Canada–South Africa relations

Canada–South Africa relations

Canada	South Africa

Canada–South Africa relations are the bilateral relations between the countries of Canada and South Africa. Both countries are former British colonies and share similar cultures in terms of sports and language. Both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Nations.

It is estimated that as of 2006 around 38,310 South Africans resided in Canada.^[1]

Relations[]

Canada's relationship with South Africa can be traced back to 1899, when Canada sent more than 7,000 troops to support Britain in its war against Transvaal and the Free State. The two countries collaborated closely in transforming the British Empire into the Commonwealth, exchanging High Commissioners in the 1930s and then ambassadors after South Africa left the Commonwealth in 1961. For a good account of this history, see Brian Douglas Tennyson, "Canadian Relations with South Africa: A Diplomatic History", published by University Press of America in 1982.

Canada and South Africa had active diplomatic and economic ties during the latter country's apartheid era. In 1961, the then Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker called for the expulsion of South Africa from the Commonwealth of Nations during that year's Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference: Yves Engler has argued that this was motivated by a desire to hold the Commonwealth together, as former British colonies in Africa and South Asia threatened to leave the organisation if South Africa remained, quoting an official from the Canadian Department of External Affairs as saying that "nothing has been more constant in Diefenbaker’s approach than his search for a tolerable way of averting South Africa’s withdrawal", and noting Diefenbaker's refusal to cancel the trade agreement the two nations had signed in 1932.^[2]

In 1964, Tommy Douglas asked Diefenbaker's successor, Lester B. Pearson, in a House of Commons question if he would exert pressure on the South African government to use clemency in sentencing Nelson Mandela and seven associates after they had been convicted in the Rivonia Trial. Pearson replied that as the defendants had not yet been sentenced, it would be "improper" for the Canadian government to make public comment on the convictions or sentencing. In the early 1970s the Montreal Gazette reported that the South African Police had received training in intelligence gathering from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Although the government of Pearson's fellow Liberal Pierre Trudeau formally supported the UN arms embargo on South Africa, the then-publicly owned Canadair sold the South African government's forestry department amphibious water bombers, which it promoted as being especially useful for "internal troop-lift operations". In 1982, also under Trudeau, the Canadian government cast its 4.91 percent of International Monetary Fund votes in favour of extending a billion dollars of credit to South Africa, helping to form a narrow majority of 51.9 percent of the vote in support of loan, despite the opposition of 68 IMF members and five of the fund's executive directors, who argued that South Africa did not meet the standards of conditionality expected of other recipients of credit.^[2]

The Canadian government recognised the African National Congress in 1984. Sanctions on South Africa were introduced by the government of Brian Mulroney in 1986, after they had been introduced by several other countries and Canada maintained diplomatic relations, unlike nations such as Norway, Denmark, New Zealand, Brazil and Argentina. From October 1986 to September 1993, when sanctions were in place, trade between the two nations was worth $1.6 billion, 44 percent of the value of trade between 1979 and 1985.^[2]

The post-apartheid Constitution of South Africa was, in part, inspired by the Constitution of Canada, particularly the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Former South African President Nelson Mandela made an official state visit to Canada in September 1998 and spoke at the Human Rights Monument in Ottawa. Mandela was made an honorary Canadian citizen, during his second visit to Canada. A 2003 visit by President Thabo Mbeki in November 2003, ended with the signing of the to strengthen relations between the two countries.

Canada has assisted South Africa in the areas of development (over $200 million) and the fight against AIDS in South Africa and to strengthen services provided by the Government of South Africa.^[3]

Bilateral consultations between the two countries are held annually typically focusing on issues relating to foreign policy, trade, defence and economic development.^[4]

As of 2014/15 Canadian government assistance to South Africa focuses on four issues:

1. Improved service delivery with a focus on the poor
2. Institutional capacity building of South African government and civil society organisations
3. Improve management of natural resources
4. Promote a high level of skills, ethics and integrity within government.

Trade[]

In 2014 South African exports to Canada totaled US$1,104,140,558 whilst Canadian exports to South Africa totaled US$439,256,338 resulting in a trade surplus in South Africa's favour of US$664,884,220.^[4] Trade between the two countries totalled $1.27 billion in 2017. Both countries are members of the Cairns Group.

South Africa is a major access point for Canada to access the African market. Canada is an important investor in the South African economy with Canadian companies having investments in a range of South African industries including transportation, food processing, hospitality, information and communication technologies, and instrumentation sectors with the largest focus of Canadian investment being in the mineral and mining sector.^[4]

References[]