Bump stock

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A Slide Fire Solutions bump fire stock on a WASR-10 semiautomatic rifle

Bump stocks or bump fire stocks are gun stocks that can be used to assist in bump firing. Bump firing is the act of using the recoil of a semi-automatic firearm to fire ammunition cartridges in rapid succession, but with a loss of accuracy.

The legality of bump stocks in the United States came under question[1][2][3] following the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, which left 60 civilians dead and an additional 867 injured;[4][5][6] the gunman was found to have fitted them to his weapons.[7] Several states passed legislation restricting ownership of bump stocks following this shooting and the one at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School months later, and the U.S. Justice Department banned them at the federal level in December 2018. However, on March 25, 2021, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals struck down the ban.[8]

Bump fire stocks[]

A bump stock causes the trigger (red) to be actuated when the receiver moves forward, being reset each round by receiver recoil. This allows semi-automatic firearms to somewhat mimic fully automatic weapons.

Bump fire stocks are gun stocks that are specially designed to make bump firing easier, which assist semi-automatic firearms with somewhat mimicking the firing motion of fully automatic weapons but does not make the firearm automatic.[9] Essentially, bump stocks assist rapid fire by "bumping" the trigger against one's finger (as opposed to one's finger pulling on the trigger) thus allowing the firearm's recoil, plus constant forward pressure by the non-shooting arm, to actuate the trigger. Bump fire stocks can be placed on a few common weapon platforms such as the AR or AK families. They can achieve rates of fire between 400 and 800 rounds per minute depending on the gun.[1] By 2018, bump fire stocks in the United States were sold for around $100 and up, with prices increasing prior to enactment of federal regulation.[1][10]

Slide Fire Solutions, the inventor, patent holder, and leading manufacturer of bump stocks, suspended sales after bump stocks were used in the 2017 Las Vegas shooting and resumed sales a month later.[11][12] On May 20, 2018, 95 days after the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, Slide Fire Solutions permanently halted sales and production of its products.[13]

History of regulation[]

In 2002, one of the first bump stock-type devices, the Akins Accelerator invented by Bill Akins, was deemed by the US Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) to not be a "machinegun". The Akins Accelerator used an internal spring to force the firearm forward to re-make contact with the trigger finger after the recoil of the previous shot pushed the firearm rearward.[14][15] The ATF interpreted a "single function of the trigger" to mean a "single movement of the trigger", and since the trigger moved for each shot, the Akins Accelerator was deemed to not be a machinegun.[15] Later, in 2006, the ATF reversed course and reinterpreted the language to mean "single pull of the trigger", which reclassified the Akins Accelerator as a machinegun. The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the new interpretation in February 2009.[16]

More modern bump stocks were invented by Slide Fire Solutions founder Jeremiah Cottle as a replacement stock for people who have limited hand mobility. Such bump stocks have no internal spring and require constant forward pressure by the non-shooting arm in order to maintain continuous fire.[15] Between 2008 and 2017, the ATF issued ten letter rulings that classified bump stocks as a "firearm part", which are unregulated.[17][18] However, in March 2018, as a result of the use of bump stocks in the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, the U.S. Department of Justice announced a plan to reclassify bump stocks as "machineguns" under existing federal law, effectively[Note 1] banning them nationwide.[19][20] Only two states had banned bump stocks prior to the Las Vegas shooting. The final rule of the DoJ was issued on December 18, 2018.[21][22] Now, as of March 26, 2019, bump stocks are illegal for almost all US civilians, but multiple lawsuits are pending that challenge that rule. In May 2019, the Offensive Weapons Act 2019 prohibited bump stocks in the UK.[23]

Public opinion[]

Immediately following the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, 72% of registered voters supported a bump stock ban, including 68% of Republicans and 79% of Democrats.[24] A 2018 poll found 81% of American adults supported banning bump stocks with a margin of error of ±3.5%.[25] A different poll around the same time found 56% of American adults supported banning bump stocks with a margin of error of ±4%.[26]

Regulatory status in the United States[]

Federal[]

