Conjugate beam method

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(0) real beam, (1) shear and moment, (2) conjugate beam, (3) slope and displacement

Conjugate beam is defined as the imaginary beam with the same dimensions (length) as that of the original beam but load at any point on the conjugate beam is equal to the bending moment at that point divided by EI.[1] The conjugate-beam method is an engineering method to derive the slope and displacement of a beam. The conjugate-beam method was developed by H. Müller-Breslau in 1865. Essentially, it requires the same amount of computation as the moment-area theorems to determine a beam's slope or deflection; however, this method relies only on the principles of statics, so its application will be more familiar.[2]

The basis for the method comes from the similarity of Eq. 1 and Eq 2 to Eq 3 and Eq 4. To show this similarity, these equations are shown below.

Integrated, the equations look like this.

Here the shear V compares with the slope θ, the moment M compares with the displacement v, and the external load w compares with the M/EI diagram. Below is a shear, moment, and deflection diagram. A M/EI diagram is a moment diagram divided by the beam's Young's modulus and moment of inertia.

To make use of this comparison we will now consider a beam having the same length as the real beam, but referred here as the "conjugate beam." The conjugate beam is "loaded" with the M/EI diagram derived from the load on the real beam. From the above comparisons, we can state two theorems related to the conjugate beam:[2]

Theorem 1: The slope at a point in the real beam is numerically equal to the shear at the corresponding point in the conjugate beam.

Theorem 2: The displacement of a point in the real beam is numerically equal to the moment at the corresponding point in the conjugate beam.[2]

Conjugate-beam supports[]

When drawing the conjugate beam it is important that the shear and moment developed at the supports of the conjugate beam account for the corresponding slope and displacement of the real beam at its supports, a consequence of Theorems 1 and 2. For example, as shown below, a pin or roller support at the end of the real beam provides zero displacement, but a non zero slope. Consequently, from Theorems 1 and 2, the conjugate beam must be supported by a pin or a roller, since this support has zero moment but has a shear or end reaction. When the real beam is fixed supported, both the slope and displacement are zero. Here the conjugate beam has a free end, since at this end there is zero shear and zero moment. Corresponding real and conjugate supports are shown below. Note that, as a rule, neglecting axial forces, statically determinate real beams have statically determinate conjugate beams; and statically indeterminate real beams have unstable conjugate beams. Although this occurs, the M/EI loading will provide the necessary "equilibrium" to hold the conjugate beam stable.[2]

Real support vs Conjugate support[3]
Real beam Conjugate beam
Fixed support Fixed support.svg Free end Free end.svg
Free end Free end.svg Fixed support Fixed support.svg
Hinged support Hinged support.svg Hinged support Hinged support.svg
Middle support Middle support.svg Middle hinge Middle hinge.svg
  • :continue
  • :continue
Middle hinge Middle hinge.svg Middle support Middle support.svg
  • :continue
  • :discontinue
  • :continue
  • :discontinue
Examples of conjugate beam[3]
Real beam Conjugate beam
Simple beam Simple beam.svg Simple beam.svg
Cantilever beam Cantilever beam (left supported).svg Cantilever beam (right supported).svg
Left-end Overhanging beam Left end overhanging beam.svg Fixed-hinge-support beam.svg
Both-end overhanging beam Both end overhanging beam.svg Both end fixed and 2 middle hinged beam.svg
Gerber's beam (2 span) 2 spans Gerber's beam (left hinged).svg 2 spans Gerber's beam (right hinged).svg
Gerber's beam (3 span) 3 spans Gerber's beam (support-support-hinge).svg 3 spans Gerber's beam (support-hinge-support).svg

Procedure for analysis[]

The following procedure provides a method that may be used to determine the displacement and deflection at a point on the elastic curve of a beam using the conjugate-beam method.

Conjugate beam[]

  • Draw the conjugate beam for the real beam. This beam has the same length as the real beam and has corresponding supports as listed above.
  • In general, if the real support allows a slope, the conjugate support must develop shear; and if the real support allows a displacement, the conjugate support must develop a moment.
  • The conjugate beam is loaded with the real beam's M/EI diagram. This loading is assumed to be distributed over the conjugate beam and is directed upward when M/EI is positive and downward when M/EI is negative. In other words, the loading always acts away from the beam.[2]

Equilibrium[]

  • Using the equations of statics, determine the reactions at the conjugate beams supports.
  • Section the conjugate beam at the point where the slope θ and displacement Δ of the real beam are to be determined. At the section show the unknown shear V' and M' equal to θ and Δ, respectively, for the real beam. In particular, if these values are positive, and slope is counterclockwise and the displacement is upward.[2]

See also[]

References[]

  • OKAMURA Koichi岡村宏一 (1988). Kouzou kougaku (I) Doboku kyoutei sensyo. Kashima syuppan. ISBN 4-306-02225-0.
  1. ^ Bansal, R. K. (2010). Strength of materials. ISBN 9788131808146. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Hibbeler, R.C. (2009). Structural Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. pp. 328–335.
  3. ^ a b Okmamura (1988)、p.171。
Retrieved from ""