Barred spiral galaxy

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NGC 1300, viewed nearly face-on; Hubble Space Telescope image

A barred spiral galaxy is a spiral galaxy with a central bar-shaped structure composed of stars.[1] Bars are found in about half of all spiral galaxies.[2][3] Bars generally affect both the motions of stars and interstellar gas within spiral galaxies and can affect spiral arms as well.[2] The Milky Way Galaxy, where the Solar System is located, is classified as a barred spiral galaxy.[4]

Edwin Hubble classified spiral galaxies of this type as "SB" (spiral, barred) in his Hubble sequence and arranged them into sub-categories based on how open the arms of the spiral are. SBa types feature tightly bound arms, while SBc types are at the other extreme and have loosely bound arms. SBb-type galaxies lie in between the two. SB0 is a barred lenticular galaxy. A new type, SBm, was subsequently created to describe somewhat irregular barred spirals, such as the Magellanic Clouds, which were once classified as irregular galaxies, but have since been found to contain barred spiral structures. Among other types in Hubble's classifications for the galaxies are the spiral galaxy, elliptical galaxy and irregular galaxy.

Bars[]

Further information: Density wave theory § Galactic spiral arms
Barred spiral galaxy IC 5201, located more than 40 million light-years from Earth. It was discovered by Joseph Lunt.[5]

Barred galaxies are apparently predominant, with surveys showing that up to two-thirds of all spiral galaxies contain a bar.[6] The current hypothesis is that the bar structure acts as a type of stellar nursery, fueling star birth at their centers. The bar is thought to act as a mechanism that channels gas inwards from the spiral arms through orbital resonance, in effect funneling the flow to create new stars.[7] This process is also thought to explain why many barred spiral galaxies have active galactic nuclei, such as that seen in the Southern Pinwheel Galaxy.

The creation of the bar is generally thought to be the result of a density wave radiating from the center of the galaxy whose effects reshape the orbits of the inner stars. This effect builds over time to stars orbiting further out, which creates a self-perpetuating bar structure.[8]

Bars are thought to be temporary phenomena in the lives of spiral galaxies; the bar structures decay over time, transforming galaxies from barred spirals to more "regular" spiral patterns. Past a certain size the accumulated mass of the bar compromises the stability of the overall bar structure. Barred spiral galaxies with high mass accumulated in their center tend to have short, stubby bars.[9] Since so many spiral galaxies have bar structures, it is likely that they are recurring phenomena in spiral galaxy development. The oscillating evolutionary cycle from spiral galaxy to barred spiral galaxy is thought to take on the average about two billion years.[10]

Recent studies have confirmed the idea that bars are a sign of galaxies reaching full maturity as the "formative years" end. A 2008 investigation found that only 20 percent of the spiral galaxies in the distant past possessed bars, compared with about 65 percent of their local counterparts.[11]

Milky Way Galaxy spiral arms - based on WISE data.

Grades[]

NGC 7640 is a barred spiral galaxy in the Andromeda constellation.[12]

The general classification is "SB" (spiral barred). The sub-categories are based on how open or tight the arms of the spiral are. SBa types feature tightly bound arms. SBc types are at the other extreme and have loosely bound arms. SBb galaxies lie in between. SBm describes somewhat irregular barred spirals. SB0 is a barred lenticular galaxy.

Examples[]

Example Type Image Information
NGC 2787 SB0 NGC 2787.jpg SB0 is a type of lenticular galaxy
NGC 4314 SBa NGC 4314HST1998-21-b-full.jpg
NGC 4921 SBab NGC 4921 by HST.jpg
Messier 95 SBb Messier95 spitzer.jpg
NGC 3953 SBbc NGC3953HunterWIlson.jpg
NGC 1073 SBc Barred spiral galaxy NGC 1073 (captured by the Hubble Space Telescope).tif
Messier 108 SBcd Messier108.jpg
NGC 2903 SBd NGC 2903 GALEX.jpg
NGC 5398 SBdm NGC 5398SST.jpg SBdm can also be considered a type

of barred Magellanic spiral

NGC 55 SBm Phot-14a-09-fullres.jpg SBm is a type of Magellanic spiral (Sm)

Other examples[]

Name Image Type Constellation
M58 M58s.jpg SBc Virgo
M91 Messier91.jpg SBb Coma Berenices
M95 Messier 95.jpg SBb Leo
M109 Messier object 109.jpg SBb Ursa Major
NGC 1300 Hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-NGC1300.jpg SBbc Eridanus
Bars and Baby Stars - potw2004a.jpg SB(rs)bcpec Pisces
NGC 1365 Phot-08a-99-hires.jpg SBc Fornax
NGC 2217 NGC 2217 ESO.jpg SBa Canis Major
Magellanic Clouds Magellanic Clouds ― Irregular Dwarf Galaxies.jpg SBm Dorado, Tucana
UGC 12158 UGC 12158.jpg SB Pegasus
NGC 1512[13] NGC 1512.jpg SB(r)ab Horologium

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "Barred spiral galaxy". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2018-09-17.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b D. Mihalas (1968). Galactic Astronomy. W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-0326-6.
  3. ^ Timothy Ferris (1998). The Whole Shebang: A State-of-the-Universe(s) Report. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-6848-3861-8.
  4. ^ Gerhard, Ortwin (2002). "Mass distribution in our Galaxy". Space Science Reviews. 100: 129. arXiv:astro-ph/0203110. Bibcode:2002SSRv..100..129G.
  5. ^ "A closer look at IC 5201". www.spacetelescope.org. Archived from the original on 15 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  6. ^ P. B. Eskridge; J. A. Frogel (1999). "What is the True Fraction of Barred Spiral Galaxies?". Astrophysics and Space Science. 269: 427–430. Bibcode:1999Ap&SS.269..427E. doi:10.1023/A:1017025820201. S2CID 189840251.
  7. ^ J. H. Knapen; D. Pérez-Ramírez; S. Laine (2002). "Circumnuclear regions in barred spiral galaxies - II. Relations to host galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 337 (3): 808–828. arXiv:astro-ph/0207258. Bibcode:2002MNRAS.337..808K. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05840.x. S2CID 10845683.
  8. ^ F. Bournaud; F. Combes (2002). "Gas accretion on spiral galaxies: Bar formation and renewal". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 392 (1): 83–102. arXiv:astro-ph/0206273. Bibcode:2002A&A...392...83B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020920. S2CID 17562844.
  9. ^ Barred Spirals Come and Go, Sky and Telescope, April 2002
  10. ^ Ripples in a Galactic Pond Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine, Scientific American, October 2005
  11. ^ Sheth, Kartik; Elmegreen, Debra Meloy; Elmegreen, Bruce G.; et al. (2008). "Evolution of the Bar Fraction in COSMOS: Quantifying the Assembly of the Hubble Sequence". The Astrophysical Journal. 675 (2): 1141–1155. arXiv:0710.4552. Bibcode:2008ApJ...675.1141S. doi:10.1086/524980. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 14841360.
  12. ^ "A spiral in Andromeda". www.spacetelescope.org. Archived from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  13. ^ information@eso.org. "Galactic David and Goliath". www.spacetelescope.org. Archived from the original on 2017-09-22. Retrieved 2017-09-22.

External links[]

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