The ATF ruled in 2010 that bump stocks were not a firearm subject to regulation and allowed their sale as an unregulated firearm part.[1][2][3] In the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, twelve bump stocks were found at the scene.[7] The National Rifle Association stated on October 5, 2017, "Devices designed to allow semi-automatic rifles to function like fully-automatic rifles should be subject to additional regulations", and called on regulators to "immediately review whether these devices comply with federal law".[27] The 2017 shooting generated bipartisan interest in regulating bump stocks.[28] On October 4, 2017, Senator Dianne Feinstein introduced a bill to ban bump stocks,[1] but it was not acted upon. Instead, on February 20, 2018, President Trump instructed the ATF to issue regulations to treat bump stocks as machineguns.[29]

President Donald Trump blamed former President Barack Obama for having "legalized bump stocks", which he termed a "BAD IDEA."[30] On March 23, 2018, at President Trump's request[30] the Department of Justice announced a plan to ban bump stocks at the federal level. The proposed change would reclassify bump stocks as "machineguns" and effectively[Note 1] ban the devices in the United States under existing federal law.[19] A notice of proposed rulemaking was issued by the ATF on March 29, 2018, and opened for public comments.[20][31] Over 119,000 comments were submitted in support of the proposed rule, while over 66,000 comments expressed opposition to it.[22] On December 18, 2018, the final regulation to ban bump stocks was issued by the Department of Justice and published in the Federal Register on December 26.[17][22][32] The final rule states that "bump-stock-type devices" are covered by the Gun Control Act, as amended, which with limited exceptions, makes it unlawful for any person to transfer or possess a machinegun unless it was lawfully possessed prior to 1986. Since the bump-stock-type devices covered by this final rule were not in existence prior to 1986, they would be prohibited when the rule becomes effective.[22] The ban went into effect on March 26, 2019, by which owners of bump stocks were required to destroy them or surrender them to ATF, punishable by 10 years imprisonment and a $250,000 fine.[22][33]

On March 2, 2020, the Supreme Court of the United States refused to hear a case related to Trump's bump stock ban,[34] however on March 25, 2021, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals struck down the ban.[8]

State[]

Legality of bump stocks in the United States at the state level; as of March 29, 2019, it became illegal at the federal level.
  Bump stocks legal
  Legality unclear
  Bump stocks illegal

Prior to the federal ban effective March 26, 2019, some states had taken action on their own to restrict ownership of the accessory. Since 1990, the sale of bump stocks has been illegal in California. They were banned in New York with the passage of the NY SAFE Act in 2013, and more explicitly banned in early 2019.[35] The device's legal status is unclear in Connecticut, Michigan, Minnesota, and Puerto Rico.[36]

After the 2017 Las Vegas shooting[]

In his final day as governor in January 2018, New Jersey Governor Chris Christie signed legislation making the gun accessory illegal in New Jersey.[37] Massachusetts banned bump stocks after the 2017 Las Vegas shooting.[12]

In March 2018, following the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, Florida enacted SB 7026, which, among other things, banned bump stocks.[38][39] The portion of the legislation banning bump stocks took effect in October 2018; possession in Florida is a third-degree felony.[40] Vermont passed a similar law in 2018, which went into effect in October 2018; possession in Vermont is a misdemeanor.[41] Delaware,[42] Hawaii,[43] Maryland,[44] Washington,[45] Washington D.C.,[46] and Nevada[47] have also banned bump stocks.

Some states that do not ban bump stocks may have localities that ban them, such as Northbrook, Illinois (April 2018);[48] Boulder, Colorado (May 2018);[49] and others.

Federal lawsuits[]

Several gun rights groups have challenged federal regulation.[50][51]

Gun Owners of America[]

In December 2018, Gun Owners of America sued the federal government in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Michigan, challenging the bump stock ban.[52] On March 21, 2019, the group's request for a preliminary injunction was denied by the district court.[53] The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit and U.S. Supreme Court both denied a stay on the effective date of the regulation pending the appeal.[54]

Following oral argument in December 2020, the Sixth Circuit panel issued a 2–1 ruling in favor of the plaintiffs on March 25, 2021.[55] The majority decision, written by Judge Alice M. Batchelder and joined by Judge Eric E. Murphy, ruled that (1) an agency's interpretation of a criminal statute is not entitled to Chevron deference, (2) bump stocks cannot be classified as machineguns, thus the ATF's rule is not the best interpretation of the law, and (3) the plaintiffs are likely to prevail in their challenge, therefore the district court should have granted an injunction. The court remanded the case back to the district court for proceedings in accordance with its opinion (i.e., to issue an injunction).[55][8][56] Judge Helene White dissented, writing that the Supreme Court had previously applied Chevron deference to agency interpretations of criminal statutes in the cases of Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon and United States v. O'Hagan.[55] The appeals court granted an en banc petition on June 25, 2021.[57]

