Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)

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Bombardment of Casablanca
Part of French Conquest of Morocco
The French cruiser Gloire bombarding Casablanca, August 1907 printed on a postcard.
Date 5–7 August 1907 Location Casablanca, Morocco Result French victory
Belligerents
France	Morocco
Commanders and leaders
Antoine Drude	Abd al-Aziz al-Alawi Abu Bakr bin Bouzid
Casualties and losses
1,500 to 7,000 Civilian Deaths

The Bombardment of Casablanca (Arabic: قصف الدار البيضاء; French: Le bombardement de Casablanca) was a French naval attack taking place from August 5–7 in 1907 that destroyed the Moroccan city of Casablanca.^[1] France used mainly artillery fire from battleships to bomb the city and targets in the surrounding area, causing an estimated 1,500 to 7,000 Moroccan deaths.^[1] The bombardment of Casablanca opened a western front to the French conquest of Morocco, following Hubert Lyautey's occupation of Oujda in the east earlier that year.

The bombardment came after an attack of tribesmen of the Shawiya opposed to the terms of the Treaty of Algeciras—to French presence in the customs house and to the construction of a railroad over a sanctuary, specifically—on European employees of the Compagnie Marocaine operating a Decauville train from a quarry in Roches Noires to the Port of Casablanca on July 30, 1907.^[2] When the French cruiser Galilée disembarked a landing party of 75 soldiers on August 5, an insurrection broke out in the city.^[2]

The Galilée and the Du Chayla bombarded the city with mélinite, an explosive substance containing picric acid, striking residential neighborhoods and particularly the Tnaker.^[1][3][4]

Context[]

After capturing Oujda, French forces turned their sights to Casablanca, domain of the tribes of the Chaouia, known for producing ferocious soldiers.

Five years before the Protectorat, Casablanca was occupied, but the battles continued. Dozens of battles took place within the city, in the periphery, and finally, deeper into the Chaouia.

In 1907, the presence of French agents controlling customs duties, in addition to the start of intense, alienating, and clearly colonial construction, came to a head.

On July 29, a delegation of Chaouia tribes presented itself to Moulay Lamine—governor of the province and uncle of Morocco's young sultan, Abdelaziz El-Alawi—with the desire to demolish the works under way. Another delegation met with the city's pasha, Si Boubker Ben Bouzid Slaoui, protesting and demanding an end to the construction on the port, the destruction of the railroad, and the removal of the French supervisors at the customs house. On July 30, the turmoil in the city increased. In the morning, a public crier sent by the Oulad Hriz tribe called the population to end all relations with the French.

A man inspects the derailed Decauville locomotive at the scene of the attack that served as the pretext for the French bombardment of Casablanca in 1907.^[5][2]

Hajj Hammou, qa'id of the Oulad Hriz tribe, called for jihad and prepared for battle with the French and the Spanish and their associates. People of the Chaouia took to the streets and violence broke out that afternoon, leading to the death of nine European laborers working for la Compagnie Marocaine, the French company chosen to build the port. The protesters stopped the train, the tracks of which ran over the Sidi Belyout necropolis on the way to a quarry up the shore, with a pile of rocks on the track, and attacked the European workers aboard—four French, three Italian, and two Spanish.^[6]

Bombardment[]

Following the insurrection of July 30, 1907, thousands of warriors from the Chaouia, apparently allied with Ma al-'Aynayn, took Casablanca. France, surprised due to poor intelligence, urgently sent for a fleet, which left from Algeria. Saint Aulaire, the diplomat in charge of the French Legation in Tangier, under instruction from Paris, called a number of warships to Casablanca, including the Linois-class cruiser Galilée which was dispatched from Tangier that very night and which arrived on August 1, and the cruiser Du Chayla which arrived on August 4 from Toulon. The morning of August 5, 66 men disembarked from Galilée to protect the French consulate, a move which was criticized by other European powers present in Casablanca, as it aggravated the situation in the city.^[7] Foreign warships arrived on the scene, including the English cruiser HMS Antrim^[8] and the Spanish gunboat , which landed 30 men to protect the Spanish consulate.^[8] The French protected cruiser Forbin arrived from the Azores. In the late afternoon, once French forces had occupied the French, Swedish, and Portuguese consulates in Casablanca, entering through the Portuguese consulate, Galilée commenced bombardment. On August 7, a French squadron coming from Algeria arrived: Gloire, Gueydon, Dupetit-Thouars, and Condé. They were soon joined by Jeanne d'Arc, Nive, and the hospital ship Shamrock transporting terrestrial forces.

Casablanca was almost entirely destroyed after the bombardment.

Galilée and Gloire bombarded the qasbah causing numerous casualties—"rebels" and civilians alike. The working class neighborhood known as Tnaker (تناكر), located near the port, paid the heftiest price, taking shrapnel from shells filled with "mélinite," a nitric compound adopted by the French government.^[4] Houses of worship, including the great mosque and the sanctuary of Allal al-Qairawani, were not spared.

The gates to the medina were especially targeted to prevent the entrance of Chaoui combatants.

The bombardment continued through the night and into the morning of August 6. 31 soldiers disembarked from Du Chayla; 44 from Forbin. The Moroccans, despite the considerable losses suffered from the incessant bombardment, continued to fight, inspiring unease within the French troops. The squadron of Rear-Admiral brought General Antoine Drude's troops, including first French and Algerian tirailleurs, to shore at the beach of Sidi Belyout, where they were met with Moroccan fire.

On August 7, the disembarked troops of General Drude and the marine riflemen of Rear-Admiral Philibert were able, after fierce combat, to retake control of the city.^[9] According to eyewitnesses and diplomatic sources, a "revolution" seemed to have started in Morocco. Some had the premonition that this was only the beginning of a long war between the French and the Moroccans.

The Pacha of Casablanca, Abu Bakr Ibn Abi Zaid as-Slawi, captive on the French cruiser Galilée, which bombed Casablanca from 5–7 August 1907.

Over three days of bombs raining down from the French warships, then carnage and pillaging from troops on the ground, what had been a prosperous city of 30,000 inhabitants was transformed into a field of rubble with nothing spared, with the exception of the European neighborhood.

French sources put the death toll at a conservative 600–1,500, while German sources estimate 2,000–3,000. Moroccan sources, supported by European testimonies, attest that only few rare inhabitants of the city survived after the carnage.

On September 6, the commercial ship Magnus brought the 400 Jews who had fled at the beginning of the insurrection, back to Casablanca from Tangier and Gibraltar.

"The Modern Civilization of Europeː France in Morocco & England in Egypt," a cartoon by for Cairo Punch. The cartoon refers to the Bombardment of Casablanca and the Denshawai incident.^[10]

Gallery[]

• 

  Photograph of Galilée, a Linois-class cruiser.

• 

  The Sqala of Casablanca after the bombardment.

• 

  Moroccan artillery destroyed by French artillery shells

• 

  The qasbah destroyed by artillery shells^[11]

• 

  Nive on the rocks near Casablanca 31 December 1907

See also[]

• Bombardment of Alexandria
• Bombardment of Algiers (disambiguation)

Notes and references[]