Chapter 9, Title 11, United States Code

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bankruptcy in the
United States
United States Bankruptcy Court Seal.png
Bankruptcy in the United States
Chapters
Aspects of bankruptcy law
  • v
  • t

Chapter 9, Title 11, United States Code is a chapter of the United States Bankruptcy Code, available exclusively to municipalities and assisting them in the restructuring of their debt. On July 18, 2013, Detroit, Michigan became the largest city in the history of the United States to file for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection. Jefferson County, Alabama, in 2011, and Orange County, California, in 1994, are also notable examples. The term 'municipality' denotes "a political subdivision or public agency or instrumentality of a State," but does not include a state itself.[1] States are therefore unable to file for bankruptcy, even though they have defaulted in their obligations.

History[]

Recent Chapter 9 filing counts
Year Filings
2006 5
2007 6
2008 4
2009 12
2010 6
2011 13
1st half 2012 7

The first municipal bankruptcy legislation was enacted in 1934 during the Great Depression.[2] Although Congress attempted to draft the legislation so as not to interfere with the sovereign powers of the states guaranteed by the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, the Supreme Court held the 1934 Act unconstitutional as an improper interference with the sovereignty of the states.[2] Congress enacted a revised Municipal Bankruptcy Act in 1937, which was upheld by the Supreme Court. The law has been amended several times since 1937.[2]

From 1937 to 2008 there were fewer than 600 municipal bankruptcies.[3] As of June 2012 the total was around 640.[4] In 2012 there were twelve chapter 9 bankruptcies in the United States, and five petitions have been filed in 2013.[5] Since 2010, 61 petitions have been filed.[6]

Previous to the creation of Chapter 9 bankruptcy, the only remedy when a municipality was unable to pay its creditors was for the creditors to pursue an action of mandamus, and compel the municipality to raise taxes.[7] During the Great Depression, this approach proved impossible, so in 1934, the Bankruptcy Act was amended to extend to municipalities.[8][9] The 1934 Amendment was declared unconstitutional in Ashton v. Cameron County Water District.[10]

However, a revised act remedying the constitutional deficiencies was passed again by Congress in 1937 and codified as Chapter X of the Bankruptcy Act (later redesignated as Chapter IX).[11] This revised act was upheld as constitutional by the Supreme Court in United States v. Bekins.[12]

Chapter 9 was largely unchanged until it was amended in 1976 in response to New York City's financial crisis.[13] The changes made in 1976 were adopted nearly identically in the modern 1978 Bankruptcy Code as Chapter 9.

In 1988, Chapter 9 was amended by Congress to provide statutory protection from § 552(a) lien stripping provisions to revenue bonds issued by municipalities. This was addressed with the classification of these bonds as "special revenues" under the newly minted § 928(a) and § 922(d) exemption of special revenues from the automatic stay provisions of § 362.[14]

To prevent overlap with Chapter 11, § 101(41) of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code (11 U.S.C. § 101(41)) defines the term "person" to exclude many "governmental units" as defined in § 101(27), and "municipality" as defined in § 101(40).

Features of Chapter 9[]

While in many ways similar to other forms of bankruptcy reorganization (esp. Chapter 11),[15] Chapter 9 has a number of unique characteristics. Because municipalities are entities of State governments, the power of the bankruptcy court is limited to some extent by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.[16]

Collective bargaining[]

Municipalities' ability to re-write collective bargaining agreements is much greater than in a corporate Chapter 11 bankruptcy[17] and can trump state labor protections,[18] allowing cities to renegotiate unsustainable pension or other benefits packages negotiated in flush times.[19]

Authorization for filing of municipal bankruptcies[]

Section 109(c) of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code provides that a municipality may be a debtor in a Chapter 9 bankruptcy case only if the municipality is specifically authorized to be a debtor by State law, or by a governmental officer or organization empowered by State law to authorize the municipality to be a debtor.[20] In 23 states, Chapter 9 authorization laws are either unclear or otherwise prohibited for municipalities. Three states (Colorado, Illinois and Oregon) grant a very limited authorization to file for bankruptcy. Illinois, for example, only grants Chapter 9 authorization to the Illinois Power Agency.

