Bidston Hill

Bidston Hill
Bidston Hill from the tower of St Oswald's
Type	Common
Location	Bidston, Merseyside
Coordinates	53°23′49″N 3°04′30″W / 53.397°N 3.075°W / 53.397; -3.075Coordinates: 53°23′49″N 3°04′30″W / 53.397°N 3.075°W / 53.397; -3.075
Area	100 acres (0.40 km2)
Operated by	Metropolitan Borough of Wirral
Open	All year
Status	Open

Bidston Hill is 100 acres (0.40 km²) of heathland and woodland that contains historic buildings and ancient rock carvings. It is on the Wirral Peninsula, near the Birkenhead suburb of Bidston, in Merseyside, England. With a peak of 231 feet (70 m), Bidston Hill is one of the highest points on the Wirral.^[1][2] The land was part of Sir Robert Vyner's estate^[3] and purchased by Birkenhead Corporation in 1894 for use by the public.^[4]

Buildings[]

Bidston Windmill[]

Bidston Windmill replaced a wooden mill that was destroyed by fire in 1791,^[5][6][7] and was used to grind wheat until about 1875. However it is believed that there has been a windmill on this site since 1596.^[5][6] After falling into disuse it was bought and restored from 1894. It is open on the first Saturday of each month from April to September, between 10:00 a.m. and 12:00 noon.^[8]

Bidston Observatory[]

Bidston Observatory was built in 1866 using local sandstone excavated from the site. One of its functions was to determine the exact time. Up to 18 July 1969, at exactly 1:00 p.m. each day, the 'One O'Clock Gun' overlooking the River Mersey near Morpeth Dock, Birkenhead, would be fired electrically from the Observatory.^[9] In 1929 the work of the observatory was merged with the University of Liverpool Tidal Institute, being taken over in 1969 by the Natural Environment Research Council. The Research Council relocated the Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory to the University of Liverpool campus in 2004.^[10]

Bidston Lighthouse[]

Bidston Lighthouse

Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Location	Bidston Hill, Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, United Kingdom
OS grid	SJ2867389901
Coordinates	53°24′04″N 3°04′27″W / 53.401096°N 3.074251°W / 53.401096; -3.074251
Constructed	1771 (first) 1873 (second)
Construction	sandstone tower
Tower height	21 m (69 ft)
Tower shape	cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern attached to 1-storey keeper’s house
Markings	unpainted tower
Operator	Bidston Lighthouse[11]
Heritage	Grade II listed building
Deactivated	1913 (second)
Lens	Fixed first order dioptric
ARLHS no.	ENG009
[edit on Wikidata]

There has been a lighthouse on Bidston Hill since 1771. The first lighthouse was built by Liverpool's dockmaster William Hutchinson; it was designed to work in conjunction with Leasowe Lighthouse, forming a pair of leading lights enabling ships to avoid the sandbanks in the channel to Liverpool.^[12]

Being more than two miles from the sea, Bidston depended on a breakthrough in lighthouse optics, which came in the form of the parabolic reflector, developed by Hutchinson at the signals station on Bidston Hill. The reflector at Bidston Lighthouse was thirteen-and-a-half feet in diameter (probably the largest ever made for a lighthouse)^[13] and the lamp consumed a gallon of oil every four hours.^[14]

The present lighthouse was built in 1873 and was equipped with a large (first order) dioptric lens with vertical condensing prisms, manufactured by Chance Brothers of Birmingham.^[15] It remained operational until sunrise on 9 October 1913. (By that time Leasowe Lighthouse had already been decommissioned: the line of approach taken by ships had altered due to shifting sandbanks, rendering the leading lights ineffective).

The lighthouse at Bidston is now privately owned, and occasionally open to the public.^[16] The distance it was built from the sea is a record unsurpassed by any other lighthouse, before or since.^[13]

Tam O'Shanter Cottage[]

Tam O'Shanter Cottage is a historic cottage on the hill. It is part of Tam O'Shanter Urban Farm, a free-to-enter city farm. The cottage takes its name from the poem Tam o'Shanter by Robert Burns and is opposite Flaybrick Memorial Gardens.

