Common potoo

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Common potoo
Urutaú (Nyctibius griseus).jpg
Common Potoo spotted in Alto Verá, Itapúa, Paraguay
Common Potoo song, recorded in Colombia

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Nyctibiiformes
Family: Nyctibiidae
Genus: Nyctibius
Species:
N. griseus
Binomial name
Nyctibius griseus
(Gmelin, 1789)
Nyctibius griseus map.svg

The common potoo, or poor-me-ones (Nyctibius griseus), is one of seven species within the genus Nyctibius.[2] It is notable for its large, yellow eyes and comically wide mouth. Potoos are nocturnal near passerines related to nightjars and frogmouths. They lack the characteristic bristles around the mouths of true nightjars.[3]

Taxonomy and systematics[]

Until 2016 the common potoo included what is now the northern potoo (Nyctibius jamaicensis) as a subspecies. They were split primarily because of their very different vocalizations. Those two species, the Andean potoo (A. maculosus), and the white-winged potoo (Nyctibius leucopterus) are more closely related to each other than to the other potoos. The common potoo has two subspecies, the nominate N. g. griseus and N. g. panamensis.[4][5][6]

Description[]

Common potoos are 34–38 cm long with mottled red-brown, white, black, and grey cryptic plumage.[7] This disruptive coloration allows the potoo to camouflage into branches.[8] The sexes appear similar, and cannot be distinguished upon observation.[9] The eyes can appear as giant black dots with a small yellow ring, or as giant yellow irises with small pupils due to voluntary pupil constriction.[9] The potoo has two or three slits in the eyelid so that it can see when the eyelids are closed; these notches are always open. The upper and lower eyelids can be moved independently and rotated so that the bird may adjust its field of vision.[9] The common potoo has an unusually wide mouth with a tooth in its upper mandible for foraging purposes.[10]

Distribution and habitat[]

The nominate subspecies of the common potoo is found in Trinidad & Tobago and every mainland South American country except Chile, though it has been recorded in that country as a vagrant. There it ranges from the Andes to the Atlantic Ocean. N. g. panamensis is found from eastern Nicaragua south through Costa Rica and Panama and west of the Andes from northwestern Venezuela through Colombia and Ecuador into northwestern Peru.[6][5][11]

The common potoo is a resident breeder in open woodlands and savannah.[2] It avoids cooler montane regions; it is rarely observed over 1,900 m above mean sea level even in the hottest parts of its range. It tends to avoid arid regions, but was recorded in the dry Caribbean plain of Colombia in April 1999. It has many populations in the gallery forest-type environment around the Uruguayan-Brazilian border. A bit further south, where the amount of wood-versus grassland is somewhat lower, it is decidedly rare, and due west, in the Entre Ríos Province of Argentina with its abundant riparian forest, it is likewise not common. The birds at the southern end of their range may migrate short distances northwards in winter.[12][13][14]

Feeding[]

This nocturnal insectivore hunts from a perch like a shrike or flycatcher. It uses its wide mouth to capture insects such as flies and moths. It has a unique tooth in its upper mandible to assist in foraging, but swallows its prey whole.[10]

Behavior[]

Vocalization[]

The common potoo can be located at night by the reflection of light from its eyes as it sits on a post, or by its haunting melancholic song, a BO-OU, BO-ou, bo-ou, bo-ou, bo-ou, bo-ou, bo-ou, bo-ou dropping in both pitch and volume. When seized, this bird produces a squeaky sound not unlike that of a crow.[15] This call greatly differs from that of much deeper and more dramatic northern potoo (view 0:39-0:50 here) .

A common potoo masquerading as a branch

Cryptic behavior[]

The common potoo seeks to mimic the perch on which it rests, using a technique called masquerading. Adult and juvenile potoos alike choose perches that are similar in diameter to their own bodies, so that they can better blend in with the stump.[16] Most potoos choose stumps and other natural materials on which to rest, but some adults have been spotted perching on man-made items. These birds adjust their perching angle to best mimic the stump where they are.[16]

The potoo sits with its eyes open and its bill horizontal while awake, but if disturbed, assumes an alert “freezing” posture (flexibility). This entails sticking its beak vertically up in the air, closing its eyelids (through which it can still see via slits), and remaining still.[9] If disturbed by larger animals, such as common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), it may break its camouflage and try to chase the threat away.[17] If disturbed by a human being, its behaviors can be quite variable - quickly flying away, intimidation via beak-opening, or remaining still even when being touched.