A total of 12 states authorize Chapter 9 upon conditions met and further action of state, officials or other entity; and the remainder (12) specifically authorize bankruptcy.[21][22]

Inclusion of states in Chapter 9[]

Main article: State defaults in the United States

Neither Chapter 9 nor any other part of U.S. bankruptcy law allows a state to file for bankruptcy, although states have defaulted on their obligations.[23] The last U.S. state default took place in 1933, when Arkansas defaulted on its bonds.[24]

Certain politicians and scholars have argued that the law should be amended to allow states to file for bankruptcy.[23][25][26] Proponents say that an orderly bankruptcy is a better solution than the two alternatives: (1) defaults, which are violations of debt obligations outside of the bankruptcy process), and (2) bailouts by the federal government.[27] Opponents, including representatives of the National Governors Association, say that amending the law to allow states to seek bankruptcy protection could create doubts in the municipal bond market.[24]

Notable Chapter 9 bankruptcies[]

Detroit bankruptcy.svg

Partial list of municipal bankruptcies[]

Note: Larger bankruptcies are in bold

Municipalities placed under receivership[]

The city of Central Falls, Rhode Island petitioned to be put into receivership in 2010, as Rhode Island does not generally permit Chapter 9 filings. The state appointed receiver or overseer assumed all financial responsibilities from the mayor. Rhode Island's receivership law was rewritten to allow the receiver the ability to file a petition for Chapter 9 federal bankruptcy and Central Falls has done that.[54]

Hospital and health care district Chapter 9 bankruptcies[]

A hospital or health care district is a governmental entity, generally with taxing authority, that owns and operates medical facilities. Some examples of health care district Chapter 9 bankruptcies are:

  • Valley Health System, California[55]
  • West Contra Costa Healthcare District, California[56]
  • Hardeman County Memorial Hospital, Quanah, Texas [57]
  • Mendocino Coast Healthcare District, California [58]

Other entities that declared Chapter 9 bankruptcy[]

  • San Jose Unified School District, 1983.[59]
  • Washington Public Power Supply System (WPPSS), 1983, due to halt in construction of planned nuclear reactors.
  • The West Jefferson Amusement and Public Park Authority owner of VisionLand Park now known as Alabama Adventure Theme Park, 2002, due to business that could not support its debt.[60]
  • , 2008, in Pierce County, Washington, residents' lawsuits due to mold in properties.[61]
  • , 2009, in Sarpy County, Nebraska, due to reduced real estate development.[62]
  • New York City Off-Track Betting Corporation, December 2009, in New York City, due to mismanagement.[63]
  • Connector 2000 Association, operator of the Southern Connector, 2010, due to toll collections being less than expected.[64]

Chapter 9 bankruptcy petitions that were filed but voluntarily dismissed[]

  • Richmond Unified School District, California, 1991[65] After the District filed its petition, the state loaned the District funds to bridge its budget gap, and also appointed an administrator to take over management of the District. The administrator requested that the bankruptcy court dismiss the petition, and this was granted.
  • Mammoth Lakes, California on July 3, 2012 [66] The city lost a $43 million lawsuit, but its bankruptcy case was voluntarily dismissed after Mammoth Lakes reached a settlement.

