Buenaventura Báez
Buenaventura Báez | |
|---|---|
 | |
 President of the Dominican Republic | |
| In office May 29, 1849 – February 15, 1853 | |
| Preceded by | Manuel Jiménes |
| Succeeded by | Pedro Santana |
| In office October 8, 1856 – June 13, 1858 | |
| Vice President | |
| Preceded by | Manuel de Regla Mota |
| Succeeded by | José Desiderio Valverde |
| In office December 8, 1865 – May 29, 1866 | |
| Vice President | |
| Preceded by | Pedro Guillermo |
| Succeeded by | Triumvirate of 1866 |
| In office May 2, 1868 – January 2, 1874 | |
| Vice President | Manuel Altagracia Cáceres (1868-1871) (1871-1874) |
| Preceded by | Manuel Altagracia Cáceres |
| Succeeded by | Ignacio María González |
| In office December 26, 1876 – March 2, 1878 | |
| Vice President | Vacant |
| Preceded by | Marcos Antonio Cabral |
| Succeeded by | Ignacio María González |
| 4th Vice President of the Dominican Republic | |
| In office 6 October 1856 – 8 October 1856[1] | |
| Preceded by | |
| Succeeded by | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | July 14, 1812 Cabral, Barahona, Captaincy General of Santo Domingo |
| Died | March 14, 1884 (aged 71) Hormigueros, Puerto Rico |
| Nationality | Dominican |
| Political party | Red Party |
| Domestic partner | Teresa Batista, Josefa Silverio, Carmen Cordero, Concepción Machado Peralta, Fermina Andújar de Soto, Corina Dupont |
| Relations | Marcos Antonio Cabral (son-in-law) Virgins of Galindo (nieces-in-law) |
| Children | At least 9 children, some sources have attributed more children to him[2] |
Ramón Buenaventura Báez Méndez, better known as Buenaventura Báez (July 14, 1812 – March 14, 1884), was the President of the Dominican Republic for five nonconsecutive terms. He is known for attempting to annex the Dominican Republic to other countries on several occasions. His son Ramón Báez was briefly president in 1914.
Early years and family[]
Báez was born in Rincón (now Cabral) in the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, he was raised in his father's hometown Azua.
Báez was the son of Pablo Altagracia Báez and Teresa de Jesús Méndez. His father Pablo, a wealthy merchant from Azua, was left in an orphanage when he was born, as he was the result of an extramarital affair between a married Spanish woman and the priest . Pablo was raised by a French silversmith (a factor that generated a deep francophilia in both Pablo and Buenaventura) known as Monsieur Capellier, and became a wealthy businessman, slaveholder and politician. Teresa de Jesús Méndez was a beautiful, busty, mixed-race former slave from Rincón. She was born to a slave and a master, and was sold to Pablo Altagracia Báez, who freed her to take her as his mistress when his wife María Quezada told him to do so when realized that she was infertile herself; Pablo and Teresa had 7 children.
Báez was light-haired and blue-eyed like his father but had curly hair and was somewhat swarthy, earning the nickname of Jabao. Cultured and good-looking, Báez was very popular among women, especially because of his gallantry. Due to his family's fortune he was able to study in Europe, particularly France. In the European continent he learned various languages including English and French. When his father died in 1841, Báez, aged 29, inherited a large fortune that he used assiduously in politics, becoming elected in 1843 deputy to the Haitian Constituent Assembly.
Political career[]
From 1843 Báez served as deputy of Azua to the ruling Haitian government. This post was gained in part because of his role in the revolution that overthrew President Jean-Pierre Boyer from power. As a deputy, Báez led a faction of Dominicans that tried to remove the anti-white bias in the Haitian Constitution, but failed.[3]
Báez was, at first, completely and totally against any move to leave the union with Haiti. Then, on 15 December 1843 Báez, as leader of the Dominican legislative faction, proposed to French consul Auguste Levasseur to establish a French protectorate in the Spanish-speaking side of the island with a governor appointed by Paris, in exchange for guns and warships to compel or fight Port-au-Prince for a retreat. Consul Levasseur was very well disposed and constantly exchanged correspondence between Paris and the conspirators.
