Ben Okri

Ben Okri OBE FRSL
Ben Okri
Born	(1959-03-15) 15 March 1959 (age 62) Minna, Nigeria
Occupation	Writer
Genre	Fiction, essays, poetry
Literary movement	Postmodernism, Postcolonialism
Notable works	The Famished Road (1991), A Way of Being Free (1997), Starbook (2007), A Time for New Dreams (2011)
Notable awards	Man Booker Prize

Ben Okri OBE FRSL (born 15 March 1959) is a Nigerian poet and novelist.^[1] Okri is considered one of the foremost African authors in the post-modern and post-colonial traditions,^[2][3] and has been compared favourably to authors such as Salman Rushdie and Gabriel García Márquez.^[4]

Biography[]

Ben Okri is a member of the Urhobo people; his father was Urhobo, and his mother was half-Igbo.^[1] He was born in Minna in west central Nigeria to Grace and Silver Okri in 1959.^[5] His father, Silver, moved his family to London when Okri was less than two years old^[3] so that he could study law.^[6] Okri thus spent his earliest years in London and attended primary school in Peckham.^[2] In 1968 Silver moved his family back to Nigeria where he practised law in Lagos, providing free or discounted services for those who could not afford it.^[5] His exposure to the Nigerian civil war^[7] and a culture in which his peers at the time claimed to have seen visions of spirits,^[3] later provided inspiration for Okri's fiction.

At the age of 14, after being rejected for admission to a short university program in physics because of his youth and lack of qualifications, Okri experienced a revelation that poetry was his chosen calling.^[8] He began writing articles on social and political issues, but these never found a publisher.^[8] He then wrote short stories based on those articles, and some were published in women's journals and evening papers.^[8] Okri claimed that his criticism of the government in some of this early work led to his name being placed on a death list, and necessitated his departure from the country.^[3] In 1978, Okri moved back to England and went to study comparative literature at Essex University with a grant from the Nigerian government.^[9][8] When funding for his scholarship fell through, however, Okri found himself homeless, sometimes living in parks and sometimes with friends. He describes this period as "very, very important" to his work: "I wrote and wrote in that period... If anything [the desire to write] actually intensified."^[8]

Okri's success as a writer began when he published his debut novel Flowers and Shadows in 1980, at the age of 21.^[1] He then served West Africa magazine as poetry editor from 1983 to 1986,^{[citation needed]} and was a regular contributor to the BBC World Service between 1983 and 1985, continuing to publish throughout this period.^[1]

His reputation as an author was secured when his novel The Famished Road won the Booker Prize for Fiction in 1991,^[1][10] making him the youngest ever winner of the prize at the age of 32.^[11]

Literary career[]

Since he published his first novel, Flowers and Shadows (1980), Okri has risen to an international acclaim, and he often is described as one of Africa's leading writers.^[2][3] His best known work, The Famished Road, which was awarded the 1991 Booker Prize,^[12] along with Songs of Enchantment and Infinite Riches make up a trilogy that follows the life of Azaro, a spirit-child narrator, through the social and political turmoil of an African nation reminiscent of Okri's remembrance of war-torn Nigeria.^[1]

Okri's work is particularly difficult to categorise. Although it has been widely categorised as post-modern,^[13] some scholars have noted that the seeming realism with which he depicts the spirit-world challenges this categorisation. If Okri does attribute reality to a spiritual world, it is claimed, then his "allegiances are not postmodern [because] he still believes that there is something ahistorical or transcendental conferring legitimacy on some, and not other, truth-claims."^[13] Alternative characterisations of Okri's work suggest an allegiance to Yoruba folklore,^[14] New Ageism,^[13][15] spiritual realism,^[15] magical realism,^[16] visionary materialism,^[16] and existentialism.^[17]

Against these analyses, Okri has always rejected the categorisation of his work as magical realism, claiming that this categorisation is the result of laziness on the part of critics and likening this categorisation to the observation that "a horse ... has four legs and a tail. That doesn't describe it."^[3] He has instead described his fiction as obeying a kind of "dream logic,"^[7] and stated that his fiction often is preoccupied with the "philosophical conundrum ... what is reality?"^[8] insisting that:

"I grew up in a tradition where there are simply more dimensions to reality: legends and myths and ancestors and spirits and death ... Which brings the question: what is reality? Everyone's reality is different. For different perceptions of reality we need a different language. We like to think that the world is rational and precise and exactly how we see it, but something erupts in our reality which makes us sense that there's more to the fabric of life. I'm fascinated by the mysterious element that runs through our lives. Everyone is looking out of the world through their emotion and history. Nobody has an absolute reality."^[7]

He notes the effect of personal choices, "Beware of the stories you read or tell; subtly, at night, beneath the waters of consciousness, they are altering your world."^[18]

Okri's short fiction has been described as more realistic and less fantastic than his novels, but these stories also depict Africans in communion with spirits,^[1] while his poetry and nonfiction have a more overt political tone, focusing on the potential of Africa and the world to overcome the problems of modernity.^[1][19]

Okri was made an honorary vice-president of the English Centre for the International PEN and a member of the board of the Royal National Theatre.^[1] On 26 April 2012 Okri was appointed the new vice-president of the Caine Prize for African Writing, having been on the advisory committee and associated with the prize since it was established 13 years prior.^[20]

Influences[]