Petitions for Chapter 9 relief that were denied[]

  • In 1991, the petition for relief filed by the city of Bridgeport, Connecticut, was denied.[67] The case was dismissed because the bankruptcy court concluded that Bridgeport, although financially distressed, was not insolvent within the meaning of the eligibility criteria of Chapter 9.
  • In 2010, the city of Hamtramck, Michigan requested permission from the Governor under Michigan's authorizing law to file a petition for Chapter 9 Bankruptcy,[68] but was denied. Instead of bankruptcy, the treasury advised that Hamtramck be offered a selection of loan options.[69]
  • Washington Park, Illinois December 2010. Washington Park briefly emerged from bankruptcy and then filed a new petition for bankruptcy which was rejected by the judge, who stated there was no Illinois state law enabling a municipality to file a Chapter 9 bankruptcy petition.[70][71]
  • Boise County, Idaho, March 2011, due to judgment against the county for violating the Fair Housing Act.[72] The bankruptcy petition was dismissed by the judge after concluding the municipality had “sufficient surplus moneys” to satisfy the judgment and continue operations.[73]
  • Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, October 2011, approximately $400 million in debt, due in part to a failed trash incinerator.[74] The bankruptcy judge dismissed the bankruptcy petition on the grounds that not all necessary branches of the municipal government had authorized the filing of the petition.[75]

Notable defaults that did not result in Chapter 9 bankruptcy[]

  • Cleveland, Ohio, 1978, dispute with city creditors over sale of a utility.[76]

Notable bankruptcies that were declared ineligible for Chapter 9 bankruptcy[]

