Connection (fibred manifold)
![]() | This article may be too technical for most readers to understand.(October 2013) |
In differential geometry, a fibered manifold is surjective submersion of smooth manifolds Y → X. Locally trivial fibered manifolds are fiber bundles. Therefore, a notion of connection on fibered manifolds provides a general framework of a connection on fiber bundles.
Formal definition[]
Let π : Y → X be a fibered manifold. A generalized connection on Y is a section Γ : Y → J1Y, where J1Y is the jet manifold of Y.[1]
Connection as a horizontal splitting[]
With the above manifold π there is the following canonical short exact sequence of vector bundles over Y:
-
(1)
where TY and TX are the tangent bundles of Y, respectively, VY is the vertical tangent bundle of Y, and Y ×X TX is the pullback bundle of TX onto Y.
A connection on a fibered manifold Y → X is defined as a linear bundle morphism
-
(2)
over Y which splits the exact sequence 1. A connection always exists.
Sometimes, this connection Γ is called the Ehresmann connection because it yields the horizontal distribution
of TY and its horizontal decomposition TY = VY ⊕ HY.
At the same time, by an Ehresmann connection also is meant the following construction. Any connection Γ on a fibered manifold Y → X yields a horizontal lift Γ ∘ τ of a vector field τ on X onto Y, but need not defines the similar lift of a path in X into Y. Let
be two smooth paths in X and Y, respectively. Then t → y(t) is called the horizontal lift of x(t) if
A connection Γ is said to be the Ehresmann connection if, for each path x([0,1]) in X, there exists its horizontal lift through any point y ∈ π−1(x([0,1])). A fibered manifold is a fiber bundle if and only if it admits such an Ehresmann connection.
Connection as a tangent-valued form[]
Given a fibered manifold Y → X, let it be endowed with an atlas of fibered coordinates (xμ, yi), and let Γ be a connection on Y → X. It yields uniquely the horizontal tangent-valued one-form
-
(3)
on Y which projects onto the canonical tangent-valued form (tautological one-form or solder form)
on X, and vice versa. With this form, the horizontal splitting 2 reads
In particular, the connection Γ in 3 yields the horizontal lift of any vector field τ = τμ ∂μ on X to a projectable vector field
on Y.
Connection as a vertical-valued form[]
The horizontal splitting 2 of the exact sequence 1 defines the corresponding splitting of the dual exact sequence
where T*Y and T*X are the cotangent bundles of Y, respectively, and V*Y → Y is the dual bundle to VY → Y, called the vertical cotangent bundle. This splitting is given by the vertical-valued form
which also represents a connection on a fibered manifold.
Treating a connection as a vertical-valued form, one comes to the following important construction. Given a fibered manifold Y → X, let f : X′ → X be a morphism and f ∗ Y → X′ the pullback bundle of Y by f. Then any connection Γ 3 on Y → X induces the pullback connection
on f ∗ Y → X′.
Connection as a jet bundle section[]
Let J1Y be the jet manifold of sections of a fibered manifold Y → X, with coordinates (xμ, yi, yi
μ). Due to the canonical imbedding
any connection Γ 3 on a fibered manifold Y → X is represented by a global section
of the jet bundle J1Y → Y, and vice versa. It is an affine bundle modelled on a vector bundle
-
(4)
There are the following corollaries of this fact.
- Connections on a fibered manifold Y → X make up an affine space modelled on the vector space of soldering forms
-
(5)
-
- Connection coefficients possess the coordinate transformation law
- Every connection Γ on a fibred manifold Y → X yields the first order differential operator
Curvature and torsion[]
Given the connection Γ 3 on a fibered manifold Y → X, its curvature is defined as the Nijenhuis differential
This is a vertical-valued horizontal two-form on Y.
Given the connection Γ 3 and the soldering form σ 5, a torsion of Γ with respect to σ is defined as
Bundle of principal connections[]
Let π : P → M be a principal bundle with a structure Lie group G. A principal connection on P usually is described by a Lie algebra-valued connection one-form on P. At the same time, a principal connection on P is a global section of the jet bundle J1P → P which is equivariant with respect to the canonical right action of G in P. Therefore, it is represented by a global section of the quotient bundle C = J1P/G → M, called the bundle of principal connections. It is an affine bundle modelled on the vector bundle VP/G → M whose typical fiber is the Lie algebra g of structure group G, and where G acts on by the adjoint representation. There is the canonical imbedding of C to the quotient bundle TP/G which also is called the bundle of principal connections.
Given a basis {em} for a Lie algebra of G, the fiber bundle C is endowed with bundle coordinates (xμ, am
μ), and its sections are represented by vector-valued one-forms
where
are the familiar local connection forms on M.
Let us note that the jet bundle J1C of C is a configuration space of Yang–Mills gauge theory. It admits the canonical decomposition
where
is called the strength form of a principal connection.
See also[]
Notes[]
- ^ Krupka, Demeter; Janyška, Josef (1990). Lectures on differential invariants. Univerzita J. E. Purkyně v Brně. p. 174. ISBN 80-210-0165-8.
References[]
- Kolář, Ivan; Michor, Peter; Slovák, Jan (1993). Natural operators in differential geometry (PDF). Springer-Verlag. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-30. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
- Krupka, Demeter; Janyška, Josef (1990). Lectures on differential invariants. Univerzita J. E. Purkyně v Brně. ISBN 80-210-0165-8.
- Saunders, D.J. (1989). The geometry of jet bundles. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36948-7.
- Mangiarotti, L.; Sardanashvily, G. (2000). Connections in Classical and Quantum Field Theory. World Scientific. ISBN 981-02-2013-8.
- Sardanashvily, G. (2013). Advanced Differential Geometry for Theoreticians. Fiber bundles, jet manifolds and Lagrangian theory. Lambert Academic Publishing. arXiv:0908.1886. Bibcode:2009arXiv0908.1886S. ISBN 978-3-659-37815-7.
- Differential geometry
- Connection (mathematics)