Formula for the area of a quadrilateral
In geometry , Bretschneider's formula is the following expression for the area of a general quadrilateral :
K
=
(
s
−
a
)
(
s
−
b
)
(
s
−
c
)
(
s
−
d
)
−
a
b
c
d
⋅
cos
2
(
α
+
γ
2
)
{\displaystyle K={\sqrt {(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)(s-d)-abcd\cdot \cos ^{2}\left({\frac {\alpha +\gamma }{2}}\right)}}}
=
(
s
−
a
)
(
s
−
b
)
(
s
−
c
)
(
s
−
d
)
−
1
2
a
b
c
d
[
1
+
cos
(
α
+
γ
)
]
.
{\displaystyle ={\sqrt {(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)(s-d)-{\tfrac {1}{2}}abcd[1+\cos(\alpha +\gamma )]}}.}
Here, a , b , c , d are the sides of the quadrilateral, s is the semiperimeter , and α and γ are two opposite angles.
Bretschneider's formula works on any quadrilateral, whether it is cyclic or not.
The German mathematician Carl Anton Bretschneider discovered the formula in 1842. The formula was also derived in the same year by the German mathematician Karl Georg Christian von Staudt .
Proof [ ]
Denote the area of the quadrilateral by K . Then we have
K
=
±
area of
△
A
D
B
±
area of
△
B
D
C
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}K&=\pm {\text{area of }}\triangle ADB\pm {\text{area of }}\triangle BDC\end{aligned}}}
(± is to omit the case of convex and concave quadrilateral)
=
a
d
sin
α
2
+
b
c
sin
γ
2
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&={\frac {ad\sin \alpha }{2}}+{\frac {bc\sin \gamma }{2}}.\end{aligned}}}
Therefore
2
K
=
(
a
d
)
sin
α
+
(
b
c
)
sin
γ
.
{\displaystyle 2K=(ad)\sin \alpha +(bc)\sin \gamma .}
4
K
2
=
(
a
d
)
2
sin
2
α
+
(
b
c
)
2
sin
2
γ
+
2
a
b
c
d
sin
α
sin
γ
.
{\displaystyle 4K^{2}=(ad)^{2}\sin ^{2}\alpha +(bc)^{2}\sin ^{2}\gamma +2abcd\sin \alpha \sin \gamma .}
The law of cosines implies that
a
2
+
d
2
−
2
a
d
cos
α
=
b
2
+
c
2
−
2
b
c
cos
γ
,
{\displaystyle a^{2}+d^{2}-2ad\cos \alpha =b^{2}+c^{2}-2bc\cos \gamma ,}
because both sides equal the square of the length of the diagonal BD . This can be rewritten as
(
a
2
+
d
2
−
b
2
−
c
2
)
2
4
=
(
a
d
)
2
cos
2
α
+
(
b
c
)
2
cos
2
γ
−
2
a
b
c
d
cos
α
cos
γ
.
{\displaystyle {\frac {(a^{2}+d^{2}-b^{2}-c^{2})^{2}}{4}}=(ad)^{2}\cos ^{2}\alpha +(bc)^{2}\cos ^{2}\gamma -2abcd\cos \alpha \cos \gamma .}
Adding this to the above formula for 4K 2 yields
4
K
2
+
(
a
2
+
d
2
−
b
2
−
c
2
)
2
4
=
(
a
d
)
2
+
(
b
c
)
2
−
2
a
b
c
d
cos
(
α
+
γ
)
=
(
a
d
+
b
c
)
2
−
2
a
b
c
d
−
2
a
b
c
d
cos
(
α
+
γ
)
=
(
a
d
+
b
c
)
2
−
2
a
b
c
d
(
cos
(
α
+
γ
)
+
1
)
=
(
a
d
+
b
c
)
2
−
4
a
b
c
d
(
cos
(
α
+
γ
)
+
1
2
)
=
(
a
d
+
b
c
)
2
−
4
a
b
c
d
cos
2
(
α
+
γ
2
)
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}4K^{2}+{\frac {(a^{2}+d^{2}-b^{2}-c^{2})^{2}}{4}}&=(ad)^{2}+(bc)^{2}-2abcd\cos(\alpha +\gamma )\\&=(ad+bc)^{2}-2abcd-2abcd\cos(\alpha +\gamma )\\&=(ad+bc)^{2}-2abcd(\cos(\alpha +\gamma )+1)\\&=(ad+bc)^{2}-4abcd\left({\frac {\cos(\alpha +\gamma )+1}{2}}\right)\\&=(ad+bc)^{2}-4abcd\cos ^{2}\left({\frac {\alpha +\gamma }{2}}\right).\end{aligned}}}
Note that:
cos
2
α
+
γ
2
=
1
+
cos
(
α
+
γ
)
2
{\displaystyle \cos ^{2}{\frac {\alpha +\gamma }{2}}={\frac {1+\cos(\alpha +\gamma )}{2}}}
(a trigonometric identity true for all
α
+
γ
2
{\displaystyle {\frac {\alpha +\gamma }{2}}}
)
Following the same steps as in Brahmagupta's formula , this can be written as
16
K
2
=
(
a
+
b
+
c
−
d
)
(
a
+
b
−
c
+
d
)
(
a
−
b
+
c
+
d
)
(
−
a
+
b
+
c
+
d
)
−
16
a
b
c
d
cos
2
(
α
+
γ
2
)
.