  • The Las Vegas Monorail Company was declared a private entity, not an eligible governmental entity, in 2010.[77][78]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ 11 U.S.C. § 101(40))(
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Chapter 9 - Bankruptcy Basics". United States Courts. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  3. ^ MuniNetGuide: Vallejo Bankruptcy Filing Garners Attention in Municipal Finance Circles Archived January 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Wozniacka, Gosia (2012-06-27). "Stockton bankruptcy is hard hit for city retirees". Boston.com. Retrieved 2013-07-20.
  5. ^ USAtoday, July 22, 2013, Page B1, "Detroit woes rattle muni bond market" by Matt Krantz
  6. ^ Governing, September 14, 2017, Bankrupt Cities, Municipalities List and Map
  7. ^ Ashton v. Cameron County Water Improvement Dist., 298 U.S. 513, 534 (1936) (Cardozo, J., dissent)
  8. ^ Pub. L. No. 251, 73d Cong., 2d Sess., 48 Stat. 798 (1934).
  9. ^ Public Law Research Institute: Municipal Bankruptcy: State Authorization Under the federal Bankruptcy Code Archived 2008-12-12 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ 298 U.S. 513, 56 S. Ct. 892, 80 L. Ed. 1309 (1936).
  11. ^ An Act to Amend an Act Entitled An Act to Establish a Uniform System of Bankruptcy Throughout the United States,, Pub. L. No. 302, 75th Cong., 1st Sess., 50 Stat. 653 (1937).
  12. ^ 304 U.S. 27 (1938)(holding the Municipal Corporation Bankruptcy Act constitutional under both the Fifth and the Tenth Amendments)
  13. ^ An Act to Amend Chapter 9 of the Bankruptcy Act to Provide by Voluntary Reorganization Procedures for the Adjustment of the Debts of Municipalities, Pub. L. No. 94-260, 94th Cong., 2d Sess., 90 Stat. 315 (1976).
  14. ^ See Steven Lessard & Richard Ngo, Riding the Juice Train to Bankruptcy: Ch. 9 Eligibility After In re Las Vegas Monorail Company, NORTON JOURNAL OF BANKRUPTCY LAW & PRACTICE, Vol. 20, No.3, Article 4 (2011); see also An Act to Amend the Bankruptcy Law to Provide for Special Revenue Bonds and for Other Purposes, PUB. L. NO. 100-597 (1988); Municipal Bankruptcy Amendments, Pub L. No 100597 (1988); 4 COLLIER ON BANKRUPTCY ¶ 902.01A, 902-3 (15th ed. 1996)
  15. ^ Chapter 9 incorporates the provisions of numerous sections from other chapters of the Bankruptcy Code. See Title 11, United States Code, Section 901.
  16. ^ John Knox; Marc A. Levinson (2009). Municipal Bankruptcy: Avoiding and Using Chapter 9 in Times of Fiscal Stress (PDF). Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe, LLP. pp. 21–22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-23. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
  17. ^ In re City of Vallejo, 08-26813-A-9 (E. Dist. Calif.).
  18. ^ "Contracts Now Seen as Being Rewritable". The New York Times. 2009-03-31.
  19. ^ Pamela A. MacLean All Articles (2009-03-17). "In a First, Bankruptcy Judge Rules Calif. City Can Void Union Contracts". Law.com. Retrieved 2013-07-20.
  20. ^ See 11 U.S.C. § 109.
  21. ^ "Municipal Bankruptcy State Laws". www.governing.com. Retrieved 2017-06-12.
  22. ^ Municipal Bankruptcy: State Authorization Under the Federal Bankruptcy Code, PLRI Archived 2008-12-12 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ Jump up to: a b Frum, David (2020-04-25). "Why Mitch McConnell Wants States to Go Bankrupt". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
  24. ^ Jump up to: a b Davey, Monica (2011-01-22). "The State That Went Bust". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
  25. ^ "Better off bankrupt". Los Angeles Times. 2011-01-27. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
  26. ^ Skeel, David (2011-01-18). "A Bankruptcy Law—Not Bailouts—for the States". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
  27. ^ Skeel, David (2012). "States of Bankruptcy". U. Chi. L. Rev. 79: 677.
  28. ^ Bishop-Henchman, Joseph. "Municipal Bankruptcies Since 1988". Tax Foundation. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  29. ^ HAMILTON CREEK METROPOLITAN DISTRICT v. BONDHOLDERS COLORADO BONDSHARES
  30. ^ Jump up to: a b Van Anglen, Jim; Condon, Bernard (November 9, 2011). "Alabama county files for largest municipal bankruptcy". CBS News. Montgomery, Alabama. Associated Press. Retrieved 2011-11-10.[permanent dead link]
  31. ^ 1634 to 1699: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy ofthe United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700-1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How much is that in real money?: a historical price index for use as a deflator of money values in the economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved January 1, 2020.
  32. ^ Jump up to: a b Church, Steven; Selway, William; McCarty, Dawn (November 9, 2011). "Jefferson County Alabama Files Bankruptcy". Bloomberg.com. New York City: Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 2011-11-10.
