Caecum (gastropod)

Caecum
	A shell of Caecum trachea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Caenogastropoda
Order:	Littorinimorpha
Family:	Caecidae
Genus:	Caecum; Fleming, 1817
Type species
	Caecum tracheum tracheum; Montagu, G., 1803
Species
	See text
Synonyms
	Brochina Gray, 1857; Brochus T. Brown, 1827; Caecum (Anellum) Carpenter, 1856· accepted, alternate representation; Caecum (Bambusum) Olsson & Harbison, 1954· accepted, alternate representation; Caecum (Brochina) Gray, 1857· accepted, alternate representation; Caecum (Caecum) J. Fleming, 1813· accepted, alternate representation; Caecum (Defolinia) Weisbord, 1962; Caecum (Elephantulum) Carpenter, 1857· accepted, alternate representation; Caecum (Fartulum) Carpenter, 1857· accepted, alternate representation; Coecum [sic]; Cornuoides T. Brown, 1827; Elephantanellum Bartsch, 1920; Elephantulum Carpenter, 1857; Fartulum Carpenter, 1857; Micranellum Bartsch, 1920; Odontidium Philippi, 1836; Pictocaecum Habe, 1978;

Caecum is a genus of minute sea snails, marine gastropod micromolluscs or micromollusks in the family Caecidae or blind shells.^[1]

Distribution[]

This genus occurs worldwide in warm and temperate seas. Many species live in sponges, in sandy spots on reefs, or in grassy beds in shallow waters in bays and lagoons. Some species are very common and can be extremely numerous where they do occur, such as the "beautiful caecum"(Caecum pulchellum), but even they can be easily overlooked as they are so tiny. Many species are considered to be uncommon, but this assessment may be a result of lack of proper sampling.

Shell description[]

The shells in this genus, like the others in the family, are very small with a length between 2 mm and 6 mm. Their colour is white to yellowish white and some are almost translucent. They are unusual in that the teleoconch of the adult shell is a curving tube for most of its length. In the first stage of the shell it is spiral-shaped but soon becomes cylindrical. The shell is sealed with a permanent calcareous plug at one end and (when the animal has withdrawn into the shell) with a circular, multispiral, horny operculum at the other end, the shell aperture. The sculpture is smooth or consists of a close-set, large number of annular ridges.

Feeding habits[]

These snails feed on one-celled organisms on sand grains or pebbles.

Species[]

Species in the genus Caecum include:^[1]^[2]