Rock carvings[]

Close to information post 13 there is a 4+1⁄2-foot-long (1.4 m) carving of a sun goddess carved into the flat rock north-east of the Observatory, supposedly facing in the direction of the rising sun on Midsummer's Day and thought to have been carved by the Norse-Irish around 1000 AD. An ancient carving of a horse is located on bare rock to the north of the Observatory, close to information post 10, with a later carving beneath of the Latin 'EQUINO'.^[17]

Bidston Hall[]

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The Stanley / Earls of Derby family[]

Bidston Hall was built in 1535 by Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby and was later rebuilt in 1620 by William Stanley, the 6th Earl of Derby. The family started their career as Foresters of Wirral and were responsible for many Wirral landmarks. (Ferdinando Stanley, the 5th Earl of Derby, built New Hall later called Leasowe Castle Leasowe Castle and staged a horse race that would later to become known as The Derby.

From the 15th until the 18th century the Stanleys were the Lords of the Isle of Man, having been granted trade freedom there by Henry IV. The island adopted a free trade policy and considered the mainland's customs duties protectionist. During the Civil War, William's son James supported the Royalists. When Cromwell was getting the upper hand he fled to the Isle of Man. In 1649 Cromwell wrote to him saying he could have a free pardon and return of part of his now forfeited estates if he surrendered the Isle of Man. He refused, replying:

"Sir, I received your letter with indignation and scorn. I scorn your proffers, disdain your favour, and abhor your treason, and am so far from delivering up this Island to your advantage, that I will keep it to the utmost of my power to your destruction. Take this for your final answer and forbear any further solicitations, for if you trouble me with any more messages I will burn the paper and hang the bearer."

He held out against Cromwell, and when he heard that Charles II was advancing from Scotland, he returned to join the king, but was captured at the Battle of Worcester in 1651 and was beheaded a few days later in Bolton. The estate and title passed to James's eldest son Charles, Lord Strange and 8th Earl of Derby, who had accompanied his father to the muster on Preston Moor on 20 June 1642 at the age of 15. After his father's execution the Earl Charles and his Countess retired to Bidston Hall. The last of the House of Stanley to live at Bidston Hall was Charles the 8^th Earl, who lived there until 1663.

The ornamented gate shows Tudor Roses and this possibly refers to the second Lord (William) Stanley. Having promised to be loyal to Richard III, he nevertheless changed sides in 1485, and suddenly supported the Lancastrian Henry Tudor's bid for the throne. This action happened at the Battle of Bosworth, where Stanley and his private army was expected to help Richard III as Richard held William Stanley's son George (Lord Strange) as a prisoner and threatened to kill him if Stanley helped Henry. After watching the action for some time, he attacked the Yorkists under Richard, helping to secure Henry Tudor's (later Henry VII's) victory. In gratitude for his timely intervention, the new king bestowed many favours on Sir William, including the posts of Lord Chamberlain and Chamberlain of the Exchequer. When Lancastrian Henry married Elizabeth of York, the white Red rose of Lancashire joined the White rose of York and the Tudor Rose was formed. This rose is seen on the gates of Bidston Hall though the white part has been painted gold.

In 1495 Stanley was convicted of treason and executed for his support of the pretender Perkin Warbeck. Though the evidence was circumstantial, he admitted the offence in the hope that through a full confession he would escape execution. The King, partly to avoid antagonizing his mother and stepfather, was at first inclined to spare Sir William's life. Yet ultimately the King feared that by showing clemency, he would be endangering himself through encouraging other potential conspirators. As a consequence, Sir William was condemned to death, and a few days later, beheaded.

It is said that the hall was lost by the Stanleys over cards/dice and they kept trying to win it back. The summer house was made in the form of a club and there used to be a picture of dice in the square above the front gate arch.