Okri has described his work as influenced as much by the philosophical texts in his father's book shelves, as it was by literature,^[8] and Okri cites the influence of both Francis Bacon and Michel de Montaigne on his A Time for New Dreams.^[21] His literary influences include Aesop's Fables, Arabian Nights, Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream,^[7] and Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner".^[8] Okri's 1999 epic poem, Mental Fight, also is named after a quotation from the poet William Blake's "And did those feet ...",^[22] and critics have noted the close relationship between Blake and Okri's poetry.^[16]

Okri also was influenced by the oral tradition of his people, and particularly, his mother's storytelling: "If my mother wanted to make a point, she wouldn't correct me, she'd tell me a story."^[7] His first-hand experiences of civil war in Nigeria are said to have inspired many of his works.^[7]

Awards and honours[]

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• 1987: Commonwealth Writers Prize (Africa Region, Best Book) – Incidents at the Shrine^[23]
• 1987: Aga Khan Prize for Fiction – The Dream Vendor's August^[24]
• 1988: Guardian Fiction Prize – Stars of the New Curfew (shortlisted)^[25]
• 1991 to 1993: , Trinity College, Cambridge^[26]
• 1991: Booker Prize – The Famished Road^[27]
• 1993: – The Famished Road^[28]
• 1994: Premio Grinzane Cavour (Italy) -The Famished Road^[23]
• 1995: Crystal Award (World Economic Forum)^[29]
• 1997: Honorary Doctorate of Literature, awarded by University of Westminster^[30]
• 1999:  [it] (Italy) – Dangerous Love^[31]
• 2001: Order of the British Empire (OBE)^[32]
• 2002: Honorary Doctorate of Literature, awarded by University of Essex^[33]
• 2004: Honorary Doctor of Literature, awarded by University of Exeter^[34]
• 2008: International Literary Award Novi Sad (International Novi Sad Literature Festival, Serbia)^[35]
• 2009: Honorary Doctorate of Utopia, awarded by , Belgium^[36]
• 2010: Honorary Doctorate, awarded by School of Oriental and African Studies^[37]
• 2010: Honorary Doctorate of Arts, awarded by the University of Bedfordshire^{[citation needed]}
• 2014: Honorary Fellow, Mansfield College, Oxford^[38]
• 2014: Bad Sex in Fiction Award, Literary Review^[39][40]

Works[]

Novels[]

• Flowers and Shadows (Harlow: Longman, 1980)^[41]
• The Landscapes Within (Harlow: Longman, 1981)^[42]
• The Famished Road (London: Jonathan Cape, 1991)^[43]
• Songs of Enchantment (London: Jonathan Cape, 1993)^{[citation needed]}
• Astonishing the Gods (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1995)^[44]
• Dangerous Love (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,1996)^{[citation needed]}
• Infinite Riches (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998)^[45]
• In Arcadia (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2002)^[46]
• Starbook (London: Rider Books, 2007)^[47]
• The Age of Magic (London: Head of Zeus, 2014)^[48]
• The Freedom Artist (London: Head of Zeus, 2019)^[49]

Poetry, essays and short story collections[]

• Incidents at the Shrine (short stories; London: Heinemann, 1986)^[50]
• Stars of the New Curfew (short stories; London: Secker & Warburg, 1988)^[51]
• An African Elegy (poetry; London: Jonathan Cape, 1992)^[52]
• Birds of Heaven (essays; London: Phoenix House, 1996)^[53]
• A Way of Being Free (essays; London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson: 1997; London: Phoenix House, 1997)^{[citation needed]}
• Mental Fight (poetry: London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999; London: Phoenix House, 1999)^{[citation needed]}
• Tales of Freedom (short stories; London: Rider & Co., 2009)^[54]
• A Time for New Dreams (essays; London: Rider & Co., 2011)^[55]
• Wild (poetry; London: Rider & Co., 2012)^{[citation needed]}
• The Mystery Feast: Thoughts on Storytelling (West Hoathly: Clairview Books, Ltd., 2015)^{[citation needed]}
• The Magic Lamp: Dreams of Our Age, with paintings by Rosemary Clunie (Apollo/Head of Zeus, 2017)^{[citation needed]}
• Rise Like Lions: Poetry for the many (as editor; London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2018)^{[citation needed]}
• Prayer for the Living: Stories (London: Head of Zeus, 2019)^{[citation needed]}

Film[]

• N – The Madness of Reason (feature film, directed by Peter Krüger, 2014)^[56]

Online fiction[]

• Okri, Ben (1 February 2021). "A Wrinkle In The Realm". The New Yorker.

References[]

External links[]

• Ben Okri's AALBC.com Author Profile
• Ben Okri's official Facebook Page
• Ben Okri's MySpace page
• The Ben Okri Bibliography – an extensive bibliography of works by and about Ben Okri. Also includes a short biography and an introduction to his work.
• Audio: Ben Okri in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion programme The Forum
• Ben Okri on RSA Audio
• "The Awakening Age", a poem by Ben Okri.
• "Draw", a poem by Ben Okri.
• "Lines in Potentis" Archived 14 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, a poem by Ben Okri.
• "Children of the Dream", a poem by Ben Okri.
• "Dancing With Change", a poem by Ben Okri.
• "I sing a new freedom", a poem by Ben Okri.
• "As clouds pass above our heads...", a poem by Ben Okri.
• "O That Abstract Garden" Archived 12 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine, a poem by Ben Okri.
• Ben Okri: An extended film interview with transcripts for the 'Why Are We Here?' documentary series.