Choia

Choia; Temporal range: Cambrian Stage 3–Arenig PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	†Choia carteri
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Porifera
Class:	Demospongiae
Order:	†Protomonaxonida
Family:	†
Genus:	†Choia; Walcott, 1920
Type species
	†Choia carteri; Walcott, 1920
Species
	†C. carteri Walcott, 1920; †C. hindei (Dawson, 1896); †C. utahensis Walcott, 1920; †C. ridleyi Walcott, 1920; †?C. striata Xiao et al., 2005; †C. xiaolantianensis Hou et. al. 1999;

Choia is a genus of extinct demosponge ranging from the Cambrian until the Lower Ordovician periods. Fossils of Choia have been found in the Burgess Shale in British Columbia; the Maotianshan shales of China; the Wheeler Shale in Utah; and the Lower Ordovician Fezouata formation.^[2] It was first described in 1920 by Charles Doolittle Walcott.^[3]

Reconstruction of C. carteri, as according to the Fezouata specimens^[2]

Life habit[]

Choia was originally thought to be not attached to the sea bed: the living animal was originally thought to rest directly on the substrate, with the radiating spines from the edge of its flattish, conical body, giving an appearance not unlike that of the peak of a big top, with guy lines. Recently discovered fossils from Lower Ordovician Morocco show that the living animal was actually suspended high above the seafloor, attached via stalk-like spines derived from spicules.^[4] Water is assumed to have entered the sponge parallel to the spines, being expelled, presumably, from a central opening.^[5] Species reached up to an average of 28 mm in diameter.^[5]

Presence in the Greater Phyllopod Bed[]

127 specimens of Choia are known from the Greater Phyllopod bed, where they comprise 0.2% of the community.^[6]

References[]

^ Botting, J. (2007). "'Cambrian' demosponges in the Ordovician of Morocco: Insights into the early evolutionary history of sponges". Geobios. 40 (6): 737–748. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2007.02.006.
^ ^a ^b Van Roy, P.; Orr, P. J.; Botting, J. P.; Muir, L. A.; Vinther, J.; Lefebvre, B.; Hariri, K. E.; Briggs, D. E. G. (2010). "Ordovician faunas of Burgess Shale type". Nature. 465 (7295): 215–8. Bibcode:2010Natur.465..215V. doi:10.1038/nature09038. PMID 20463737.
^ Walcott, C. D. (1920). "Cambrian geology and paleontology IV:6—Middle Cambrian Spongiae". Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 67: 261–364.
^ Van Roy, Peter (2006). Non-trilobite arthropods from the Ordovician of Morocco. Ghent: Ghent University. pp. 38–39.
^ ^a ^b Briggs, D. E. G.; Erwin, D. H.; Collier, F. J. (1995), Fossils of the Burgess Shale, Washington: Smithsonian Inst Press, ISBN 1-56098-659-X, OCLC 231793738
^ Caron, Jean-Bernard; Jackson, Donald A. (October 2006). "Taphonomy of the Greater Phyllopod Bed community, Burgess Shale". PALAIOS. 21 (5): 451–65. doi:10.2110/palo.2003.P05-070R. JSTOR 20173022.

External links[]

"Choia carteri". Burgess Shale Fossil Gallery. Virtual Museum of Canada. 2011.
Picture of C. utahensis fossil

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[1] Botting, J. (2007). "'Cambrian' demosponges in the Ordovician of Morocco: Insights into the early evolutionary history of sponges". Geobios. 40 (6): 737–748. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2007.02.006.

[DeRoy2010-2] Van Roy, P.; Orr, P. J.; Botting, J. P.; Muir, L. A.; Vinther, J.; Lefebvre, B.; Hariri, K. E.; Briggs, D. E. G. (2010). "Ordovician faunas of Burgess Shale type". Nature. 465 (7295): 215–8. Bibcode:2010Natur.465..215V. doi:10.1038/nature09038. PMID 20463737.

[Walcott1920MiddleCambrianSpongiae-3] Walcott, C. D. (1920). "Cambrian geology and paleontology IV:6—Middle Cambrian Spongiae". Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 67: 261–364.

[van_Roy-4] Van Roy, Peter (2006). Non-trilobite arthropods from the Ordovician of Morocco. Ghent: Ghent University. pp. 38–39.

[fotbs-5] Briggs, D. E. G.; Erwin, D. H.; Collier, F. J. (1995), Fossils of the Burgess Shale, Washington: Smithsonian Inst Press, ISBN 1-56098-659-X, OCLC 231793738

[Caron2006-6] Caron, Jean-Bernard; Jackson, Donald A. (October 2006). "Taphonomy of the Greater Phyllopod Bed community, Burgess Shale". PALAIOS. 21 (5): 451–65. doi:10.2110/palo.2003.P05-070R. JSTOR 20173022.

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Choia Temporal range: Cambrian Stage 3–Arenig PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ^[1]

†Choia carteri
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Porifera
Class:	Demospongiae
Order:	†Protomonaxonida
Family:	†
Genus:	†Choia Walcott, 1920
Type species
†Choia carteri Walcott, 1920
Species
†C. carteri Walcott, 1920 †C. hindei (Dawson, 1896) †C. utahensis Walcott, 1920 †C. ridleyi Walcott, 1920 †?C. striata Xiao et al., 2005 †C. xiaolantianensis Hou et. al. 1999

The Cambrian explosion
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Fossil localities Burgess Shale Chengjiang Sirius Passet Doushantuo
Key organisms Ediacaran biota Dickinsonia Kimberella Vernanimalcula Burgess-type Marrella Anomalocaridids Halwaxiids Opabinia Odontogriphus Small shelly fauna Helcionellids
Evolutionary concepts Trends Cambrian substrate revolution Themes Cladistics Convergent evolution Stem and crown groups
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