  33. ^ Bishop-Henchman, Joseph. "Municipal Bankruptcies Since 1988". Tax Foundation. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  34. ^ Bishop-Henchman, Joseph. "Municipal Bankruptcies Since 1988". Tax Foundation. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  35. ^ Bishop-Henchman, Joseph. "Municipal Bankruptcies Since 1988". Tax Foundation. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  36. ^ Bishop-Henchman, Joseph. "Municipal Bankruptcies Since 1988". Tax Foundation. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  37. ^ Analysis of Factors Associated with the Municipal Bankruptcy of Pichard, Alabama
  38. ^ The City of Desert Hot Springs filed Chapter 9 bankruptcy papers in late December, making it the first California city in at least 25 years to seek bankruptcy protection
  39. ^ California City files for bankruptcy protection[dead link]
  40. ^ Millport making a comeback
  41. ^ After 6 years, Los Osos CSD bankruptcy plan approved Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
  42. ^ Oklahoma: Speed Trap Town Goes Bankrupt
  43. ^ Bankruptcy filed, tiny town hopes to rise again Archived 2009-02-06 at the Wayback Machine
  44. ^ "Vallejo's path to bankruptcy - Vallejo Times Herald". Archived from the original on 2009-02-07. Retrieved 2008-05-13.
  45. ^ "Westfall, Pennsylvania Files For Bankruptcy Protection". Huffington Post. 16 June 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  46. ^ Prichard files for bankruptcy protection again Archived 2009-11-02 at the Wayback Machine
  47. ^ "Rhode Island's Central Falls files for bankruptcy". Archived from the original on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2017-06-30.
  48. ^ Selway, William (September 16, 2011). "Jefferson County's Journey From Sewer-Bond Scandal to Settlement: Timeline". Bloomberg.com. New York City: Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 2011-11-10.
  49. ^ "Stockton, California files for bankruptcy". Reuters. June 28, 2012. Archived from the original on October 6, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
  50. ^ "Chapter 9 Bankruptcy". City of San Bernardino, California. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  51. ^ Dolan, Matthew. "Detroit Files Biggest U.S. Municipal Bankruptcy - WSJ.com". Online.wsj.com. Retrieved 2013-07-20.
  52. ^ Davey, Monica; Walsh, Mary Williams (July 18, 2013). "Billions in Debt, Detroit Tumbles Into Insolvency". The New York Times. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  53. ^ Case no. 13-53846-swr, U.S. Bankr. Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (Detroit Div.). Exited bankruptcy December 11, 2014.
  54. ^ "Rhode Island city overseer starts by firing mayor". Archived from the original on 2014-12-02. Retrieved 2018-07-18.
  55. ^ Hospitals file for Chapter 9 bankruptcy : North County Times - Californian
  56. ^ Rauber, Chris (2006-10-02). "Doctors Medical Center files for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection".
  57. ^ "Chapter 9 Bankruptcy Hits Hardeman County Hospital in Texas". Becker's Hospital Review. 27 March 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  58. ^ "California Health Care District Files for Bankruptcy". The Bond Buyer. 13 November 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  59. ^ SAN JOSE SCHOOLS CAN CUT PAY, U.S. BANKRUPTCY COURT RULES
  60. ^ VisionLand debt prompts Chapter 9 filing
  61. ^ Pierce County's low-cost housing filing for bankruptcy Archived 2008-10-12 at the Wayback Machine
  62. ^ Sarpy County SID Files For Bankruptcy Archived 2010-12-26 at the Wayback Machine
  63. ^ New York City Off-Track Betting Corporation Facts Archived 2009-12-07 at the Wayback Machine
  64. ^ Connector 2000 Association Files Chapter 9 Bankruptcy
  65. ^ In re Richmond Unified Sch. Dist., 133 B.R. 221, 224 (Bankr. N.D. Cal. 1991)
  66. ^ "The Daily Docket: Mammoth Lakes Enters Bankruptcy". The Wall Street Journal. 5 July 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  67. ^ "Bridgeport – Distressed but not Insolvent". Business-finance-restructuring.weil.com. Archived from the original on 2013-04-08. Retrieved 2013-07-20.
  68. ^ "Letter requesting permission from the Governor of Michigan for [[Hamtramck]] to declare bankruptcy". Archived from the original on 2014-12-01. Retrieved 2019-04-27.
  69. ^ CORRECT: Michigan Forbids City To Seek Municipal Bankruptcy Archived November 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  70. ^ Judge throws out Ill. village's bankruptcy case
  71. ^ Judge denies Washington Park's bankruptcy bid
  72. ^ "Boise County files for bankruptcy". Archived from the original on 2011-03-11. Retrieved 2018-07-18.
  73. ^ Judge rejects Boise County’s bankruptcy filing
  74. ^ Tavernise, Sabrina (12 October 2011). "City Council in Harrisburg Files Petition of Bankruptcy". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
  75. ^ Judge Rejects Harrisburg Bankruptcy Move
  76. ^ Three Decades After Cleveland Defaulted on Its Debts, Cities Face Recession Budget Woes Archived 2008-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
  77. ^ Las Vegas Monorail Determined Ineligible for Chapter 9 Bankruptcy Archived 2010-05-31 at the Wayback Machine
  78. ^ Steven Lessard & Richard Ngo, Riding the Juice Train to Bankruptcy: Chapter 9 Eligibility After In Re Las Vegas Monorail Company, NORTON ANNUAL SURVEY OF BANKRUPTCY LAW, Vol. 20, No.3, Article 4 (2011).

External links[]

Retrieved from ""