† Van Dingenen, Ceulemans & Landau, 2016
(de Folin, 1867)
Raines, 2020
Ch. Hedley, 1894
Rehder, 1980
de Folin, 1879
Emmons, 1858
Caecum antillarum Carpenter, 1858 - Antillean caecum
Issel, 1869
Caecum armoricum de Folin, 1869 - De Folin's lagoon snail. This species is fully protected in the United Kingdom under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 since 1992.^[3]
Caecum atlantidis R. B. Watson, 1897
de Folin, 1879
Caecum auriculatum de Folin, 1868
Vannozzi, Pizzini & Raines, 2015
Pizzini & Raines, 2011
Pizzini, Raines & Vannozzi, 2013
† Goedert & Raines, 2016
† Goedert & Raines, 2016
Ward and Blackwelder 1987 ^{[citation needed]}
de Folin, 1867
Carpenter, 1859
Caecum bipartitum de Folin, 1870
de Folin, 1867
Pizzini & Raines, 2011
Caecum brasilicum de Folin, 1874
Caecum brennani Raines & Pizzini, 2009
Caecum breve de Folin, 1867
Golikov, 1967
Dall, 1885 - California caecum
Martin, 1904 ^{[citation needed]}
Caecum campanulatum Raines & Pizzini, 2005
Pilsbry and Olsson, 1941 ^{[citation needed]}
Caecum carolinianum Dall, 1892 - Carolina caecum
† Deshayes, 1861
Moolenbeek, Faber & Iliffe, 1989
Stuardo, 1962 ^[4]
de Folin, 1879
Gardner, 1947 ^[5]
Caecum cinctum Olsson & Harbison, 1953
Caecum circumvolutum de Folin, 1867
Caecum clarkii P. P. Carpenter, 1858
Caecum clarum Lamy, 1910 [ex de Folin MS]
P. P. Carpenter, 1857
Caecum clava de Folin, 1867 - club caecum
Sibaja-Cordero, García-Méndez & Troncoso, 2013
Gálvez & Huidobro, 2017
Caecum condylum Moore, 1969 - bone caecum
Caecum continens Van der Linden & Moolenbeek, 2000
Pizzini & Raines, 2011
Caecum cooperi S. I. Smith, 1860 - Cooper's Atlantic caecum
Carpenter, 1857
Caecum crassum de Folin, 1870
Carpenter, 1864 - many-named caecum
A. E. Verrill & Bush, 1900
de Folin, 1880
(de Folin, 1868) - smooth caecum^{[citation needed]}
Caecum cuspidatum Chaster, 1896
Caecum cycloferum de Folin, 1867 - fatlip caecum
Pizzini, Raines & Vannozzi, 2013
Bartsch, 1920
Pizzini & Raines, 2011
A. E. Verrill & Bush, 1900
A. E. Verrill & Bush, 1900
Golikov, 1967
P. P. Carpenter, 1858
Caecum digitulum Hedley, 1904 ^[6]
C. B. Adams, 1852
Vannozzi, 2019
Mitchell-Tapping, 1979
Raines, 2020
de Folin, 1871
C. B. Adams, 1852 ^[7]
Vannozzi, 2017
Caecum elegantissimum Carpenter, 1859
Absalao, 1997
P. P. Carpenter, 1857
Caecum engli Nofroni, Pizzini, Oliverio, 1997
Caecum eunoi Nofroni, Pizzini, Oliverio, 1997
de Folin, 1875
P. P. Carpenter, 1857
Pizzini, Raines & Vannozzi, 2013
C. B. Adams, 1852
Caecum floridanum Stimpson, 1851 - Florida caecum
Kisch, 1959
Vannozzi, 2019
Raines, 2020
Pizzini & Raines, 2011
A. Adams, 1868
Carpenter, 1857
Caecum glabrum (Montagu, 1803)
Caecum gofasi Pizzini & Nofroni, 2001
Vannozzi, 2019
Martin, 1904 ^{[citation needed]}
Hedley, 1899
Carpenter, 1858 - windpipe caecum
Bartsch, 1920^{[citation needed]}
(Bartsch, 1920)
Caecum heterochromum Raines & Pizzini, 2005
Caecum imbricatum Carpenter, 1858 - imbricate caecum
Vannozzi, Pizzini & Raines, 2015
Kanamacher, 1798 ^[8] (nomen dubium)
Caecum inclinatum de Folin, 1869
de Folin, 1867
Vannozzi, 2017
de Folin, 1867
Albano & Pizzini 2011^[9]
Carpenter, 1857
Caecum insularum Moore, 1969 ^[10]
Vannozzi, Pizzini & Raines, 2015
(Habe, 1978)
Caecum johnsoni Winkley, 1908
Caecum jonatani Espinosa, Ortea & Fernandez-Garcés, 2007
de Folin, 1867
Vannozzi, Pizzini & Raines, 2015
