive Singles titles Open Era Serbia Novak Djokovic 3 2011–2013, 2019–2021
Pre-Open Era Australia Roy Emerson 5 1963–1967
Most Doubles titles Open Era United States Bob Bryan
United States Mike Bryan 		6 2006–2007, 2009–2011, 2013
Pre-Open Era Australia Adrian Quist 10 1936–1940, 1946–1950
Most consecutive Doubles titles Open Era United States Bob Bryan
United States Mike Bryan 		3 2009–2011
Pre-Open Era Australia Adrian Quist 10 1936–1940, 1946–1950[43]
Most Mixed Doubles titles Open Era United States Jim Pugh
India Leander Paes
Canada Daniel Nestor 		3 1988–1990
2003, 2010, 2015
2007, 2011, 2014
Pre-Open Era Australia Harry Hopman
Australia Colin Long 		4 1930, 1936–1937, 1939
1940, 1946–1948
Most Championships
(singles, doubles, mixed doubles) 		Open Era Serbia Novak Djokovic 9 2008–2021 (9 men's singles)
Pre-Open Era Australia Adrian Quist 13 1936–1950 (3 singles, 10 men's doubles, 0 mixed doubles)
Women since 1922
Most Singles titles All-time Australia Margaret Court 11 1960–1966, 1969–1971, 1973
Open Era United States Serena Williams 7 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009–2010, 2015, 2017
Pre-Open Era Australia Margaret Court 7 1960–1966
Most consecutive Singles titles Open Era Australia Margaret Court
Australia Evonne Goolagong Cawley
Germany Steffi Graf
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia/Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Monica Seles
Switzerland Martina Hingis 		3 1969–1971
1974–1976
1988–1990
1991–1993
1997–1999
Pre-Open Era Australia Margaret Court 7 1960–1966
Most Doubles titles Pre-Open Era Australia Thelma Coyne Long 12 1936–1940, 1947–1949, 1951–1952, 1956, 1958
Open Era United States Martina Navratilova 8 1980, 1982–1985, 1987–1989
Most consecutive Doubles titles Open Era United States Martina Navratilova
United States Pam Shriver 		7 1982–1985, 1987–1989
Pre-Open Era Australia Thelma Coyne Long
Australia Nancye Wynne Bolton 		5 1936–1940
Most Mixed Doubles titles Open Era Czech Republic Barbora Krejčíková 3 2019–2021
Pre-Open Era Australia Daphne Akhurst Cozens
Australia Nell Hall Hopman
Australia Nancye Wynne Bolton
Australia Thelma Coyne Long 		4 1924–1925, 1928–1929
1930, 1936–1937, 1939
1940, 1946–1948
1951–1952, 1954–1955
Most Championships
(singles, doubles, mixed doubles) 		Open Era United States Martina Navratilova 12 1980–2003 (3 singles, 8 women's doubles, 1 mixed doubles)
Pre-Open Era Australia Nancye Wynne Bolton 20 1936–1952 (6 singles, 10 women's doubles, 4 mixed doubles)
Miscellaneous
Unseeded champions Men Australia Mark Edmondson 1976
Women Australia Chris O'Neil
United States Serena Williams 		1978
2007
Youngest Singles champion Men Australia Ken Rosewall 18 years and 2 months (1953)
Women Switzerland Martina Hingis 16 years and 4 months (1997)
Oldest Singles champion Men Australia Ken Rosewall 37 years and 2 months (1972)
Women Australia Thelma Coyne Long 35 years and 8 months (1954)

Television coverage and attendance[]

Main article: List of Australian Open broadcasters
Panorama of Rod Laver Arena during the 2020 Australian Open

From 1973 to 2018, the Seven Network served as the host broadcaster of the Australian Open. In March 2018, it was announced that the Nine Network had acquired the rights to the tournament beginning in 2020, for a period of five years. The network later bought the rights for the 2019 tournament as well.[44] The Open's broadcast rights are lucrative in the country, as it occurs near the end of the Summer non-ratings season — which gives its broadcaster opportunities to promote their upcoming programming lineup.[45][46]

In Europe the tournament is broadcast on Eurosport. Other broadcasters in the region have included the BBC in the United Kingdom, SRG in Switzerland, NOS in Netherlands and RTS in Serbia. In the United Kingdom, the BBC dropped its live coverage of the 2016 tournament just a month before the start due to budget cuts, leaving Eurosport as the exclusive live broadcaster.[citation needed]

Elsewhere, beIN Sports broadcasts it into the Middle East and Northern Africa, and SuperSport in Sub-Sahara Africa. In the United States, the tournament is broadcast on ESPN2, ESPN3 and the Tennis Channel.[47] The championship matches are televised live on ESPN. While it is broadcast on ESPN International in Central and Latin America. It is broadcast on TSN in Canada.

In Asia-Pacific region, the tournament is broadcast on five television networks in China, including national broadcaster CCTV, provincial networks Beijing TV, Shanghai Dragon TV and Guangdong TV and English language Star Sports, as well as online on iQIYI Sports. Elsewhere in the region, it is broadcast in Japan by national broadcaster NHK, and pay-TV network WOWOW. In the Indian Sub-continent, Sony Six has broadcast since 2015 and, in the rest of Asia, it is broadcast on Fox Sports Asia through to 2021.[48]

Attendance[]

The following record of attendance begins in 1987, when the tournament moved from being held in December to in January (the immediate preceding tournament was December 1985). 1987 was the last year that the Kooyong Tennis Club hosted the tournament; since 1988 it has been held at Melbourne Park. The average growth rate over the period covered below is more than 7%.

a Crowds were permitted to attend only nine of the fourteen days of the tournament and were restricted to between 30% to 50% of overall capacity, due the COVID-19 pandemic.[81]

See also[]

Lists of champions
Other Grand Slam tournaments
  • French Open
  • The Championships, Wimbledon
  • US Open

Notes[]

  1. ^ Rebound Ace was used from 1988 to 2007, Plexicushion was used from 2008 to 2019, and GreenSet since 2020.
  2. ^ Except for Rod Laver Arena, Margaret Court Arena and John Cain Arena during rain delays.
  3. ^ In the main draws, there are 128 singles players (S) and 64 doubles teams (D), and there are 128 and 16 entrants in the respective qualifying (Q) draws.
  4. ^ The winner's prize money approximates to GBP £1,531,000; EUR €1,737,000; USD $2,095,000.
  5. ^ Last Australian Men's Singles champion: Mark Edmondson (1976).
  6. ^ Last Australian Women's Singles champion: Chris O'Neil (1978).

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External links[]

Preceded by
US Open 		Grand Slam Tournament
January 		Succeeded by
French Open

Coordinates: 37°49′18″S 144°58′42″E / 37.82167°S 144.97833°E / -37.82167; 144.97833

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