Chiasmocleis
Chiasmocleis | |
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Chiasmocleis albopunctata | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Amphibia |
Order: | Anura |
Family: | Microhylidae |
Subfamily: | Gastrophryninae |
Genus: | Chiasmocleis Méhelÿ, 1904 |
Type species | |
Engystoma albopunctatum Boettger, 1885
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Species | |
36 species (see text) | |
Synonyms[1] | |
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Chiasmocleis is a genus of microhylid frogs.[1][2] They are found in tropical South America north and east of the Andes. Their common name is humming frogs or silent frogs, the latter referring to the formerly recognized Syncope.[1]
Taxonomy[]
There has been various attempts to delimit this genus in a way that would make it monophyletic. As of mid 2021,[1] it is recognized as including the former Syncope, but consisting of three clades ranked as subgenera:[1][3]
- Chiasmocleis Méhelÿ, 1904
- Syncope Walker, 1973
- Relictocleis Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021 (syn. Unicus, Relictus)
Of these, Relictocleis is the most divergent[3] and may even be considered a separate, monotypic genus, with Relictocleis gnoma as its sole member.[1]
Description[]
Chiasmocleis are small-bodied frogs with small limbs. They are sexually dimorphic, with males having darker chin, abundant to no dermal spines, and variable degree of pedal webbing. Subgenus Syncope is characterized by size reduction and reduction or loss of phalanges and digits. Also Relictocleis are particularly small.[3]
Ecology[]
Chiasmocleis are fossorial or semi-fossorial and well camouflaged among the leaf litter or underground. They only forage on the surface for a few days during periods of explosive breeding at the beginning of the rainy season. They occur in both forested and open environments.[3]
Species[]
The following species are recognised in the genus Chiasmocleis:[1]
- Chiasmocleis alagoana Cruz, Caramaschi, and Freire, 1999
- Chiasmocleis albopunctata (Boettger, 1885)
- Forlani, Tonini, Cruz, Zaher, and de Sá, 2017
- Chiasmocleis anatipes Walker and Duellman, 1974
- Chiasmocleis antenori (Walker, 1973)
- Chiasmocleis atlantica Cruz, Caramaschi, and Izecksohn, 1997
- Peloso and Sturaro, 2008
- Chiasmocleis bassleri Dunn, 1949
- Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920
- Chiasmocleis capixaba Cruz, Caramaschi, and Izecksohn, 1997
- Chiasmocleis carvalhoi (Nelson, 1975)
- Chiasmocleis centralis Bokermann, 1952
- Chiasmocleis cordeiroi Caramaschi and Pimenta, 2003
- Chiasmocleis crucis Caramaschi and Pimenta, 2003
- Funk and Cannatella, 2009
- Chiasmocleis gnoma Canedo, Dixo, and Pombal, 2004
- Peloso, Sturaro, Forlani, Gaucher, Motta, and Wheeler, 2014
- Chiasmocleis hudsoni Parker, 1940
- Chiasmocleis jimi Caramaschi and Cruz, 2001
- Peloso, Sturaro, Forlani, Gaucher, Motta, and Wheeler, 2014
- Chiasmocleis leucosticta (Boulenger, 1888)
- Moravec and Köhler, 2007
- Cruz, Feio, and Cassini, 2007
- Chiasmocleis mehelyi Caramaschi and Cruz, 1997
- Forlani, Tonini, Cruz, Zaher, and de Sá, 2017
- Peloso, Sturaro, Forlani, Gaucher, Motta, and Wheeler, 2014
- Almendáriz C., Brito-M., Batallas-R., Vaca-Guerrero, and Ron, 2017
- Chiasmocleis quilombola Tonini, Forlani, and de Sá, 2014
- Peloso, Sturaro, Forlani, Gaucher, Motta, and Wheeler, 2014
- Cruz, Caramaschi, and Napoli, 2007
- Chiasmocleis schubarti Bokermann, 1952
- Chiasmocleis shudikarensis Dunn, 1949
- Morales and McDiarmid, 2009
- (Duellman and Mendelson, 1995)
- Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata (Andersson, 1945)
- Forlani, Tonini, Cruz, Zaher, and de Sá, 2017
References[]
- ^ a b c d e f g Frost, Darrel R. (2021). "Chiasmocleis Méhely, 1904". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1. American Museum of Natural History. doi:10.5531/db.vz.0001. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
- ^ "Chiasmocleis Méhely, 1904". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ a b c d de Sá, Rafael O.; Tonini, João Filipe Riva; van Huss, Hannah; Long, Alex; Cuddy, Travis; Forlani, Mauricio C.; Peloso, Pedro L.V.; Zaher, Hussam & Haddad, Célio F.B. (2019) [2018]. "Multiple connections between Amazonia and Atlantic Forest shaped the phylogenetic and morphological diversity of Chiasmocleis Mehely, 1904 (Anura: Microhylidae: Gastrophryninae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 130: 198–210. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.021. PMID 30347238.
- Chiasmocleis
- Microhylidae
- Amphibian genera
- Amphibians of South America
- Taxa named by Lajos Méhelÿ