Pizzini & Raines, 2011
C.B. Adams, 1852
Pizzini, Raines & Vannozzi, 2013
C. B. Adams, 1852
† Lozouet, Lesport & Renard, 2001
Vannozzi, Pizzini & Raines, 2015
Raines, 2020
Long, 1972
de Folin, 1874
Vannozzi, Pizzini & Raines, 2015
de Folin, 1880
Carpenter, 1857
Strong & Hertlein, 1939
Pizzini, Raines & Vannozzi, 2013
de Folin, 1867
Caecum macrum Van der Linden & Moolenbeek, 2000
Pizzini, Raines & Vannozzi, 2013
di Geronimo, Privitera & Valdovinos, 1995
de Folin, 1867
† Caecum mammillatum S. V. Wood, 1848
Caecum maori Pizzini & Raines, 2006
Vannozzi, Pizzini & Raines, 2015
Caecum marginatum de Folin, 1869
de Folin, 1869
Absalao, 1994
de Folin, 1867
S. Lima, Santos & Absalão, 2013
Collins, 1937 ^{[citation needed]}
Pizzini, Raines & Vannozzi, 2013
† Lozouet, 1999
de Folin, 1867
de Folin, 1867
C. B. Adams, 1852
(Marincovich, 1973)
Vannozzi, Pizzini & Raines, 2015
Caecum multicostatum de Folin, 1867
Pizzini, Raines & Vannozzi, 2013
Vannozzi, 2019
† Lozouet, 2015
de Folin, 1867
Vannozzi, 2019
Vannozzi, 2019
H. A. Pilsbry, 1921
Carpenter, 1857
(Bartsch, 1920) - western caecum
(Dall, 1885)
de Folin, 1867
C. B. Adams, 1852
Caecum pascuanum Raines & Pizzini, 2005
† Laws, 1941
de Folin, 1874
Martin, 1904 ^{[citation needed]}
Caecum plicatum Carpenter, 1858 - plicate caecum
Caecum pollicare Carpenter, 1859
Vannozzi, 2017
Bartsch, 1920 - deepwater caecum^{[citation needed]}
Mansfield, 1925 ^{[citation needed]}
Caecum pulchellum Stimpson, 1851 - beautiful caecum
C. B. Adams, 1852
P. P. Carpenter, 1857
Caecum rapanuiense Raines & Pizzini, 2005
Caecum regulare Carpenter, 1858
Caecum rehderi Raines & Pizzini, 2005
Carpenter, 1857
A. M. Strong & J. G. Hertlein, 1939
Jong & Coomans, 1988
Pizzini & Nofroni, 2001
Bartsch, 1920^{[citation needed]}
de Folin, 1881
Pizzini, 1997 ^{[citation needed]}
Phil, 1836 ^{[citation needed]}
Caecum ryssotitum de Folin, 1867 - minute caecum
Carpenter, 1859
Carpenter, 1857
de Folin, 1870
de Folin, 1868
Raines, 2020
Thiele, 1925
de Folin, 1867
Caecum skoglundae Pizzini, Raines & Nofroni, 2007
Caecum smriglioi Pizzini, Nofroni & Bonfitto, 2008
(de Folin, 1867)
Raines, 2020
Caecum striatum de Folin, 1875
de Folin, 1871
Caecum strigosum de Folin, 1868
Caecum subannulatum de Folin, 1870
Stuardo, 1970
Carpenter, 1857
Pizzini, Raines & Vannozzi, 2013
de Folin, 1879
P. P. Carpenter, 1857
Carpenter, 1857
Caecum subornatum de Folin, 1874
Carpenter, 1857
Carpenter, 1859
Carpenter, 1857
Caecum subvolutum de Folin, 1874
de Folin, 1879
Caecum swinneni Nofroni, Pizzini, Oliverio, 1997
de Folin, 1869
Pizzini & Raines, 2011
Caecum tenue Verrill & Bush, 1900
de Folin, 1881
Carpenter, 1857
† O. Boettger, 1869
Carpenter, 1857
Caecum textile de Folin, 1867 - textile caecum
A. E. Verrill & Bush, 1900
Caecum torquetum de Folin, 1867
Dall, 1892 - twisted caecum
Caecum trachea G. Montagu, 1803
S. Lima, Santos & Absalão, 2013
Moolenbeek, Faber & Iliffe, 1989
† Carpenter, 1858
de Folin, 1867
P. P. Carpenter, 1857
Pizzini, Raines & Vannozzi, 2013
Caecum varanoi Pizzini, Nofroni & Bonfitto, 2008
de Folin, 1867
de Folin, 1867
† Caecum verai Moreno, Peñas & Rolán, 2003
Ch. Hedley, 1899
de Folin, 1870
Pizzini, Raines & Vannozzi, 2013
Caecum vitreum P. P. Carpenter, 1858
Caecum wami Raines & Pizzini, 2009
Caecum wayae Pizzini & Nofroni, 2001
Jong and Coomans, 1988

