Ballast water discharge and the environment

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A cargo ship discharging ballast water into the sea.
Diagram showing the water pollution of the seas from untreated ballast water discharges

Ballast water discharges by ships can have a negative impact on the marine environment. The discharge of ballast water and sediments by ships is governed globally under the Ballast Water Management Convention, since its entry into force in September 2017. It is also controlled through national regulations, which may be separate from the Convention, such as in the United States.

Cruise ships, large tankers, and bulk cargo carriers use a huge amount of ballast water, which is often taken on in the coastal waters in one region after ships discharge wastewater or unload cargo, and discharged at the next port of call, wherever more cargo is loaded. Ballast water discharge typically contains a variety of biological materials, including plants, animals, viruses, and bacteria. These materials often include non-native, nuisance, exotic species that can cause extensive ecological and economic damage to aquatic ecosystems, along with serious human health issues including death.

Problematic species[]

Main article: Dispersal of invasive species by ballast water

There are hundreds of organisms carried in ballast water that cause problematic ecological effects outside of their natural range. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) lists the ten most unwanted species as:[1]

  • Cholera Vibrio cholerae (various strains)
  • Cladoceran Water Flea Cercopagis pengoi
  • Mitten Crab Eriocheir sinensis
  • Toxic algae (red/brown/green tides) (various species)
  • Round Goby Neogobius melanostomus
  • North American Comb Jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi
  • North Pacific Seastar Asterias amurensis
  • Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha
  • Asian Kelp Undaria pinnatifida
  • European Green Crab Carcinus maenas

Other problematic species include:

Ballast water issues by country[]

New Zealand[]

The ballast tanks in New Zealand carry animals and plants that kill ecosystems. Ballast tanks are only used in cargo ships there. Ballast water is controlled under the Biosecurity Act 1993.

Peru[]

A form of cholera, Vibrio cholerae, previously reported only in Bangladesh apparently arrived via ballast water in Peru in 1991, killing more than 10,000 people over the following three years.[2]

United States[]

Main article: Ballast water regulation in the United States

The zebra mussel, which is native to the Caspian and Black Seas, arrived in Lake St. Clair in the ballast water of a transatlantic freighter in 1988. Within 10 years it had spread to all of the five neighbouring Great Lakes. The economic cost of this introduction has been estimated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service at about $5 billion.

Ballast water discharges are believed to be the leading source of invasive species in U.S. marine waters, thus posing public health and environmental risks, as well as significant economic cost to industries such as water and power utilities, commercial and recreational fisheries, agriculture, and tourism.[3] Studies suggest that the economic cost just from introduction of pest mollusks (zebra mussels, the Asian clam, and others) to U.S. aquatic ecosystems is more than $6 billion per year.[4]

Congress passed the National Invasive Species Act in 1996 in order to regulate ballast water discharges.[5] The Coast Guard issued ballast water regulations in 2012.[6] Under the authority of the Clean Water Act, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published its latest Vessel General Permit in 2013. The permit sets numeric ballast water discharge limits for commercial vessels 79 feet (24 m) in length or greater.[7] EPA issued a separate permit for smaller commercial vessels in 2014.[7][8]

Singapore[]

Among 818 ports in the Pacific region, Singapore alone accounts for an estimated of 26 percent of cross-region (long range) species exchange. Via targeted ballast management on Singapore and a few other "influential" ports, cross-region species exchange to/from the Pacific region can be combinatorially reduced.[9]

IMO convention[]

Main article: Ballast Water Management Convention

To react to the growing concerns about environmental impact of ballast water discharge, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted in 2004 the "International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments" to control the environmental damage from ballast water. The Convention will require all ships to implement a "Ballast water management plan" including a ballast water record book and carrying out ballast water management procedures to a given standard. Guidelines are given for additional measures then the guidelines.

The goals of the convention are to minimise damage to the environment by:

  • Minimise the uptake of organisms during ballasting.
  • Minimising the uptake of sediments during ballasting.
  • Ballast water exchange while at sea (the ship should be minimum 200 nautical miles from shore with a depth of minimum 200 metres and can use the flow through or sequential method). At least 95 percent of the total ballast water should be exchanged.
  • Treatment of the ballast water by chemical or mechanical influences (UV-radiation, filter, deoxygenation, cavitation, ozone…)

Control measures include:

  • International Ballast Water Management Certificate
  • Ballast water management plan
  • Ballast water record book

The IMO convention was ratified by enough countries and entered into force on September 8, 2017.[10]

See also[]

  • Environmental issues with shipping

References[]

  1. ^ "International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments". International Maritime Organization.
  2. ^ Living Beyond Our Means: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Statement from the Board.[full citation needed]
  3. ^ Statement of Catherine Hazlewood, The Ocean Conservancy, “Ballast Water Management: New International Standards and NISA Reauthorization,” Hearing, House Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment, 108th Cong., 2nd sess., March 25, 2004.
  4. ^ David Pimentel, Lori Lach, Rodolfo Zuniga, and Doug Morrison, “Environmental and Economic Costs Associated with Non-indigenous Species in the United States,” presented at AAAS Conference, Anaheim, CA, January 24, 1999.
  5. ^ United States. Pub. L. 104-332. October 26, 1996.
  6. ^ U.S. Coast Guard, Washington, D.C. "Standards for Living Organisms in Ships’ Ballast Water Discharged in U.S. Waters." Federal Register, 77 FR 17254, 2012-03-23.
  7. ^ a b "Vessels Incidental Discharge Permitting". National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2015-12-09.
  8. ^ EPA (2014-09-10). "Final National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Small Vessel General Permit for Discharges Incidental to the Normal Operation of Vessels Less Than 79 Feet." Federal Register. 79 FR 53702.
  9. ^ Xu, Jian; Wickramarathne, Thanuka L.; Chawla, Nitesh V.; Grey, Erin K.; Steinhaeuser, Karsten; Keller, Reuben P.; Drake, John M.; Lodge, David M. (2014). "Improving management of aquatic invasions by integrating shipping network, ecological, and environmental data": 1699–1708. doi:10.1145/2623330.2623364. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ^ "Ballast Water Convention to Enter into Force in 2017". Maritime Executive. 8 September 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.

External links[]

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