Botrychium

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Moonwort
Botrychium-4.jpg
Botrychium lunaria
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Ophioglossales
Family: Ophioglossaceae
Subfamily: Botrychioideae
Genus: Botrychium
Sw.
Species

Several, see text

Botrychium is a genus of ferns, seedless vascular plants in the family Ophioglossaceae.[1] Botrychium species are known as moonworts. They are small, with fleshy roots, and reproduce by spores shed into the air. One part of the leaf, the trophophore, is sterile and fernlike; the other, the sporophore, is fertile and carries the clusters of sporangia or spore cases. Some species only occasionally emerge above ground and gain most of their nourishment from an association with mycorrhizal fungi.

The circumscription of Botrychium is disputed between different authors; some botanists include the genera Botrypus and Sceptridium within Botrychium, while others treat them as distinct. The latter treatment is provisionally followed here.

Selected species[]

Botrychium s.s., the moonworts[]

  • W.H.Wagner 1990 – pointed moonwort[2]
  • W.H.Wagner & J.R.Grant 2002[3] – Alaska moonwort[4]
  • Botrychium ascendens W.H.Wagner 1986 – upswept moonwort,[5] triangle-lobed moonwort, upward-lobed moonwort
  • Botrychium boreale J.Milde 1857 – northern moonwort[6]
  • Bitter & Hieron. 1900[7]
  • Botrychium campestre W.H.Wagner & Farrar – prairie moonwort,[8] prairie dunewort, Iowa moonwort[9]
Botrychium virginianum

Botrychium species placed in Botrypus[]

The rattlesnake fern has traditionally been placed in the Botrychium subgenus Osmundopteris, the name of which is based on the species' superficial similarities to the genus Osmunda[48] where it was previously placed.

  • Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. 1801[49] – Rattlesnake fern,[50] common grapefern[51]
    = Botrypus virginianus (L.) Michx. 1803

Botrychium species placed in Sceptridium[]

Botrychium rugulosum

These species (the evergreen grapeferns) have traditionally been placed in the Botrychium subgenus Sceptridium,a name based on the apparent similarity of their sporangia to "little scepters."[52]

= (R.Br.) Lyon 1905[55]
  • Colenso 1886[56] – Fine-leaved parsley fern
= (Colenso) Lyon 1905[57]
  • (Savigny) Underw. 1896 – Sparse-lobed grapefern, Southern grapefern[58]
= Osmunda biternata Savigny 1798
= Sceptridium biternatum (Savigny) Lyon 1905
  • Botrychium dissectum Sprengel 1804[59][60] – Dissected grapefern[61] or Cut-leaved grape-fern[62]
= Botrychium obliquum Muhl. 1810[63]
= Sceptridium dissectum (Spreng.) Lyon 1905
  • Underw. 1900 – Alabama grapefern[64][65]
= Sceptridium jenmanii (Underw.) Lyon 1905
= Botrychium alabamense Maxon 1906[66]
= Sceptridium alabamense (Maxon) Holub. 1973
= Osmunda multifida S.G. Gmel. 1768
= Botrychium silaifolium C.Presl 1825
= Botrychium matricariae (Schrank) Spreng. 1827[72]
= Sceptridium multifidum (S.G.Gmel.) Nishida ex Tagawa 1958
  • Botrychium oneidense (Gilbert) House 1905 – Blunt-lobed grapefern[73]
= Sceptridium oneidense (Gilbert) Holub 1998[74]
  • W.H.Wagner 1982[75] – St. Lawrence grape fern, Rugulose grape fern, Ternate grape fern[76]
= Botrychium ternatum auct. non (Thunb.) Sw. 1801
= (W.H.Wagner) Skoda & Holub 1996
  • Underw. 1903[77] –
  • Brack. 1854[78] – Island grapefern[79][80]
    = (Brack.) Lyon 1905
  • Maxon 1905[81]
= Botrychium ternatum (Thunb.) Sw. 1801
= (Maxon) Lyon 1905[82]

Conservation[]

