Central Boulevards of Brussels

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Looking upwards the Boulevard Anspach/Anspachlaan near the Place Fontainas/Fontainasplein

The Central Boulevards (French: Boulevards du Centre, Dutch: Centrale Lanen) are a series of grand boulevards in central Brussels, Belgium. They were constructed following the covering of the river Senne (1867–1871), as part of the major urban works by the architect Léon Suys under the tenure of the city's then-mayor, Jules Anspach.[1][2] They are from south to north and from west to east: the Boulevard Maurice Lemonnier/Maurice Lemonnierlaan, the Boulevard Anspach/Anspachlaan, the Boulevard Adolphe Max/Adolphe Maxlaan, and the Boulevard Émile Jacqmain/Émile Jacqmainlaan.[3]

The covering of the Senne and the completion of the Central Boulevards allowed the construction of the modern public buildings which are focal to downtown Brussels today, including the former Brussels Stock Exchange[4] and the Midi Palace,[5] as well as the reconstruction of the Greater Sluice Gate, south of the city.

History[]

Origins: covering of the Senne[]

Main article: Covering of the Senne
The 1837 course of the Senne superimposed on the modern city

The Senne/Zenne (French/Dutch) was historically the main waterway of Brussels, but it became more polluted and less navigable as the city grew. By the second half of the 19th century, it had become a serious health hazard and was filled with pollution, garbage and decaying organic matter.[6] It flooded frequently, inundating the lower town and the working class neighbourhoods which surrounded it.[7]

Numerous proposals were made to remedy this problem, and in 1865, the then-mayor of the City of Brussels, Jules Anspach, selected a design by the architect Léon Suys to cover the river and build a series of grand boulevards and public buildings.[2] The project faced fierce opposition and controversy, mostly due to its cost and the need for expropriation and demolition of working-class neighbourhoods.[8] The construction was contracted to a British company, but control was returned to the government following an embezzlement scandal.[9] This delayed the project, but it was still completed in 1871.[1]

The covering of the Senne brought boulevards to the heart of Brussels, whereas they had hitherto been limited to the Small Ring, a series of roadways built on the site of the 14th-century walls bounding the historic city centre. The boulevards, whose initial function was to go around the capital, thus became structural urban thoroughfares. The central boulevards' completion also allowed urban renewal and the construction along them of the modern public buildings of hausmannien style which are characteristic of downtown Brussels today.

Construction and development[]

The Central Boulevards—the Boulevard du Hainaut/Henegouwenlaan (now the Boulevard Maurice Lemonnier/Maurice Lemonnierlaan), the Boulevard Central/Centraallaan (now the Boulevard Anspach/Anspachlaan), the Boulevard du Nord/Noordlaan (now the Boulevard Adolphe Max/Adolphe Maxlaan), and the Boulevard de la Senne/Zennelaan (now the Boulevard Émile Jacqmain/Émile Jacqmainlaan)—were laid out between 1869 and 1871, and were progressively opened to traffic from 1871 to 1873.[1][3] The opening of these new routes offered a more efficient way to get into Brussels' lower town than the cramped streets such as the Rue du Midi/Zuidstraat, the Rue des Fripiers/Kleerkopersstraat and the Rue Neuve/Nieuwstraat, and helped revitalise the lower quarters of the town.

In order to accomplish this revitalisation and attract investment, public buildings were constructed as part of Léon Suys' massive programme of beautification of the city centre, including the Brussels Stock Exchange (1868–1873).[4] The vast Central Halls (French: Halles Centrales, Dutch: Centrale Hallen), a good example of metallic architecture, located between the Rue des Halles/Hallenstraat and the Rue de la Vierge Noire/Zwarte Lievevrouwstraat, replaced unhygienic open-air markets, though they were torn down in 1958.[10] The monumental fountain, which was to break the monotony of the boulevards at the Place Fontainas/Fontainasplein, was abandoned for budgetary reasons.[1]

The construction of private buildings on the boulevards and surrounding areas took place later. Brussels' middle class continued to prefer living in new suburbs rather than the cramped areas of the city centre. Besides, the high prices of the land (expected to finance part of the construction costs) and the high rents were not within the means of the lower classes. Moreover, life in apartments was no longer desirable for residents of Brussels, who preferred to live in single family homes. For these reasons, the buildings constructed by private citizens had difficulty finding buyers.[11]