Subgenera brought into synonymy

Caecum (Defolinia) Weisbord, 1962: synonym of Caecum Fleming, 1813
Caecum (Meioceras) Carpenter, 1859: synonym of Meioceras Carpenter, 1859

Species brought into synonymy

Caecum abnormale Carpenter, 1857: synonym of Carpenter, 1857
Caecum amaltheanum Hedley, 1899: synonym of (Hedley, 1899)
Caecum amamiense Habe, 1978: synonym of (Habe, 1978)
Caecum arcuatum de Folin, 1867 : synonym of de Folin, 1868
Caecum bahiahondaense A. M. Strong & J. G. Hertlein, 1939 : synonym of Carpenter, 1857
Caecum bakeri (Bartsch, 1920): synonym of Carpenter, 1857
Caecum berthae Lange de Morretes, 1954: synonym of Caecum plicatum Carpenter, 1858
Caecum biminicola Pilsbry, 1951: synonym of Caecum plicatum Carpenter, 1858
Caecum buccina de Folin, 1870: synonym of Caecum circumvolutum de Folin, 1867
Caecum bucheri Parenzan, 1979: synonym of (O. G. Costa, 1861)
Caecum butoti Jong & Coomans, 1988 : synonym of de Folin, 1869
Caecum capitanum de Folin, 1874: synonym of Caecum pulchellum Stimpson, 1851
Caecum carmenense de Folin, 1870: synonym of Caecum circumvolutum de Folin, 1867
Caecum carpenteri (Bartsch, 1920): synonym of Raines, 2020
Caecum cayoense Rehder, 1943: synonym of Caecum floridanum Stimpson, 1851
Caecum clenchi Olsson & McGinty, 1958: synonym of Caecum cycloferum de Folin, 1867
Caecum compactum P. P. Carpenter, 1857 : synonym of Carpenter, 1857
Caecum conjunctum de Folin, 1867: synonym of Caecum pulchellum Stimpson, 1851
Caecum contractum de Folin, 1870: synonym of Caecum bipartitum de Folin, 1870
Caecum corneum R. W. Dunker, 1875 : synonym of Caecum ryssotitum de Folin, 1867
Caecum cornucopiae (Carpenter, 1858) - horn-of-plenty caecum : synonym of Meioceras cornucopiae Carpenter, 1859
Caecum coronatum de Folin, 1867: synonym of Caecum imbricatum Carpenter, 1858
Caecum coronellum Dall, 1892: synonym of Caecum cycloferum de Folin, 1867
Caecum costatum A. E. Verrill, 1872: synonym of Caecum cooperi S. I. Smith, 1860
Caecum crassicostum Gabb, 1881: synonym of Caecum floridanum Stimpson, 1851
Caecum curtatum de Folin, 1867: synonym of Caecum pulchellum Stimpson, 1851
Caecum decussatum de Folin, 1869: synonym of Caecum plicatum Carpenter, 1858
Caecum dux de Folin, 1871: synonym of Caecum floridanum Stimpson, 1851
Caecum eburneum de Folin, 1886: synonym of Kisch, 1959
Caecum elagans Deregaslavtseva, 1891: synonym of Caecum trachea (Montagu, 1803)
Caecum elegans Perejoslavitseva, 1831 : synonym of Caecum trachea (Montagu, 1803)
Caecum fasciatum de Folin, 1876: synonym of Caecum trachea (Montagu, 1803)
Caecum formulosum de Folin, 1869: synonym of Caecum imbricatum Carpenter, 1858
Caecum fulvum Kisch, 1959: synonym of Caecum neocaledonicum de Folin, 1867
Caecum heladum Olsson and Harbison, 1953 - fine-line caecum : synonym of Caecum multicostatum de Folin, 1867
Caecum heterapex T. Habe, 1963 : synonym of Caecum clarum Lamy, 1910
Caecum hinoidei T. Habe, 1978 : synonym of de Folin, 1867
Caecum insigne de Folin, 1867: synonym of Caecum imbricatum Carpenter, 1858
Caecum instructum de Folin, 1870: synonym of Caecum bipartitum de Folin, 1870
Caecum irregulare de Folin, 1867: synonym of Caecum floridanum Stimpson, 1851
Caecum legumen Hedley, 1904: synonym of (Hedley, 1904)
Caecum leptoglyphos de Folin, 1881: synonym of Caecum textile de Folin, 1867
Caecum lermondi Dall, 1924: synonym of Meioceras nitidum (Stimpson, 1851)
Caecum lightfootae Pizzini, Nofroni, Oliverio, 1994 : synonym of Caecum atlantidis Watson, 1897
Caecum lilianum Ch. Hedley, 1903 : synonym of de Folin, 1867
Caecum maculatum T. Habe, 1963 : synonym of de Folin, 1867
Caecum malleatum var. sublaevis de Folin, 1868: synonym of de Folin, 1868
Caecum microcyclus de Folin, 1879 : synonym of de Folin, 1880 (subsequent spelling)
Caecum nitidum Stimpson, 1851 - little horn caecum: synonym of Meioceras nitidum (Stimpson, 1851)
Caecum obesum A. E. Verrill & Bush, 1900 : synonym of Caecum plicatum Carpenter, 1858
Caecum orientale de Folin, 1868 : synonym of Caecum clarkii Carpenter, 1859
Caecum phronimum de Folin, 1867 : synonym of Caecum floridanum Stimpson, 1851
Caecum puntagordanum Weisbord, 1962: synonym of Caecum floridanum Stimpson, 1851
Caecum putnamense Mansfield, 1924 : synonym of Caecum johnsoni Winkley, 1908
Caecum rotundum de Folin, 1868 : synonym of Meioceras nitidum (Stimpson, 1851)
Caecum saavedrae Beltran, 1965 : synonym of Caecum auriculatum de Folin, 1868
Caecum sardinianum de Folin, 1869 : synonym of Caecum clarkii Carpenter, 1859
Caecum sculptum de Folin, 1881: synonym of Caecum imbricatum Carpenter, 1858
Caecum semitracheum S. Brusina, 1865 : synonym of Caecum clarkii Carpenter, 1859
Caecum smithi Cooper, 1872: synonym of Caecum cooperi S. Smith, 1860
Caecum solitarium Oliver, 1915 : synonym of Caecum maori Pizzini & Raines, 2006
Caecum syriacum de Folin, 1869: synonym of Caecum auriculatum de Folin, 1868
Caecum tenue A. E. Verrill & Bush, 1900: synonym of Caecum armoricum de Folin, 1869
Caecum termes Heilprin, 1889: synonym of Caecum plicatum Carpenter, 1858
Caecum tomaculum (Weisbord, 1962) : synonym of Caecum ryssotitum de Folin, 1867
Caecum triornatum de Folin, 1870: synonym of Caecum bipartitum de Folin, 1870
Caecum uvea Pizzini, Raines & Vannozzi, 2013: synonym of Kisch, 1959
Caecum veracruzanum Collins, 1937 : synonym of Caecum circumvolutum de Folin, 1867
Caecum vestitum de Folin, 1868 - Vera Cruz caecum: synonym of Caecum circumvolutum de Folin, 1867