Guedes (Firearms Policy Coalition) and Codrea cases[]

The Firearms Policy Coalition and other gun-rights groups sued in the federal district court in Washington, D.C., also seeking an injunction.[58] In February 2019, U.S. District Judge Dabney L. Friedrich denied the Firearms Policy Coalition's request for an injunction, determining that the group had not put forward convincing legal arguments that the ban was invalid.[58][59] The U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit stayed the effective date of the regulation, but only as applied to the plaintiffs and their members.[60] A broader injunction was denied by the Supreme Court.[61]

On April 1, 2019, the D.C. Circuit affirmed the district court's denial of a preliminary injunction in a per curiam decision, based largely on Chevron deference. The decision allowed the ban to go into effect for the plaintiffs. Judge Karen L. Henderson issued an opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part.[60] A second stay application was denied by the Supreme Court on April 5, 2019, with Thomas and Gorsuch indicating that they would have granted the application.[62][63] The Supreme Court denied a petition for a writ of certiorari (petition for review) on March 2, 2020; Gorsuch issued a statement agreeing that the time was not right for Supreme Court review, but criticizing the D.C. Circuit's position and writing that "Chevron's application in this case may be doubtful."[64]

The case returned to the district court, and in February 2021, the court granted summary judgment in favor of the government, holding that Chevron deference applied; that ATF had the authority to state that the NFA's definition of "machinegun" includes bump stocks; and that ATF's interpretation of the statutory language was reasonable. The court also rejected the plaintiffs' Taking Clause and Ex Post Facto Clause claims, as well as their claim that the underlying statutes were impermissibly vague.[65] The case is currently pending before the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals.

Aposhian and Cargill lawsuits[]

In 2019, W. Clark Aposhian, the chairman of the Utah Shooting Sports Council, a gun rights group, sued the ATF in the federal district court of Utah over the bump stock ban, arguing that the promulgation of the regulation exceeded the ATF's statutory authority. Aposhian is represented by the New Civil Liberties Alliance.[66][67] The district court denied the plaintiffs' request for a preliminary injunction to block the ban in March 2019.[68][69] In March 2019, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit granted a temporary stay that applies only to the plaintiff,[70] but ultimately upheld the denial of a preliminary injunction.[71] In April 2019, in a divided opinion, the Tenth Circuit denied the motion for a stay, and a divided panel upheld the district court's ruling. The appeals court granted review en banc (i.e., by the full court), but ultimately dismissed the grant of en banc rehearing as improvidently granted, allowing the panel decision (and thus the bump-stock ban) to stay in place.[71][72] The case is currently pending before the Supreme Court.

An Austin, Texas gun rights activist, Michael Cargill, sued ATF in 2019, in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas, similarly challenging the authority of the agency to classify bump stocks as illegal machine guns. Carill is also represented by the New Civil Liberties Alliance.[66][73][74] The district court dismissed the suit in November 2020.[66] The case is currently pending before the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals.

Takings Clause lawsuits[]

In June 2018, the group Maryland Shall Issue filed a putative class action lawsuit in the federal district court in Maryland, challenged 2018 Maryland Senate Bill 707 which banned "rapid-fire trigger activators";[75] the plaintiffs alleged that the ban was an unconstitutional taking requiring just compensation, among other challenges. In November 2018, the district court dismissed the case.[76] In June 2020, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed the dismissal of the suit in a 2–1 vote.[77][78] In May 2021, the Supreme Court declined to hear the case.[79][80]

Two similar lawsuits were filed in the United States Court of Federal Claims challenging the federal bump-stock ban—one filed by bump stock owners, the other by bump-stock suppliers Modern Sportsman and RW Arms. Both were dismissed.[81][82][83][84] In the latter case, the court held that the ATF Final Rule banning bump stocks "was promulgated pursuant to the police power to protect public safety and therefore not a compensable taking under the Fifth Amendment."[84]

John Doe[]

A class action lawsuit filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Illinois seeking immunity for legal purchasers of bump stocks prior to the ATF rule change was denied by the court in June 2020.[85]

State lawsuits[]

Florida[]

Florida banned bump stocks in October 2018. A class action lawsuit challenging the ban as an unconstitutional taking requiring just compensation was unsuccessful in the Leon County circuit court in May 2019[86] and in the 1st District Court of Appeal in January 2021.[87]