To give builders an incentive to create elaborate and appealing facades on their works, two architectural competitions were organised; first in the period 1872–1876 and again in 1876–1878. Great freedom was given to the architects; no unity of style was sought nor imposed and the monumental composition adopted a de facto eclectic approach throughout the immense perspective of the boulevards.[12] The first prize of 20,000 Belgian francs for the 1872–1876 competition was awarded to Henri Beyaert who designed the Maison des Chats or Hier ist in den kater en de kat (loosely, "House of Cats") on the Boulevard du Nord.[13][14] Nonetheless, it took another 20 years, until 1895, for buildings to solidly line the boulevards.[citation needed]

Contemporary (1945–present)[]

View on the Boulevard Anspach towards the Place de Brouckère/De Brouckèreplein from the former Actiris building

The covering of the Senne and the construction of the Central Boulevards have left deep traces in Brussels' historic centre. The formerly working-class districts have made way for apartment buildings and for the Stock Exchange with its commercial district, department stores, luxury hotels, concert halls, cafés and brasseries. From the end of the Second World War until the late 1970s, the Central Boulevards were subject to urban planners' failed attempts to transform them into urban motorways (see Brusselisation). In spite of this, they have mostly retained their 19th-century appearance to this day.[3]

Since 29 June 2015, the Central Boulevards have been pedestrianised between the Place de la Bourse/Beursplein and the Place de Brouckère/De Brouckèreplein, as part of a broader pedestrianisation of Brussels' city centre (Le Piétonnier). The area, covering 50 hectares (120 acres), includes much of the historic centre within the Small Ring, such as the Grand Place, the Place de Brouckère and the Boulevard Anspach.[15][16][17]

The Place de la Bourse in 2012 before pedestrianisation

The boulevards[]

Boulevard Maurice Lemonnier[]

Formerly named the Boulevard du Hainaut/Henegouwenlaan,[3] the Boulevard Maurice Lemonnier/Maurice Lemonnierlaan stretches from the Boulevard du Midi/Zuidlaan to the Place Fontainas/Fontainasplein. Interrupted halfway by the Place Anneessens/Anneessensplein (location of the former Old Market), this artery is characterised by a homogeneous succession of low-rise buildings for the most part, bourgeois dwellings with a predilection for the neoclassical style, apartment buildings, and commercial buildings such as the Midi Palace.[18][5][19] In 1919, the city council ordered the boulevard to be renamed in honour of the alderman and patriot Maurice Lemonnier (1860–1930), who returned from a long captivity as a prisoner in Germany during World War I.[19] Some remarkable buildings along this relatively well-preserved stretch include the Midi Palace, the Model School (currently Charles Buls primary school), the municipal school no. 13 (currently Lucien Cooremans Institute) on the Place Anneessens,[19] as well as the old Castellani rotunda (now transformed into a parking lot).[20][18]

  • Midi Palace on the Boulevard Maurice Lemonnier/Maurice Lemonnierlaan

  • Lucien Cooremans Institute and Monument to François Anneessens on the Place Anneessens/Anneessensplein

  • Place Fontainas/Fontainasplein

Boulevard Anspach[]

Main article: Boulevard Anspach

Central by its original name as much as by its location, the Boulevard Anspach/Anspachlaan connects the Place Fontainas to the Place de Brouckère.[21] In 1879, it was renamed in honour of Jules Anspach (1829–1879), the former mayor of the City of Brussels who instigated these works. Among the most important buildings on the Central Boulevards are concentrated there; the former Brussels Stock Exchange building,[4] major shops and entertainment venues, and formerly markets and department stores (Grand Bazar Anspach and Bourse Grands Stores). Large buildings, several of which bear the signature of the French promoter Mosnier, are adjacent to hotels (Grand Hotel and Central Hotel), cafés, cinemas, theatres, and concert halls (Pathé Palace cinema,[22] Bourse Theatre and Ancienne Belgique). Some remarkable buildings on this section include the former Stock Exchange on the Place de la Bourse, as well as Anspach Gallery.[21]

Boulevard Adolphe Max[]

