Battle of Pochonbo

Battle of Pochonbo
Part of the Japanese occupation of Korea
The battle depicted in the in , Samjiyon County
Date 4 June 1937 Location Pochon County, Ryanggang Province, Korea Result Anti-Japanese victory
Belligerents
Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army	Japan
Commanders and leaders
Kim Il-sung	Unknown
Units involved
Sixth Division of the Second Army of the First Route Army[1]	Unknown
Strength
150–200[2]	33
Casualties and losses
20 killed	9 killed

The Battle of Pochonbo (Japanese: 普天堡の戦い, Hepburn: Futenho notatakai) was an event which occurred in northern Korea on 4 June 1937 (Juche 26), when Korean and Chinese guerrillas commanded by Kim Il-sung (or possibly Choe Hyon)^[3][4] attacked and defeated a Japanese detachment during the anti-Japanese armed struggle in Korea. The battle holds an important place in North Korean narratives of history.^[5]

Battle[]

Report of the battle in The Dong-a Ilbo. The battle was reported in numerous newspapers across the world.

According to the Korean Friendship Association, the battle was in retaliation to the brutality of the Japanese occupation of Korea at a time when "the Japanese imperialists perpetrated unheard-of fascist tyranny against the Korean people".^[6]

According to the official North Korean version of the events, a small unit of about 150–200 guerrillas of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army's Sixth Division^[2] under Kim Il-sung crossed the Amnok River and arrived at the on 3 June 1937. At 22:00, Kim Il-sung fired a shot into the sky, and the battle started. During the battle, the Japanese-occupied police station, post office, foresters' office, local elementary school, fire department hall were destroyed by the guerrillas.^[1][2][6] Kim took 4,000 yen from local people and inflicted damage estimated at 16,000 yen. He took the town but only occupied it for a few hours or a day before retreating to Manchuria.^[1][2]

Following combat, Kim Il-sung made a speech, where he noted that the Korean people "turn out as one in the sacred anti-Japanese war".^[6] The battle is featured in Kim Il-sung's autobiography With the Century. In it, too, Kim describes his guerrilla troops acting spontaneously and motivated by emotion rather than reason and strategic insights.^[5] In it, he said of the event:

The Battle of Pochonbo showed that imperialist Japan could be smashed and burnt up, like rubbish. The flames over the night sky of Pochonbo in the fatherland heralded the dawn of the liberation of Korea, which had been buried in darkness. The Pochonbo Battle was a historic battle which not only showed to the Korean people who thought Korea to be dead that Korea is not dead but alive, but also gave them the confidence that when they fight, they can achieve national independence and liberation.

— Kim Il-sung, With the Century^[7]

This official version of the battle does not correspond with some contemporary records such as a Japanese newspaper, however, which suggest that the rebels were actually led by Choe Hyon.^[3]

Aftermath and legacy[]

The news of the battle was reported in numerous newspapers across the world, including the Soviet Union, China, Japan and France.^[8] According to the Association for the Study of Songun Politics UK a pro-North Korean, Juche study group:

Another historic significance of the Battle of Pochonbo was that it demonstrated at home and abroad a sure will of the Korean revolutionaries, who pioneered the revolution with arms and would advance it by dint of arms. The battle was an ordinary raid, which combined the use of small arms and a speech designed to stir up public feeling. However, that small battle made a great impact on the world because it showed the truth that the armed imperialists and colonialists should only be fought with arms to emerge victorious in the revolution for national liberation.^[9]

The event brought Kim some fame among both his comrades as well as the Japanese. As result, his influence grew, though the Japanese Imperial Army also started to hunt him, and almost wiped out his force. He was eventually forced retreat into the Soviet Union in 1940.^[2] Northern Korea was officially liberated from Japan on V-J Day (15 August 1945). Kim subsequently returned to his home country, and when he managed to establish himself with Soviet help as head of North Korea, his reputation as hero of Pochonbo helped him to gain acceptance and support among the people.^[10]

Since then, the North Korean government has continuously reinforced the importance of the Battle of Pochonbo and Kim Il-sung's role in it. As result, it was speculated that Kim Jong-un, Kim Il-sung's grandson, had purged Choe Hyon's son Choe Ryong-hae in 2014 to prevent the undermining of the official version of the battle.^[3] It later became clear, however, that Choe Ryong-hae had not been purged at all and remained an influential member of the North Korean government.^[11][12]

The battle first entered the history textbook of South Korea in 2003, account Kim Il Sung's efforts on Anti-Japanese in relatively circumspect narratives. Controversies were raised on whether it makes students idolize North Korean regimes, or it could become a sign of South Korean history education stepping out from the cold-war thinking.^[13]

The Pochonbo Electronic Ensemble takes its name from the battle.

Battle site[]

The battle site is situated at Pochon County, Ryanggang Province^[14] at the Kusi Barrage on Kojang Hill.^[15]

See also[]

• Korean independence movement
• Mt. Paektu (poem)
• Pochonbo Electronic Ensemble
• Pochonbo Torch Prize

References[]

Works cited[]

• Schönherr, Johannes (2012). North Korean Cinema: A History. London: Mcfarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-6526-2.

External links[]

• Media related to Pochonbo Incident at Wikimedia Commons