When the independence revolution started, he opposed the Trinitarians and imprisoned some of them, tried futilely to prevent the publication of a copy of the Act of Independence in January 1844 in Azua, and in February did not allow the flag of the newly Dominican state to be raised in the city plaza; in part, he was very pessimistic due to the numerical superiority of Haitians and thought that a rebellion against Port-au-Prince with no foreign support was futile. He changed his mind once he saw the popular fervor and decided that the time had come to part ways with Port-au-Prince.
In 1844, Báez helped to lead a successful rebellion against Haiti, which established the independence of the Dominican Republic. He went to Europe in 1846 to convince France to establish a protectorate over the Dominican Republic, but the French refused. As president for the first time, from 1849 until 1853, he attempted to convince the United States to take over the country. He was president again from 1856 until 1857, when he was deposed in a coup.
Báez next supported the idea of having the Dominican Republic be taken over by Spain. He went into exile in Spain and led a luxurious life there. The Spanish agreed to occupy the Dominican Republic in 1861, but by 1865 they had abandoned it (see Dominican Restoration War). Báez then returned to the Dominican Republic and became president again until he was deposed in another coup in May 1866. He then served his longest term as president, from 1868 until 1874, during which time he again attempted to have the United States annex the Dominican Republic.[4] This time he was almost successful, as he convinced American President Ulysses S. Grant to send warships to the Dominican Republic, and drew up an annexation treaty which reached the United States Senate floor.[5] The treaty, however, was not ratified in the US Senate, as there was widespread opposition to absorbing a nation with so many black and mixed race inhabitants. The treaty became an embarrassment for Grant.[6][7][8]
Exile and death[]
Báez became President again from 1876 until 1878, when he was deposed in a final coup and sent into exile to Puerto Rico, at the time a Spanish colony, where he lived his final days.
He is buried in the Basilica Cathedral of Santa María la Menor.
Offspring[]
Genealogical studies have identified President Báez, and President Espaillat as well, as the most recent common ancestors for most of the Dominican oligarchy, since their offspring managed to establish bonds with the most rich and powerful families from Santiago, and thus, from the country.[9]
- Ramón Buenaventura Báez Méndez (1812–1884)
- Manuel Báez Batista (1839–?)
- Altagracia Amelia Báez Andújar (†1879)
- José María Cabral y Báez (1864–1937)
- Amelia María Cabral Bermúdez (1899–1996)
- Juan Bautista Vicini Cabral (1924–2015)
- (b. 1960)
- Amelia Stella María Vicini Lluberes (b. 1974)
- (b. 1975)
- Laura Amelia Vicini Cabral de Barletta (1925–2006)
- (1926–2007)
- José Leopoldo Vicini Pérez
- Marco Vicini Pérez
- (1936–1997)
- Juan Bautista Vicini Cabral (1924–2015)
- Auristela Cabral Bermúdez (1901–1988)
- Donald Joseph Reid Cabral (1923–2006)
- William John Reid Cabral (1925–2010)
- (b. 1953)
- Isabela Egan Reid de Pittaluga
- Meghan Egan Reid
- (b. 1953)
- (1929–1961)
- José María Cabral Bermúdez (1902–1984)
- María Josefina Cabral Vega
- Manuel Díez Cabral (b. 1964)
- José María Cabral Vega
- Amalia Josefina Gabriela Cabral Lluberes (b. 1963)
- Claudia Cabral Lluberes (b. 1964)
- Ana Amelia Batlle Cabral
- Laura Emilia Batlle Cabral
- José María Cabral Lluberes (b. 1967)