Patent infringement suit[]

Slide Fire Solutions filed suit against Bump Fire Systems for infringement of its patents on bump stock designs in 2014.[88] The suit alleged that Bump Fire Systems infringed eight US Patents, for example, United States Patent No. 6,101,918 entitled "Method And Apparatus for Accelerating the Cyclic Firing Rate of a Semi-Automatic Firearm"[89] and United States Patent No. 8,127,658 entitled "Method of Shooting a Semi-Automatic Firearm".[90] The suit was settled in 2016, resulting in Bump Fire Systems ceasing manufacture of the product in contention.[91]

Other lawsuits[]

Survivors of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting sued bump stock patent holder and manufacturer Slide Fire Solutions, claiming the company was negligent and that they deliberately attempted to evade U.S. laws regulating automatic weapons: "this horrific assault would not and could not have occurred, with a conventional handgun, rifle, or shotgun, of the sort used by law-abiding responsible gun owners for hunting or self defense."[13] The suit was dismissed in September 2018; the court determined that the bump stocks of the sort used by gunman Stephen Paddock to commit the murders, were "firearm components" rather than "firearm accessories" and were therefore subject to the Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act (PLCAA), a federal law immunizing manufacturers and sellers of firearms from liability for harm "caused by those who criminally or unlawfully misuse firearm products".[92][93]

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b Machineguns manufactured after May 1986 are illegal on the federal level, but pre-1986 ones remain legal in most states and are highly regulated. Since bump stocks were not invented until 2010, all existing supplies effectively become illegal if classified as a machinegun.