Main article: Boulevard Adolphe Max

Unlike the other sections of the Central Boulevards, the Boulevard Adolphe Max/Adolphe Maxlaan (formerly the Boulevard du Nord/Noordlaan)[3] does not cover the Senne. It doubles with the Boulevard Émile Jacqmain/Émile Jacqmainlaan and connects the Place de Brouckère to the Boulevard du Jardin Botanique/Kruidtuinlaan, forming a "Y" crossroad with the Boulevard Émile Jacqmain.[23] It is characterised by five-level buildings on average, monumental in appearance for the most part. A dozen of them belong to the haussmannian vein in the Second Empire style. Others, of neoclassical inspiration, are distinguished by the decoration of their balconies, windows, and pediments.[24] In 1919, it was renamed in honour of the then-mayor of the City of Brussels, Adolphe Max (1869–1939). Remarkable buildings on this stretch include the House of Cats,[14] the entrance of the North Passage,[25] as well as the luxurious Hotel Le Plaza[26] and Hotel Atlanta.[27]

Boulevard Émile Jacqmain[]

Connecting the Place de Brouckère to the Boulevard du Jardin Botanique and the Boulevard d'Anvers/Antwerpselaan, the Boulevard Émile Jacqmain forms the western branch of the fork which marks the northern end of the Central Boulevards. Sumptuous in its time, the former Boulevard de la Senne/Zennelaan (because it follows the course of the river)[3] was bordered by apartment buildings, commercial buildings, luxury hotels, town houses, and some bourgeois dwellings, which have now mostly been replaced by offices. Eclectic styles dominate with a good representation of the Second Empire. Functionalism and Art Deco are also represented by some buildings typical of the interwar period.[28]

  • AG Insurance building on the Boulevard Émile Jacqmain/Émile Jacqmainlaan

  • National Theatre on the Boulevard Émile Jacqmain

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Demey 1990, p. 65.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b Map of Suys' Proposal. City Archives of Brussels: P.P. 1.169
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Eggericx 1997, p. 5.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c "La Bourse – Inventaire du patrimoine architectural". monument.heritage.brussels (in French). Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b "Palais du Midi – Inventaire du patrimoine architectural". monument.heritage.brussels (in French). Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  6. ^ De Vries 2003, p. 26.
  7. ^ Demey 1990, p. 42.
  8. ^ Demey 1990, p. 61.
  9. ^ De Vries 2003, p. 25.
  10. ^ Demey 1990, p. 66.
  11. ^ Demey 1990, p. 67.
  12. ^ Eggericx 1997, p. 19.
  13. ^ Demey 1990, p. 68.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b "Hier is't in den Kater en de Kat – Inventaire du patrimoine architectural". monument.heritage.brussels (in French). Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  15. ^ O'Sullivan, Feargus (7 January 2014). "Europe's Most Congested City Contemplates Going Car-Free". City Lab. The Atlantic. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  16. ^ Vermeersch, Laurent (6 February 2015). "Centrale lanen: twee fonteinen en twee fietsparkings" (in Dutch). Brussel Nieuws. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  17. ^ "Project. Pedestrian zone". www.brussels.be. 2017-02-28. Retrieved 2018-12-15.
  18. ^ Jump up to: a b Eggericx 1997, p. 23.
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Boulevard Maurice Lemonnier – Inventaire du patrimoine architectural". monument.heritage.brussels (in French). Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  20. ^ "Rotonde des panoramas". monument.heritage.brussels (in French). Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  21. ^ Jump up to: a b Eggericx 1997, p. 26.
  22. ^ "Pathé Palace – Inventaire du patrimoine architectural". monument.heritage.brussels (in French). Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  23. ^ Eggericx 1997, p. 32.
  24. ^ Eggericx 1997, p. 32–33.
  25. ^ "Passage du Nord – Inventaire du patrimoine architectural". monument.heritage.brussels (in French). Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  26. ^ "Hôtel Plaza – Inventaire du patrimoine architectural". monument.heritage.brussels (in French). Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  27. ^ "Hôtel Atlanta – Inventaire du patrimoine architectural". monument.heritage.brussels (in French). Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  28. ^ Eggericx 1997, p. 34.

Bibliography[]

  • Demey, Thierry (1990). Bruxelles, chronique d’une capitale en chantier (in French). I: Du voûtement de la Senne à la jonction Nord-Midi. Brussels: Paul Legrain/CFC. OCLC 44643865.
  • De Vries, André (2003). Brussels: A Cultural and Literary History. Oxford: Signal Books. ISBN 978-1-90266-946-5.
  • Eggericx, Laure (1997). Bruxelles, ville d'Art et d'Histoire (in French). 20: Les Boulevards du Centre. Brussels: Centre d'information, de Documentation et d'Etude du Patrimoine.
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