Nesting choice and maintenance[]

The common potoo chooses a stump 3–15 m (9.8–49.2 ft) high to occupy.[18] It normally chooses a branch stump as a nest, and adds no sort of decorative or insulative material. It ejects feces from its perch to keep the nest clean.[9] If breeding, the potoo chooses a stump with a small divot where an egg can be laid.[19]

Reproduction[]

Mating and brooding[]

Common potoos are monogamous.[20] After mating, the female lays a single white egg with lilac spots directly into the depression in a tree limb.[21][19] Parents normally care for one egg at a time. The male and female alternate brooding the egg while the other forages for insects. They divide brooding time evenly.[7]

Adult and juvenile common potoos in alert posture

Juvenile development and fledging[]

Potoos lay their eggs in December to begin their roughly 51-day nesting period, one of the longest nesting periods for birds their size.[18] Young potoos hatch after about 33 days, using their egg tooth to break free and emerge as downy individuals with pale brown and white stripes.[18][16] The hatchling is fed by regurgitation. Parents gradually decrease their presence in the nest with the juvenile as it matures. While the parents are away from the nest, the fledgling begins to feed on nearby flies and preen itself.[16] Around 14 days old, the juvenile begins wing exercises, and takes gradual steps toward leaving the nest. It ventures out on several flights, then returns to the nest with its parents, before departing for good about 25 days after hatching.[18] Juveniles display disruptive coloration like the adults, so they can also camouflage into a branch.[8] Apart from flying away, chicks respond to disturbances in a similar manner to adults.[18]

Status[]

The IUCN has assessed the common potoo as being of Least Concern. It has an extremely large range and a population of at least 500,000 mature individuals.[1] However, the population is declining, probably due to habitat destruction.[5]

References[]

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2020). "Common Potoo Nyctibius griseus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  2. ^ a b Common Potoo. (2019, January 17). Retrieved October 3, 2020, from https://abcbirds.org/bird/common-potoo/"Common Potoo". American Bird Conservancy. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  3. ^ Booth, Rosemary J. (2015), "Caprimulgiformes (Nightjars and Allies)", Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Volume 8, Elsevier, pp. 199–205, doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-7397-8.00024-4, ISBN 978-1-4557-7397-8, retrieved 3 October 2020
  4. ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved August 24, 2021
  5. ^ a b c Voudouris, P. (2020). Common Potoo (Nyctibius griseus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.compot1.01 retrieved October 19, 2021
  6. ^ a b Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List (v 11.2)". Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  7. ^ a b Praimsingh, Sangeeta (2015). "Nyctibius griseus (Common Potoo)" (PDF). The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago.
  8. ^ a b Cott, Hugh (1940). Adaptive Coloration in Animals. Oxford University Press. pp. 352–353
  9. ^ a b c d e Borerro, Jose Ignacio (1974). "Notes on the Structure of the Upper Eyelid of Potoos (Nyctibius)". The Condor. 76 (2): 210–211. doi:10.2307/1366732. ISSN 0010-5422. JSTOR 1366732.
  10. ^ a b Hilty, Steven L. (2003). Birds of Venezuela. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-3409-9. OCLC 649913131.
  11. ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved August 24, 2021
  12. ^ Cuervo, Andrés M.; Stiles, F. Gary; Cadena, Carlos Daniel; Toro, Juan Lázaro & Londoño, Gustavo A. (2003): New and noteworthy bird records from the northern sector of the Western Andes of Colombia. Bull. B. O. C. 123(1): 7–24. PDF fulltext
  13. ^ Strewe, Ralf & Navarro, Cristobal (2004): New and noteworthy records of birds from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta region, north-eastern Colombia. Bull. B.O.C. 124(1): 38–51.
  14. ^ Azpiroz, Adrián B. & Menéndez, José L. (2008): Three new species and novel distributional data for birds in Uruguay. Bull. B.O.C. 128(1): 38–56.
  15. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFdQFG3LbGo (The man seizing it is in fact trying to unentangle the bird from some wire.)
  16. ^ a b c d Cestari, César; Gonçalves, Cristina S.; Sazima, Ivan (2018). "Use flexibility of perch types by the branch-camouflaged Common Potoo (Nyctibius griseus): why this bird may occasionally dare to perch on artificial substrates". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 130 (1): 191–199. doi:10.1676/16-175.1. ISSN 1559-4491. S2CID 90859242.
  17. ^ de Lyra-Neves, Rachel M.; Oliveira, Maria A.B.; Telino-Júnior,Wallace R. & dos Santos, Ednilza M. (2007): Comportamentos interespecíficos entre Callithrix jacchus (Linnaeus) (Primates, Callitrichidae) e algumas aves de Mata Atlântica, Pernambuco, Brasil [Interspecific behaviour between Callithrix jacchus (Linnaeus) (Callitrichidae, Primates) and some birds of the Atlantic forest, Pernanbuco State, Brazil]. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 24(3): 709–716 [Portuguese with English abstract]. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752007000300022 PDF fulltext.
  18. ^ a b c d e Skutch, A. F. 1970. Life history of the Common Potoo. Living Bird 9:265-280
  19. ^ a b Greeney, Harold F.; Gelis, Rudolphe A. & White, Richard (2004): Notes on breeding birds from an Ecuadorian lowland forest. Bull. B.O.C. 124(1): 28–37. PDF fulltext
  20. ^ Cooper, Robert J. (April 2004). "Nightjars and Their Allies: The Caprimulgiformes David T. Holyoak". The Auk. 121 (2): 622–623. doi:10.2307/4090427. ISSN 0004-8038. JSTOR 4090427.
  21. ^ Hilty, Steven L.; Brown, Bill (1986). A Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Princeton, NJ, US: Princeton University Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-691-08372-8.

Further reading[]

  • ffrench, Richard; O'Neill, John Patton & Eckelberry, Don R. (1991): A guide to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing, Ithaca, N.Y.. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2
  • Hilty, Steven L. (2003): Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5

External links[]

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