The Vyners[]

In 1693 the property passed to Sir Robert Vyner – one time Lord Mayor of London, banker, goldsmith and maker of coronation regalia. (Oliver Cromwell had sold off most of the Crown Jewels and so when Charles II came to the throne new regalia was needed.) The Vyner family lived there for 300 years. For many years the house was used for farming. One of the Hall's last tenant farmers, Abe Poval, kept cows in the great hall. Renovation began in the 1970s by Max Faulkner (who died before this mammoth task was realised) and continues to the present.

Bidston Court[]

Robert William Hudson built a house called Bidston Court on Vyner Road South near Bidston Hill in 1891. Built entirely of wood, and based on Little Moreton Hall, it is believed to have been the inspiration for the Cecilienhof in Potsdam.^[18] The house was sold in 1921 to Sir Ernest Royden and in 1928 was moved to its present site in Frankby, brick by brick, finally being completed in 1931. It was renamed Hill Bark. The original site of the house was given to Birkenhead Corporation.^{[19][better source needed]}

Bidston Tunnels[]

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During World War II, an air raid shelter was constructed at Bidston Hill. Today the tunnels are concealed for public safety.^[20]

The Bidston Hill tunnel project was born in 1941 out of the devastating effects of the Luftwaffe blitz on Merseyside. Many infrastructure targets were hit, people killed and many more made homeless. The first week of May 1941 saw the peak of the attack, it involved 681 Luftwaffe bombers; 2,315 high explosive bombs and 119 other explosives. The raids put 69 out of 144 cargo berths out of action and inflicted 2,895 casualties, 1,741 of them fatalities.

The tunnels were built in the side of the hill allowing access at grade into two main entrances, while at the uphill end a 25m ventilation shaft was sunk, doubling up as an emergency escape via a series of steep metal ladders. The tunnels in between these ends were cut out in a familiar gridiron layout, with four long perpendicular tunnels fed at both ends from the two main entrances, and eleven cross tunnels. Toilets, a canteen, and a first aid post were provided either in the cross tunnels or at tunnel intersection nodes. Within this 1596 bunks and 793 seats were provided for those lucky enough to have the requisite shelter permit.

Construction began in December 1941 and was largely completed within a year, having suffered from escalating costs, geological problems, an unskilled labour force, and also paradoxically trespassers and vandalism. The original intention was that the tunnels would be 2.1m wide and 2.0m high with an arched roof, probably similar to those at Tranmere, but the surviving tunnels are considerably larger than this. Records indicate that the considerable height came about following roof trimming required in the latter stages of the project because of the softness of the rock and problems with instability after exposure to the air.

Minutes of Wirral's Civil Defence Emergency Committee in 1941 reveal that the peninsula's skilled workforce of shipbuilders, steel workers and other industries meant that it was granted almost unprecedented funds to establish two deep air raid shelters, one in Tranmere and the other in Bidston. Built over the next two years, there were 2213 bunks and 793 seats, as well as a canteen staff dormitory, toilets, medical posts and a ventilation shaft that could double as an emergency escape hatch if necessary. The work was not without incident and setbacks; the project was apparently plagued with trespassers and vandalism and the cost of the work increased with the discovery of poor-quality rock.

The shelter, like many of the deep shelters reluctantly approved by the Government, came too late to provide mass protection during the periods of heaviest bombing. In June 1943 the final bill for the project was in; £16,348,006.^{[clarification needed]} Although the shelters were used the reducing frequency of the bombing raids meant that it never saw the levels of use for which it was designed.

After the war it was used for customs and excise storage, fire brigade training, and was even considered for Cold War use but rejected due to extensive dry rot. The Borough Council visited in the 1950s to see whether they could find a use for it, but disapprovingly recorded it to be “damp, dark and featureless”. It has been sealed in recent times.

Gallery[]

• 

  Summit and distance marker

• 

  Bidston Windmill

• 

  Bidston Observatory

• 

  The former Joseph Proudman Building, demolished in 2013

See also[]

• Listed buildings in Bidston
• List of lighthouses in England

References[]

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bidston Hill.

• Map sources for Bidston Hill
• Friends of Bidston Hill
• Bidston Lighthouse
• Bidston Village, Church, Hall, Hill & Mill