- Petrica Cabral Vega (b. 1938)
- (b. 1960)
- Lidia Josefina León Cabral (b. 1962)
- José Eduardo León Cabral (1963–1975)
- Marco Buenaventura Cabral Vega
- María Josefina Cabral Vega
- Marco Antonio Cabral Bermúdez (1906–1973)
- Josefina Eugenia Cabral Bermúdez (1910–1994)
- Pedro Ramón Espaillat Cabral
- Alejandro Augusto Espaillat Cabral
- Alejandro José Espaillat Imbert
- Pedro José Espaillat Vélez
- Carlos José Espaillat Vélez
- Fineta Rosario Espaillat Cabral
- Pedro Pablo Cabral Bermúdez (1916–1988)
- José María Cabral Arzeno (b. 1959)
- José María Cabral González (b. 1988)
- Luis José Cabral Arzeno
- Lucía Amelia Cabral Arzeno
- Virginia Cabral Arzeno
- José María Cabral Arzeno (b. 1959)
- Amelia María Cabral Bermúdez (1899–1996)
- Ramona Antonio Cabral y Báez
-
- Carmen Amelia Mercedes Cabral Machado
- Carlos Alberto Cabral Machado
- Pablo Buenaventura Cabral Machado
- Mario Fermín Cabral y Báez (1877–1961)
- Manuel Antonio Cabral Tavares (1907–1999)
- José María Cabral y Báez (1864–1937)
- Teodoro Osvaldo Buenaventura Báez Machado (1857–?)
- (1909–1995)
- Buenaventura Báez López-Penha
- Ramón Báez Machado (1858–1929)
- Buenaventura Báez Soler
- Ramón Báez Romano
- Ramón Buenaventura Báez Figueroa (b. 1956)
- (b. 1982)
- José Ramón Báez Alvarez (b.1999)
- José Miguel Báez Figueroa
- Ramón Buenaventura Báez Figueroa (b. 1956)
- Ramón Báez Romano
- Mercedes Báez Soler
-
- Ramón de la Rocha Pimentel (b. 1951)
- Clarissa Altagracia de la Rocha Pimentel de Torres (b. 1959)
-
- Buenaventura Báez Soler
References[]
- ^ Vicepresidentes de la RD que han alcanzado la presidencia
- ^ Espinal
- ^ Núñez, Manuel (2001). El ocaso de la nación dominicana (in Spanish). Editorial Letra Gráfica.
- ^ "Dominican Annexation; The London Times on the Question--The Results Favorable to all Concerned". The New York Times. December 1, 1869.
- ^ "Washington; Our Navy in Dominican Waters Dominican Annexation and Haytian Interference Completeness of the Administration's Response to Senate Resolution for Information. The Secretary of the Navy to Rear-Admiral Poor, at Key West". The New York Times. February 13, 1871.
- ^ Hidalgo, Dennis (1997). "Charles Sumner and the Annexation of the Dominican Republic". Itinerario. 21 (2): 51–66. doi:10.1017/S0165115312000034. S2CID 162876421.
- ^ "San Domingo: Debate in the United States Senate on the resolutions of Hon. O. P. Morton, authorizing the appointment of a commission to examine into and report upon the condition of the island". African American Perspectives, Pamphlets from the Daniel A.P. Murray Collection 1818 - 1907. Library of Congress.
- ^ Edward P. Crapol (2000). James G. Blaine. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8420-2605-5.
- ^ Espinal, Edwin (25 April 2013). "Camateta: la esclava de la oligarquía dominicana" (in Spanish). Hoy. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
- Espinal Hernández, Edwin (12 February 2011). "Ulises F. Espaillat ¿el tronco de la oligarquía?" (in Spanish). Hoy. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
- Espinal, Edwin (10 January 2009). "Los Báez" (in Spanish). Hoy. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
- Céspedes, Diógenes (1 February 2011). "Origen edípico de nuestra oligarquía" (in Spanish). Hoy. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
External links[]
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- 1812 births
- 1884 deaths
- People from Barahona Province
- Dominican Republic people of Spanish descent
- Presidents of the Dominican Republic
- Vice presidents of the Dominican Republic
- Dominican Republic military personnel