Nomina dubia

Caecum abreviatum de Folin, 1870
Caecum bicinctum de Folin, 1870
Caecum gracile Carpenter, 1858
Caecum hemisphericum de Folin, 1867
Caecum imperforatum (Kanmacher, 1798)

References[]

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Caecum J. Fleming, 1813. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 6 January 2019.
^ "Caecum". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
^ Protection for wild animals on Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. website accessed 7 August 2009.
^ "Caecum chilense". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
^ "Caecum chipolanum". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
^ "Caecum (Brochina) digitulum". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
^ "Caecum eburneum". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
^ "Caecum imperforatum". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
^ Albano, P.G. & Pizzini, M. 2011. Notes on Caecidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from southern Mozambique, with the description of a new species. African Invertebrates 52 (1): 1-10.[1] Archived 2011-09-03 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Caecum insularum". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 5 February 2011.

Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp
Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213
Spencer, H.; Marshall. B. (2009). All Mollusca except Opisthobranchia. In: Gordon, D. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Volume One: Kingdom Animalia. 584 pp
Aartsen, J. J. van (1977). Revision of the East Atlantic and Mediterranean Caecidae. - Basteria 41 (1/4): 7-19

External links[]

[WoRMS-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Caecum J. Fleming, 1813. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 6 January 2019.

[2] "Caecum". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.

[3] Protection for wild animals on Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. website accessed 7 August 2009.

[4] "Caecum chilense". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 4 February 2011.

[5] "Caecum chipolanum". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 4 February 2011.

[6] "Caecum (Brochina) digitulum". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 4 February 2011.

[7] "Caecum eburneum". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 5 February 2011.

[8] "Caecum imperforatum". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 5 February 2011.

[9] Albano, P.G. & Pizzini, M. 2011. Notes on Caecidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from southern Mozambique, with the description of a new species. African Invertebrates 52 (1): 1-10.[1] Archived 2011-09-03 at the Wayback Machine

[10] "Caecum insularum". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 5 February 2011.

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Caecum

A shell of Caecum trachea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Caenogastropoda
Order:	Littorinimorpha
Family:	Caecidae
Genus:	Caecum Fleming, 1817
Type species
Caecum tracheum tracheum Montagu, G., 1803
Species
See text
Synonyms^[1]
Brochina Gray, 1857 Brochus T. Brown, 1827 Caecum (Anellum) Carpenter, 1856· accepted, alternate representation Caecum (Bambusum) Olsson & Harbison, 1954· accepted, alternate representation Caecum (Brochina) Gray, 1857· accepted, alternate representation Caecum (Caecum) J. Fleming, 1813· accepted, alternate representation Caecum (Defolinia) Weisbord, 1962 Caecum (Elephantulum) Carpenter, 1857· accepted, alternate representation Caecum (Fartulum) Carpenter, 1857· accepted, alternate representation Coecum [sic] Cornuoides T. Brown, 1827 Elephantanellum Bartsch, 1920 Elephantulum Carpenter, 1857 Fartulum Carpenter, 1857 Micranellum Bartsch, 1920 Odontidium Philippi, 1836 Pictocaecum Habe, 1978