Cardinal (bird)

Cardinals
	Male northern cardinal
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Superfamily:	Emberizoidea
Family:	Cardinalidae; Ridgway, 1901
Genera
	Piranga; Habia; Chlorothraupis; Pheucticus; Granatellus; Cardinalis; Caryothraustes; Rhodothraupis; Periporphyrus; Amaurospiza; Spiza; Cyanoloxia; Cyanocompsa; Passerina

An American male cardinal feeds on a sunflower seed.

Cardinals, in the family Cardinalidae, are passerine birds found in North and South America, Central America, and (mostly as migrants) the Caribbean. They are also known as cardinal-grosbeaks and cardinal-buntings.

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Cardinalis cardinalis - Northern Cardinal audio

The South American cardinals in the genus Paroaria are placed in the tanager family Thraupidae. On the other hand, DNA analysis of the genera Piranga (which includes the scarlet tanager, summer tanager, and western tanager), Chlorothraupis, and Habia showed their closer relationship to the cardinal family in a 2002 study.^[1] The International Ornithological Committee (IOC), the American Ornithological Society (AOS), and the Clements taxonomy agree that the below 14 genera belong to the family but differ in their sequence and the number of species assigned.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Species list[]

These 53 species and this sequence are recognized by the IOC as of July 2021:^[2]

hideImage	Genus	Living species
	Piranga Vieillot, 1808	Flame-colored tanager, Piranga bidentata Tooth-billed tanager, Piranga lutea Red tanager, Piranga flava Hepatic tanager, Piranga flava Summer tanager, Piranga rubra Rose-throated tanager, Piranga roseogularis Scarlet tanager, Piranga olivacea Western tanager, Piranga ludoviciana White-winged tanager, Piranga leucoptera Red-headed tanager, Piranga erythrocephala Red-hooded tanager, Piranga rubriceps
	Habia Blyth, 1840	Red-crowned ant tanager, Habia rubica Red-throated ant tanager, Habia fuscicauda Black-cheeked ant tanager, Habia atrimaxillaris Sooty ant tanager, Habia gutturalis Crested ant tanager, Habia cristata
	Chlorothraupis Salvin & Godman, 1883	Carmiol's tanager, Chlorothraupis carmioli Olive tanager, Chlorothraupis frenata Lemon-spectacled tanager, Chlorothraupis olivacea Ochre-breasted tanager, Chlorothraupis stolzmanni
	Pheucticus L. Reichenbach, 1850	Yellow grosbeak, Pheucticus chrysopeplus Black-thighed grosbeak, Pheucticus tibialis Golden grosbeak, Pheucticus chrysogaster Black-backed grosbeak, Pheucticus aureoventris Rose-breasted grosbeak, Pheucticus ludovicianus Black-headed grosbeak, Pheucticus melanocephalus
	Granatellus Bonaparte, 1850	Red-breasted chat, Granatellus venustus Grey-throated chat, Granatellus sallaei Rose-breasted chat, Granatellus pelzelni
	Cardinalis Bonaparte, 1838	Northern cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis Vermilion cardinal, Cardinalis phoeniceus Pyrrhuloxia, Cardinalis sinuatus
	Caryothraustes L. Reichenbach, 1850	Black-faced grosbeak, Caryothraustes poliogaster Yellow-green grosbeak, Caryothraustes canadensis
	Rhodothraupis Ridgway, 1898	Crimson-collared grosbeak, Rhodothraupis celaeno
	Periporphyrus L. Reichenbach, 1850	Red-and-black grosbeak, Periporphyrus erythromelas
	Amaurospiza Cabanis, 1861	Cabanis's seedeater, Amaurospiza concolor Ecuadorian seedeater, Amaurospiza awquatorialis Blackish-blue seedeater, Amaurospiza moesta Carrizal seedeater, Amaurospiza carrizalensis
	Spiza Bonaparte, 1824	Dickcissel, Spiza americana
	Cyanoloxia Bonaparte, 1850	Glaucous-blue grosbeak, Cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea Blue-black grosbeak, Cyanoloxia cyanoides Amazonian grosbeak, Cyanoloxia rothschildii Ultramarine grosbeak, Cyanoloxia brissonii
	Cyanocompsa Cabanas, 1861	Blue bunting, Cyanocompsa parellina
	Passerina Vieillot, 1816 North American buntings	Blue grosbeak, Passerina caerulea Indigo bunting, Passerina cyanea Lazuli bunting, Passerina amoena Varied bunting, Passerina versicolor Painted bunting, Passerina ciris Rose-bellied bunting, Passerina rositae Orange-breasted bunting, Passerina leclancherii

Biology[]

They are robust, seed-eating birds with strong bills. The family's smallest member is the 12-cm (4.7-in), 11.5-g (0.40-oz) orange-breasted bunting. They are typically associated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinctive appearances. The northern cardinal type species was named by colonists for the male's red crest, reminiscent of a Catholic cardinal's biretta.^[6]

The "North American buntings" are known as such to distinguish them from buntings of the Old World family Emberizidae. The name "cardinal-grosbeak" can also apply to the cardinal family as a whole.

Most species are rated by the IUCN as being of least concern, though some are near threatened.^[7]

References[]

^ Yuri, T.; Mindell, D. P. (May 2002). "Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Fringillidae, "New World nine-primaried oscines" (Aves: Passeriformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (2): 229–243. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00012-X. PMID 12069553.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List (v 11.2)". Retrieved July 14, 2021.
^ "Check-list of North and Middle American Birds". American Ornithological Society. June 29, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved August 24, 2021
^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2021. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ Retrieved August 25, 2021
^ Duchesne, Bob (September 21, 2012). "Proliferation of cardinals a fairly recent event". Bangor Daily News. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014.
^ Search "cardinalidae" at IUCN Red List Archived June 27, 2014, at the Wayback Machine for more info.

External links[]

Cardinalidae videos, photos and sounds on the Internet Bird Collection
Cardinalidae sounds on xeno-canto.org
Northern cardinal (bird information) on petinfospot.com
Northern cardinal, including sound and video clips, on Cornell Lab of Ornithology

[YM2002-1] Yuri, T.; Mindell, D. P. (May 2002). "Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Fringillidae, "New World nine-primaried oscines" (Aves: Passeriformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (2): 229–243. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00012-X. PMID 12069553.

[IOC11.2-2] Jump up to: ^a ^b Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List (v 11.2)". Retrieved July 14, 2021.

[NACC-3] "Check-list of North and Middle American Birds". American Ornithological Society. June 29, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2021.

[SACClist-4] Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved August 24, 2021

[Clements-5] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2021. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ Retrieved August 25, 2021

[6] Duchesne, Bob (September 21, 2012). "Proliferation of cardinals a fairly recent event". Bangor Daily News. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014.

[7] Search "cardinalidae" at IUCN Red List Archived June 27, 2014, at the Wayback Machine for more info.

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Cardinal (bird)

Contents

Species list[]

Biology[]

References[]

Other reading[]

External links[]