Moonworts can be found in many environments, including prairies, forests, and mountains. While some Botrychium species are quite rare, conservation efforts can be difficult. Determining the rarity of a species is complicated by the plants’ small leaves, which stand only 2-10 centimeters above the soil.[15] Even more of a challenge in obtaining an accurate population count is the genus’s largely subterranean life cycle. The vast majority of any one population of moonworts actually exists below ground in banks consisting of several types of propagules. One type of propagule is the ungerminated spores, which must percolate through the soil beyond the reach of light in order to germinate. This presumably increases the probability that the spore will be in range of a mycorrhizal symbiont before it produces the tiny, roughly heart-shaped gametophyte, which also exists entirely below ground.[83] Finally, some species produce gemmae, a form of asexual propagation achieved by budding of the root.[15]

Juvenile and dormant sporophytes can also be hidden in the soil for long periods of time. Mature sporophytes do not necessarily produce a leaf annually; they can remain viable underground for up to 10 years without putting up a photosynthetic component. This feat is made possible by their dependence on symbiotic partnership with AM fungi of the genus Glomus, which supply most fixed carbon for growth and reproduction.[84]

This mycorrhizal dependence has also made lab cultivation of moonworts difficult. Thus far, only germination of the gametophyte has been successful.

References[]

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  2. ^ B. acuminatum Flora of North America, www.eFloras.org 26 Dec 2011
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  4. ^ B. alaskense Iowa State Herbarium 27 Dec 2011
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  7. ^ B. chamaeconium Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 02 Jan 2012
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  14. ^ B. echo USDA Forest Service,Rocky Mountain Region, Species Conservation Project July 22, 2004
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Johnson-Groh, C. L.; Lee, J. (2002). "Phenology and demography of two species of Botrychium (Ophioglassaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 89 (10): 1624–1633. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.10.1624. PMID 21665590.
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  20. ^ B. lineare Archived April 26, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Washington State Department of Natural Resources 26-Dec-2011
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  23. ^ Wagner, W. H. (1993). Flora of North America. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 85–91.
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  25. ^ Muller, S. (1992). "The impact of a drought in spring on the sporulation of Botrychium matricariifolium (Retz) A. Br. in the Bitcherland (Northern Vosges, France)". Acta Oecologica. 13: 335–343.
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  48. ^ Cobb, Farsworth & Lowe, Ferns of Northeastern North America 2nd edition, p. 247 (2005)
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  50. ^ "B. virginianum". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 27 Dec 2011.
  51. ^ B. virginianum Flora of North America, www.eFloras.org 26 Dec 2011
  52. ^ Cobb, Farsworth & Lowe, Ferns of Northeastern North America 2nd edition, p. 265 (2005)
  53. ^ Kelly, Dave (1994). "Demography and conservation of Botrychium australe, a peculiar, sparse mycorrhizal fern". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 32 (4): 393–400. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1994.10412925.
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  59. ^ Montgomery, James D. (1990). "Survivorship and Predation Changes in Five Populations of Botrychium dissectum in Eastern Pennsylvania". American Fern Journal. 4. 80 (4): 173–182. doi:10.2307/1547206. JSTOR 1547206.
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  62. ^ [1] Archived 2019-08-28 at the Wayback Machine MICHIGAN FLORA ONLINE. A. A. Reznicek, E. G. Voss, & B. S. Walters. February 2011. University of Michigan. Web. January 16, 2012
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  75. ^ B. rugulosum Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 26 Dec 2011
  76. ^ B. rugulosum Robert W. Freckmann Herbarium, University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point 27 Dec 2011
  77. ^ B. schaffneri Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 04 Jan 2012
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  81. ^ B. underwoodianum Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 27 Dec 2011
  82. ^ S. underwoodianum Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 27 Dec 2011
  83. ^ Whittier, D (1973). "The effect of light and other factors on spore germination in Botrychium dissectum". Can J Bot. 51 (10): 1791–1794. doi:10.1139/b73-230.
  84. ^ Winther, J; Friedman, W (2007). "Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts in Botrychium (Ophioglossaceae)". Am J Bot. 94 (7): 1248–1255. doi:10.3732/ajb.94.7.1248. PMID 21636490.

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