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "The "bump stocks" used in the Las Vegas shooting may soon be banned". The Economist. 6 October 2017.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b Krouse, William J. (10 October 2017). Gun Control: "Bump-Fire" Stocks (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b Peck, Sarah Herman (11 April 2018). ATF's Ability to Regulate "Bump Stocks" (PDF). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  4. ^ Lacanlale, Rio (24 August 2020). "California woman declared 59th victim of 2017 massacre in Las Vegas". The Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  5. ^ Lacanlale, Rio (17 September 2020). "Las Vegas woman becomes 60th victim of October 2017 mass shooting". The Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  6. ^ "LVMPD Criminal Investigative Report of the 1 October Mass Casualty Shooting" (PDF). Retrieved 13 March 2020 – via www.lvmpd.com.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b "What Is a Bump Stock and How Does It Work?". The New York Times. 20 February 2018 [October 4, 2017].
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b c Brian Flood "Federal Bump Stock Ban Blocked by Divided Appeals Court" Bloomberg Law, March 25, 2021. Accessed March 26, 2021.
  9. ^ Chavez, Nicole. "Bump stock: The device found on Las Vegas shooter's guns". CNN. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  10. ^ Berr, Jonathan. "Bump stock prices soar ahead of potential federal ban". CBS News. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  11. ^ Mann, Brian (7 November 2017). "Bump Stock Manufacturer To Resume Sales Of Controversial Device". All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b Lartey, Jamiles (7 November 2017). "Leading bump stock maker briefly makes product available again". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b Romo, Vanessa (18 April 2018). "Bump Stock Manufacturer Is Shutting Down Production". NPR. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  14. ^ "Inventor of 'bump stock' spent years fighting for device, and lost". Reuters. 6 October 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b c "GUEDES v. ATF" (PDF).
  16. ^ "Akins v. US".
  17. ^ Jump up to: a b "Bump-Stock-Type Devices". Federal Register. 26 December 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  18. ^ Hsu, Tiffany (5 October 2017). "Bump Stock Innovator Inspired by People Who 'Love Full Auto'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b "Sessions effectively bans bump stocks". Axios. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b Horwitz, Sari (23 March 2018). "Justice Department proposes banning bump stocks, branding them machine guns". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  21. ^ "US officially bans 'bump stocks' on guns". BBC News. 19 December 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
  22. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Savage, Charlie (18 December 2018). "Trump Administration Imposes Ban on Bump Stocks". New York Times.
  23. ^ "54 - Prohibition of certain firearms etc: England and Wales and Scotland". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  24. ^ Sanger-Katz, Margot; Bui, QuocTrung (12 October 2017). "A Bump Stock Ban Is Popular With the Public". Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  25. ^ Khalid, Asma (2 March 2018). "NPR Poll: After Parkland, Number of Americans Who Want Gun Restrictions Grows". Morning Edition. NPR. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  26. ^ "Poll: Support for stricter gun laws rises; divisions on arming teachers". CBS News. 23 February 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  27. ^ "Las Vegas shooting: NRA urges new rules for gun 'bump-stocks'". BBC News. 5 October 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
  28. ^ Connolly, Griffin (5 October 2017). "House GOP Shows 'Overwhelming' Interest in Bipartisan Bump Stock Bill". Rollcall.com.
  29. ^ Carter, Brandon (20 February 2018). "Trump to take steps to ban bump stocks". The Hill. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  30. ^ Jump up to: a b Dan Merica. "Trump moves closer to banning bump fire stocks". CNN, March 23, 2018. Accessed March 10, 2021.
  31. ^ "Regulations.gov". Regulations.gov. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  32. ^ Bump-Stock-Type Devices, 83 Fed. Reg. 66,514 (Dec. 26, 2018).
  33. ^ Owen, Tess (26 March 2019). "Owning a bump stock can now get you 10 years in prison". Vice News. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  34. ^ Ariane de Vogue. "Supreme Court leaves Trump bump stock ban in place". CNN, March 2, 2020. Accessed March 10, 2021.
  35. ^ Wang, Vivian; McKinley, Jesse (29 January 2019). "New York Passes First Major Gun Control Bills Since Sandy Hook". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  36. ^ "Where are bump-fire stocks illegal? Feds, states weigh bans after Las Vegas shooting". CBS News.
  37. ^ "N.J. bans gun device used in Las Vegas shooting after Christie signs bill". NJ.com.
  38. ^ "Florida Senate passes bill raising age to buy guns". CNN. Athena Jones, Darran Simon and Carolyn Sung. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  39. ^ "The NRA sued to block Florida's new gun law hours after it was passed". Vox. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
  40. ^ Sampson, Zachary T. (8 February 2018). "Bump stocks have been banned for months in Florida, but is anyone listening?". Tampa Bay Times.
  41. ^ McCullum, April (24 September 2018). "Vermont gun laws: What to know about new bump stock ban". Burlington Free Press.