{\displaystyle 16K^{2}=(a+b+c-d)(a+b-c+d)(a-b+c+d)(-a+b+c+d)-16abcd\cos ^{2}\left({\frac {\alpha +\gamma }{2}}\right).}
Introducing the semiperimeter
s
=
a
+
b
+
c
+
d
2
,
{\displaystyle s={\frac {a+b+c+d}{2}},}
the above becomes
16
K
2
=
16
(
s
−
d
)
(
s
−
c
)
(
s
−
b
)
(
s
−
a
)
−
16
a
b
c
d
cos
2
(
α
+
γ
2
)
{\displaystyle 16K^{2}=16(s-d)(s-c)(s-b)(s-a)-16abcd\cos ^{2}\left({\frac {\alpha +\gamma }{2}}\right)}
K
2
=
(
s
−
a
)
(
s
−
b
)
(
s
−
c
)
(
s
−
d
)
−
a
b
c
d
cos
2
(
α
+
γ
2
)
{\displaystyle K^{2}=(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)(s-d)-abcd\cos ^{2}\left({\frac {\alpha +\gamma }{2}}\right)}
and Bretschneider's formula follows after taking the square root of both sides:
K
=
(
s
−
a
)
(
s
−
b
)
(
s
−
c
)
(
s
−
d
)
−
a
b
c
d
⋅
cos
2
(
α
+
γ
2
)
{\displaystyle K={\sqrt {(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)(s-d)-abcd\cdot \cos ^{2}\left({\frac {\alpha +\gamma }{2}}\right)}}}
Emmanuel García has used the generalized half angle formulas to give an alternative proof. [1]
Related formulae [ ]
Bretschneider's formula generalizes Brahmagupta's formula for the area of a cyclic quadrilateral , which in turn generalizes Heron's formula for the area of a triangle .
The trigonometric adjustment in Bretschneider's formula for non-cyclicality of the quadrilateral can be rewritten non-trigonometrically in terms of the sides and the diagonals e and f to give[2] [3]
K
=
1
4
4
e
2
f
2
−
(
b
2
+
d
2
−
a
2
−
c
2
)
2
=
(
s
−
a
)
(
s
−
b
)
(
s
−
c
)
(
s
−
d
)
−
1
4
(
a
c
+
b
d
+
e
f
)
(
a
c
+
b
d
−
e
f
)
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}K&={\tfrac {1}{4}}{\sqrt {4e^{2}f^{2}-(b^{2}+d^{2}-a^{2}-c^{2})^{2}}}\\&={\sqrt {(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)(s-d)-{\tfrac {1}{4}}(ac+bd+ef)(ac+bd-ef)}}.\end{aligned}}}
Notes [ ]
^ E. A. José García, Two Identities and their Consequences, MATINF, 6 (2020) 5-11. [1]
^ Coolidge, J. L. (1939). "A Historically Interesting Formula for the Area of a Quadrilateral". The American Mathematical Monthly . 46 (6): 345–347. doi :10.2307/2302891 .
^ Hobson, E. W. (1918). A Treatise on Plane Trigonometry . Cambridge University Press. pp. 204–205.
References & further reading [ ]
Ayoub, Ayoub B. (2007). "Generalizations of Ptolemy and Brahmagupta Theorems". Mathematics and Computer Education . 41 (1). ISSN 0730-8639 .
C. A. Bretschneider. Untersuchung der trigonometrischen Relationen des geradlinigen Viereckes. Archiv der Mathematik und Physik, Band 2, 1842, S. 225-261 (online copy, German )
F. Strehlke: Zwei neue Sätze vom ebenen und sphärischen Viereck und Umkehrung des Ptolemaischen Lehrsatzes . Archiv der Mathematik und Physik, Band 2, 1842, S. 323-326 (online copy, German )
External links [ ]