Bioassay

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Bioassay setup
Planktonic crustaceans exposed to different experimental conditions
A biological test system (here: Daphnia magna) is exposed to various experimental conditions (here: several microplastics preparations), to which it reacts.
A microplate with liquids in a range of red colors
Some indicator of these reactions (e.g. a color change) is assessed, typically in a highly automated fashion through microplates like this.


A bioassay is an analytical method to determine the concentration or potency of a substance by its effect on living animals or plants (in vivo), or on living cells or tissues(in vitro).[1][2] A bioassay can be either quantal or quantitative, direct or indirect.[3] If the measured response is binary, the assay is quantal, if not, it is quantitative.[3]

A bioassay may be used to detect biological hazards or to give an assessment of the quality of a mixture.[4] A bioassay is often used to monitor water quality as well as sewage discharge and its impact on the surroundings.[citation needed] It is also used to assess the environmental impact and safety of new technologies and facilities.[citation needed]

Principle[]

A bioassay is a biochemical test to estimate the potency of a sample compound. Usually this potency can only be measured relative to a standard compound.[3][1] A typical bioassay involves a stimulus (ex. drugs) applied to a subject (ex. animals, tissues, plants). The corresponding response (ex. death) of the subject is thereby triggered and measured.[5]

History[]

The first use of a bioassay dates back to as early as the late 19th century, when the foundation of bioassays was laid down by German physician Paul Ehrlich.[6] He introduced the concept of standardization by the reactions of living matter.[6][5] His bioassay on diphtheria antitoxin was the first bioassay to receive recognition.[7] His use of bioassay was able to discover that administration of gradually increasing dose of diphtheria in animals stimulated production of antiserum.[8]

One well known example of a bioassay is the "canary in the coal mine" experiment.[9] To provide advance warning of dangerous levels of methane in the air, miners would take methane-sensitive canaries into coal mines. If the canary died due to a build-up of methane, the miners would leave the area as quickly as possible.

Many early examples of bioassays used animals to test the carcinogenicity of chemicals.[10] In 1915, Yamaigiwa Katsusaburo and Koichi Ichikawa tested the carcinogenicity of coal tar using the inner surface of rabbit's ears.[10]

From the 1940s to the 1960s, animal bioassays were primarily used to test the toxicity and safety of drugs, food additives, and pesticides.[10]

Beginning in the late 1960s and 1970s, reliance on bioassays increased as public concern for occupational and environmental hazards increased.[10]

Classifications[]

Direct assay[]

In a direct assay, the stimulus applied to the subject is specific and directly measurable, and the response to that stimulus is recorded. The variable of interest is the specific stimulus required to produce a response of interest (ex. death of the subject).[5][11]

Indirect assay[]

In an indirect assay, the stimulus is fixed in advance and the response is measured in the subjects. The variable of interest in the experiment is the response to a fixed stimulus of interest.[5][11]

Quantitative response: The measurement of the response to the stimulus is on a continuous scale (ex. blood sugar content).[11]

Quantal response: The response is binary; it is a determination of whether or not an event occurs (ex. death of the subject).[11]

Examples[]

ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)[]

ELISA plate with various cortisol levels

ELISA is a quantitative analytical method that measures absorbance of color change from antigen-antibody reaction (ex. Direct, indirect, sandwich, competitive).[12] ELISA is used to measure variety of substances in the human body, from cortisol levels for stress to glucose level for diabetes.

Home pregnancy test[]

Home pregnancy test involves ELISA to detect the increase of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) during pregnancy.[13]

HIV test[]

HIV test also uses indirect ELISA to detect HIV antibody caused by infection.[13]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b Hoskins, W. M.; Craig, R. (1962-01-01). "Uses of Bioassay in Entomology". Annual Review of Entomology. 7 (1): 437–464. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.07.010162.002253. ISSN 0066-4170. PMID 14449182.
  2. ^ Guidance for Industry: Potency Tests for Cellular and Gene Therapy Products, Food and Drug Administration, January 2011, p. 7
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c Laska, E M; Meisner, M J (1987-04-01). "Statistical Methods and Applications of Bioassay". Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 27 (1): 385–397. doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.27.040187.002125. ISSN 0362-1642. PMID 3579242.
  4. ^ Prinsloo, Gerhard; Papadi, Georgia; Hiben, Mebrahtom G.; Haan, Laura de; Louisse, Jochem; Beekmann, Karsten; Vervoort, Jacques; Rietjens, Ivonne M.C.M. (2017). "In vitro bioassays to evaluate beneficial and adverse health effects of botanicals: promises and pitfalls". Drug Discovery Today. 22 (8): 1187–1200. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2017.05.002. PMID 28533190.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Saha, G. M (29 November 2002). Design and Analysis for Bioassays. Kolkata: Indian Statistical Institute. pp. 61–76.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b Van Noordwijk, Jacobus (1989). "Bioassays in whole animals". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 7 (2): 139–145. doi:10.1016/0731-7085(89)80077-9. PMID 2488614.
  7. ^ Analysis of foods and beverages : modern techniques. Charalambous, George, 1922-1994. Orlando: Academic Press. 1984. ISBN 0121691608. OCLC 9682930.CS1 maint: others (link)
  8. ^ Bosch, Fèlix; Rosich, Laia (2008). "The Contributions of Paul Ehrlich to Pharmacology: A Tribute on the Occasion of the Centenary of His Nobel Prize". Pharmacology. 82 (3): 171–179. doi:10.1159/000149583. ISSN 0031-7012. PMC 2790789. PMID 18679046.
  9. ^ "Environmental Inquiry - How Are Bioassays Used in the Real World?". ei.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Beyer, L. A.; Beck, B. D.; Lewandowski, T. A. (2011-04-01). "Historical perspective on the use of animal bioassays to predict carcinogenicity: Evolution in design and recognition of utility". Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 41 (4): 321–338. doi:10.3109/10408444.2010.541222. ISSN 1040-8444. PMID 21438739. S2CID 2269998.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Le, Chap. "DIRECT BIOASSAYS & Estimation of Ratios" (PDF). Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  12. ^ Aydin, Suleyman (2015). "A short history, principles, and types of ELISA, and our laboratory experience with peptide/protein analyses using ELISA". Peptides. 72: 4–15. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2015.04.012. PMID 25908411. S2CID 36486495.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b Manz, Andreas; Dittrich, Petra S.; Pamme, Nicole; Iossifidis, Dimitri (2015). Bioanalytical chemistry. Manz, A. (Andreas), Dittrich, Petra S., 1974-, Pamme, Nicole., Iossifidis, Dimitri. (Second ed.). London. ISBN 9781783266715. OCLC 897825792.
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