  42. ^ "Delaware's bump stock ban to take effect after buyback events". WHYY. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  43. ^ "Hawaii lawmakers pass bump stock ban". Associated Press. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  44. ^ "Ban On 'Bump Stocks' Among New Gun Regulations In Maryland". WAMU. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  45. ^ "Inslee signs bill to ban bump stock devices like those used in the Las Vegas shooting". Office of Governor Jay Inslee. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  46. ^ "DC Council approves stronger gun laws". WUSA. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  47. ^ "Nevada Gov. Sisolak signs gun control bill into law". Las Vegas Review-Journal. 14 June 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  48. ^ Kukulka, Alexandra. "Northbrook bans bump stocks throughout village, concealed carry in businesses where alcohol consumed". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  49. ^ Gstalter, Morgan (17 May 2018). "Boulder City Council votes to ban assault-style weapons". TheHill. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  50. ^ Balsamo, Michael (18 December 2018). "Trump administration moves to ban bump stocks". Associated Press. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  51. ^ "Gun Rights Activists Are Already Suing Over Trump's Bump Stock Ban". BuzzFeed News. 18 December 2018.
  52. ^ Martin, Gary (28 December 2018). "Gun lobby files lawsuit challenging Trump's bump stock ban". Las Vegas Review-Journal.
  53. ^ Gun Owners of America v. Barr, 363 F. Supp. 3d 823 (W.D. Mich. 2019).
  54. ^ "U.S. Supreme Court refuses to block Trump's gun 'bump stock' ban". Reuters. 28 March 2019.
  55. ^ Jump up to: a b c Gun Owners of America, Inc. v. Garland, 992 F.3d 446 (6th Cir. 2021).
  56. ^ "Trump's Bump Stock Ban Just Lost Big in Federal Court". Reason.com. 26 March 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  57. ^ "Sixth Circuit Takes Bump Stock Case En Banc". Reason.com. 25 June 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  58. ^ Jump up to: a b Flynn, Meagan (26 February 2018). "Bump-stock ban enacted by Trump administration can stand, federal judge rules". Washington Post.
  59. ^ Guedes v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives, 356 F. Supp. 3d 109 (D.D.C. 2019).
  60. ^ Jump up to: a b Guedes v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, 920 F.3d 1 (D.C. Cir. 2019).
  61. ^ "Docket for 18A964". www.supremecourt.gov. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  62. ^ Guedes v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives, 139 S. Ct. 1474 (mem.) (2019).
  63. ^ Thomsen, Jacqueline (5 April 2019). "Supreme Court rejects bid from gun rights groups to delay bump stock ban". The Hill. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  64. ^ Guedes v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives, 140 S. Ct. 789 (mem.) (2020).
  65. ^ Guedes v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives, No. 18-cv-2988 (DLF) (D.D.C. Feb. 19, 2021)
  66. ^ Jump up to: a b c Dennis Romboy, Utah gun advocate still fighting to overturn federal bump stock ban, Deseret News (January 27, 2021).
  67. ^ Jenni Fink (17 January 2019). "Gun rights advocate sues Trump administration over bump stock ban". Newsweek.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  68. ^ "Judge denies Utah gun enthusiast's attempt to block federal rule banning bump stocks". www.ksl.com. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  69. ^ "Federal judge denies Utah gun enthusiast's attempt to halt the upcoming deadline on bump stock ban". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  70. ^ Imlay, Ashley (21 March 2019). "Utah gun enthusiast granted temporary stay of bump stock ban". DeseretNews.com. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  71. ^ Jump up to: a b Amanda Pampuro, 10th Circuit Backs Out of Opening Phase of Fight Over Bump Stock Ban, Courthouse News Service (March 5, 2021).
  72. ^ Martina Barash (5 March 2021). "Bump Stock Ban Stays in Place as Appeals Court Drops". Bloomberg Law.
  73. ^ "Gun rights activist Michael Cargill files lawsuit, surrenders bump stocks". KXAN. 25 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  74. ^ Flores, Christian (25 March 2019). "With bump stock ban taking effect, Austin man plans on fighting ATF in court". KEYE. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  75. ^ "Maryland SB707: 2018 Regular Session". Maryland General Assembly. Retrieved 18 May 2021 – via LegiScan.
  76. ^ Brandi Buchman (19 November 2018). "Federal Court Tosses Challenge to Maryland Ban on Bump Stocks". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  77. ^ Williams, Erika (30 June 2020). "Fourth Circuit Upholds Maryland's Ban on 'Rapid Fire Trigger' Devices". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  78. ^ Kunzelman, Michael. "Federal appeals court upholds Maryland's ban on bump stocks". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  79. ^ "Docket for 20-855". www.supremecourt.gov. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  80. ^ "Supreme Court won't take Maryland bump stock ban case". Associated Press. 3 May 2021.
  81. ^ Maher, Ann. "Bump-stock class action seeks compensation for government's 'taking' of property". madisonrecord.com. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  82. ^ Brief: Bump Stocks, Courthouse News Service (September 24, 2019).
  83. ^ Anapol, Avery (9 April 2019). "Gun company sues US over bump stock ban, claiming $20M in losses". TheHill. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
  84. ^ Jump up to: a b Jake Charles Litigation Highlight: No Compensation for Bump Stock Owners, Duke Center for Firearms Law (October 25, 2019).
  85. ^ Gvillo, Heather Isringhausen. "Yandle denies injunctive relief in bump stock class action". Madison - St. Clair Record. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  86. ^ "Florida 'bump stock' ban lawsuit tossed out". WPTV. 16 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  87. ^ Florida, News Service of (28 January 2021). "Lawsuit over Florida 'bump stock' ban rejected". WJXT. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  88. ^ Case 3:14-cv-03358-M Document 1 Filed 09/16/14, retrieved 3 October 2017
  89. ^ US patent 6101918, William Akins, "Method and apparatus for accelerating the cyclic firing rate of a semi-automatic firearm", published Aug 15, 2000, assigned to William Akins 
  90. ^ US patent 8,127,658, Jeremiah Cottle, "Method of shooting a semi-automatic firearm", published March 6, 2012, assigned to Slide Fire Solutions, Inc. 
  91. ^ "Slide Fire Solutions forces Bump Fire Systems Out Of Business", Guns.com
  92. ^ Las Vegas Bump Stock Class Action Dismissed, Courthouse News Service (September 18, 2018).
  93. ^ Order, Prescott v. Slide Fire Solutions, LP, U.S. District Court for the District of Nevada, September 17, 2018.
Retrieved from ""