Automeris io

Io moth
	Female (top) and male (below)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Saturniidae
Genus:	Automeris
Species:	A. io
Binomial name
	Automeris io; (Fabricius, 1775)

Automeris io, the Io moth, is a colorful North American moth in the family Saturniidae. The Io (EYE-oh) moth ranges from the southeast corner of Manitoba and in the southern extremes of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in Canada, and in the US it is found from Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, east of those states and down to the southern end of Florida.^[2] The species was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775.

Adult description[]

Imagines (sexually mature, reproductive stage) have a wingspan of 2.5–3.5 inches (63–88 mm). This species is sexually dimorphic, males having bright yellow forewings, body, and legs, while females have reddish-brown forewings, body, and legs. The males also have much bigger plumose (feathery) antennae than the females. Both have one big black to bluish eyespot with some white in the center, on each hindwing, a defense mechanism meant to frighten off potential predators, especially when the moth is sitting in the head-down position. Adults live 1–2 weeks.

Life cycle[]

Eyespots on a female moth

Io moth caterpillar

Females lay small, white ova in the leaves of host plants, including:

Prunus pensylvanica—pin cherry
Salix—willow
Abies balsamea—balsam fir
Acer rubrum—red maple
Amorpha fruticosa—bastard indigo
Baptisia tinctoria—wild indigo
Carpinus caroliniana—American hornbeam
On peony leaf
Celtis laevigata—sugarberry or southern hackberry
Cephalanthus occidentalis—button-bush
Cercis canadensis—eastern redbud
Chamaecrista fasciculata—showy partridge pea
Comptonia peregrina—sweetfern
Cornus florida—flowering dogwood
Corylus avellana—common hazel
Fagus—beech
Fraxinus—ash
Liquidambar styraciflua—American sweetgum
Quercus—oak
Paeonia—peony

The eggs have large micropyle rosettes that turn black as the fertile eggs develop. They are usually laid in clusters of more than twenty. From the eggs, orange larvae emerge, usually eating their egg shell soon after hatching. They go through five instars, each one being a little different.

Automeris io by Titian Peale, 1833

The caterpillars are gregarious in all their instars, many times traveling in single file processions all over the food plant. As the larvae develop, they will lose their orange color and will turn bright green and urticating, having many spines. These stinging spines have a very painful venom that is released with the slightest touch; a condition known as erucism. The green caterpillars have two lateral stripes, the upper one being bright red and the lower one being white. When the caterpillars are ready, they spin a flimsy, valveless cocoon made from a dark, coarse silk. Some larvae will crawl to the base of the tree and make their cocoons among leaf litter on the ground, while others will use living leaves to wrap their cocoons with. The leaves will turn brown and fall to the ground during autumn, taking the cocoons with them. There they pupate, the pupa being dark brown/black. The pupae of the females are considerably larger than those of the males.

Adult moths normally emerge from their cocoons in late morning or early afternoon. Eclosion (emergence from the cocoon) only takes a few minutes. After eclosing, the moths climb and hang on plants so that their furled wings can be inflated with fluid (hemolymph) pumped from the body. This inflation process takes about twenty minutes.

Adult moths are strictly nocturnal, flying generally only during the first few hours of the night.^[3] The females generally wait until nightfall and then extend a scent gland from the posterior region of the abdomen, in order attract males via wind-borne pheromones. The males use their much bigger antennae to track down the females. After mating, the females lay eggs then wait to die. These moths, like all moths in the family Saturniidae, have vestigial mouthparts and do not eat in the adult stage.