California quail

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California quail
California quail.jpg
Adult male California quail in Point Reyes, CA (Round)
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Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Galliformes
Family: Odontophoridae
Genus: Callipepla
Species:
C. californica
Binomial name
Callipepla californica
(Shaw, 1798)
C. californica distribution.JPG
Range of C. californica

The California quail (Callipepla californica), also known as the California valley quail or Valley quail, is a small ground-dwelling bird in the New World quail family. These birds have a curving crest or plume, made of six feathers, that droops forward: black in males and brown in females; the flanks are brown with white streaks. Males have a dark brown cap and a black face with a brown back, a grey-blue chest and a light brown belly. Females and immature birds are mainly grey-brown with a light-colored belly. Their closest relative is Gambel's quail which has a more southerly distribution and, a longer crest at 2.5 in (6.4 cm), a brighter head and a scalier appearance. The two species separated about 1–2 million years ago, during the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene.[2] It is the state bird of California.

Taxonomy[]

Subspecies[]

There are seven recognized subspecies:

  • C. c. achrustera (Peters, 1923) – San Lucas California quail – southern Baja California
  • C. c. brunnescens (Ridgway, 1884) – extreme northern coastal California to southern Santa Cruz County
  • C. c. californica (Shaw, 1798) – northern Oregon and western Nevada to southern California and Coronado Islands
  • C. c. canfieldae (Van Rossem, 1939) – Owen Valley quail – Owens Valley of east central California
  • C. c. catalinensis (Grinnell, 1906) – Santa Catalina quail – Santa Catalina Island (off southern California)
  • C. c. orecta (Oberholser, 1932) – Warner Valley quail – Warner Valley in Oregon to extreme northern California
  • C. c. plumbea (Grinnell, 1926) – San Quintin California quail – San Diego County to southern Baja California

Behavior[]

The California quail is a highly sociable bird that often gathers in small flocks known as "coveys". One of their daily communal activities is a dust bath. A group of quail will select an area where the ground has been newly turned or is soft, and using their underbellies, will burrow downward into the soil some one to two inches. They then wriggle about in the indentations they have created, flapping their wings and ruffling their feathers, causing dust to rise in the air. They seem to prefer sunny places in which to create these dust baths. An ornithologist is able to detect the presence of quail in an area by spotting the circular indentations left behind in the soft dirt, some 7–15 cm (2.8–5.9 in) in diameter.

They are year-round residents. Although this bird coexists well at the edges of urban areas, it is declining in some areas as human populations increase. They were originally found mainly in the southwestern United States but they have been introduced into other areas including British Columbia, Hawaii, Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina, Peru, South Africa, New Zealand, and to Norfolk Island and King Island in Australia.[3] These birds forage on the ground, often scratching at the soil. They can sometimes be seen feeding at the sides of roads. Their diet consists mainly of seeds and leaves, but they also eat some berries and insects; for example, Toyon berries are a common food source.[4] If startled, these birds explode into short rapid flight, called "flushing". Given a choice, they will normally escape on foot.

Breeding[]

A California quail egg in the collection of Jacques Perrin de Brichambaut
A chick in Wellington, New Zealand (introduced species)

Their breeding habitat is shrubby areas and open woodlands in western North America. The nest is a shallow scrape lined with vegetation on the ground beneath a shrub or other cover. The female usually lays approximately 12 eggs. Once hatched, the young associate with both adults. Often, families group together, into multifamily "communal broods" which include at least two females, multiple males and many offspring. Males associated with families are not always the genetic fathers. In good years, females will lay more than one clutch, leaving the hatched young with the associated male and laying a new clutch, often with a different associated male.

They have a variety of vocalizations including the social "chicago" call, contact "pips" and warning "pips". During the breeding season, males utter the agonistic "squill" and will often interrupt their social mate's "chicago" call with a "squill," a possible form of antiphonal calling.

State bird[]

The California quail is the state bird of California. It was established as the state bird in 1932.[5]

The quail population has fluctuated significantly throughout California. Once plentiful in San Francisco, by 2017 only one California quail remained in the city. Local birders named the male bird Ishi after the last known member of California's Native American Yahi tribe.[6]

California quail and Mosquito-Borne encephalitis Viruses in California[]

The California quail is easily infected with western equine encephalomyelitis virus (WEEV). In California, the virus' appearance and quail infection coincided perfectly with the appearance of chicks in nature. In turn, this led researchers to hypothesize that large coveys containing these non-immune birds could be responsible for amplifying the virus in rural settings. However, experimental studies concluded that only immature birds were competent hosts for WEEV, which were able to produce viruses potent enough to infect Culex tarsalis mosquitos. Due to the abundance of the California quail, these birds may be the reason why WNV epidemics seem to occur significantly more frequently in urban and periurban areas than in rural landscapes.

Gallery[]

  • A pair in New Zealand

  • A California quail pair

  • California quail chick

  • Male

  • Egg – MHNT

References[]

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Callipepla californica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. ^ Zink, Robert M.; Blackwell, Rachelle C. (1998). "Molecular Systematics of the Scaled Quail complex (genus Callipepla)" (PDF). Auk. 115 (2): 394–403. doi:10.2307/4089198. JSTOR 4089198.
  3. ^ Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia, 21-493
  4. ^ Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Stromberg, N. (ed.). "Toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia)". GlobalTwitcher. Archived from the original on 2009-07-19.
  5. ^ "California State Bird: California Valley Quail". Netstate.com. Nstate. February 11, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
  6. ^ "There's only 1 quail left in San Francisco, and cats are likely to blame". sfgate.com. SF Gate. November 5, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2020.

[1]

Further reading[]

  • Calkins, Jennifer D.; Hagelin, Julie C.; Lott, Dale F. (1999). "California Quail (Callipepla californica)". In Poole, A.; Gill, F. (eds.). The Birds of North America. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
  • Franks, Lee (September 2002). "California Quail" (PDF). Newsletter of the Friends of Edgewood Natural Preserve in San Mateo County, California. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-17. Retrieved 2014-01-16.
  • Leopold, A. Starker (1985). The California Quail. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05456-3.

External links[]

  1. ^ Reisen, William K. (2006). "Role of California (Callipepla californica) and Gambel's (Callipepla gambelii) Quail in the Ecology of Mosquito-Borne Encephalitis Viruses in California, USA". Vector-Role and Zoonotic Diseases. 6 (3): 248–60. doi:10.1089/vbz.2006.6.248. PMID 16989564. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
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