Crown (heraldry)

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The coat of arms of Norway, with the royal crown displayed atop the escutcheon
Common elements in heraldic achievement
Escutcheon
Supporter
Crest
Compartment
Quartering
Motto (or slogan)
Coat of arms
Chief
Outline of a coat of arms

A crown is often an emblem of a sovereign state, usually a monarchy (see The Crown), but also used by some republics.

A specific type of crown is employed in heraldry under strict rules. Indeed, some monarchies never had a physical crown, just a heraldic representation, as in the constitutional kingdom of Belgium.

Crowns are also often used as symbols of religious status or veneration, by divinities (or their representation such as a statue) or by their representatives, e.g. the Black Crown of the Karmapa Lama, sometimes used a model for wider use by devotees.

A crown can be a charge in a coat of arms, or set atop the shield to signify the status of its owner, as with the coat of arms of Norway.

Physical and heraldic crowns[]

Sometimes, the crown commonly depicted and used in heraldry differs significantly from any specific physical crown that may be used by a monarchy.

  • Photograph of the physical crown of Norway

  • Representation of the physical crown of Norway

  • The heraldic crown for the King of Norway (1905 pattern)

As a display of rank[]

If the bearer of a coat of arms has the title of baron or higher (or hereditary knight in some countries), he or she may display a coronet of rank above the shield, usually below the helm in British heraldry, and often above the crest (if any) in Continental heraldry.

In this case, the appearance of the crown or coronet follows a strict set of rules. A royal coat of arms may display a royal crown, such as that of Norway. A princely coat of arms may display a princely crown, and so on.

Naval, civic, mural and similar crowns[]

A mural crown is commonly displayed on coats of arms of towns and some republics. Other republics may use a so-called people's crown or omit the use of a crown altogether. The heraldic forms of crowns are often inspired by the physical appearance of the respective country's actual royal or princely crowns.

Ships and other units of some navies have a naval crown, composed of the sails and sterns of ships, above the shield of their coats of arms. Squadrons of some air forces have an astral crown, composed of wings and stars. There is also the Eastern crown, made up of spikes, and when each spike is topped with a star, it becomes a celestial crown.[1]

Whereas most county councils in England use mural crowns, there is a special type of crown that was used by Scottish county councils. It was composed of spikes, was normally shown vert (green) and had golden wheat sheaves between the spikes.[2] Today, most of the Scottish unitary authorities still use this "wheat sheaf crown", but it is now the usual gold.

Commonwealth usage[]

The coat of arms of the Barons Hawke displays a baronial coronet

In formal English, the word crown is reserved for the crown of a monarch, whereas the word coronet is used for all other crowns used by members of the British royal family and peers of the realm.

In the British peerage, the design of a coronet shows the rank of its owner, as in German, French and various other heraldic traditions. The coronet of a duke has eight strawberry leaves, that of a marquess has four strawberry leaves and four silver balls (known as "pearls", but not actually pearls), that of an earl has eight strawberry leaves and eight "pearls" raised on stalks, that of a viscount has sixteen "pearls", and that of a peerage baron or (in Scotland) lord of parliament has six "pearls". Between the 1930s and 2004, feudal barons in the baronage of Scotland were granted a chapeau or cap of maintenance as a rank insignia.[citation needed] This is placed between the shield and helmet in the same manner as a peer's coronet. Since a person entitled to heraldic headgear customarily displays it above the shield and below the helm and crest, this can provide a useful clue as to the owner of a given coat of arms.

Members of the British royal family have coronets on their coats of arms, and they may wear physical versions at coronations. They are according to regulations made by King Charles II in 1661, shortly after his return from exile in France (getting a taste for its lavish court style; Louis XIV started monumental work at Versailles that year) and Restoration, and they vary depending upon the holder's relationship to the monarch. Occasionally, additional royal warrants vary the designs for individuals.

In Canadian heraldry, special coronets are used to designate descent from United Empire Loyalists. A military coronet signifies ancestors who served in Loyalist regiments during the American Revolution, while a civil coronet is used by all others. The loyalist coronets are used only in heraldry, never worn.

  • Monarch St Edward's Crown (medieval)

  • Monarch St Edward's Crown (current)

  • Monarch Imperial/Tudor Crown

  • Heir Apparent

  • Child of a Sovereign

  • Child of Heir Apparent

  • Grandchild of a Sovereign[a]

  • Child of daughter of a Sovereign, if styled Highness[3]

  • Duke

  • Marquess

  • Earl

  • Viscount

  • Peerage Baron/Lord of Parliament (Scotland)

  • Feudal Baron (Scotland)

  • Loyalist military coronet (Canada)

  • Loyalist civil coronet (Canada)

  • King of Arms (College of Arms)

[4]

Continental usages[]

Precisely because there are many traditions and more variation within some of these, there are a plethora of continental coronet types. Indeed, there are also some coronets for positions that do not exist, or do not entitle use of a coronet, in the Commonwealth tradition.

Such a case in French heraldry of the Ancien Régime, where coronets of rank did not come into use before the 16th century, is the vidame, whose coronet (illustrated) is a metal circle mounted with three visible crosses. (No physical headgear of this type is known.)

Helmets are often substitutes for coronets, and some coronets are worn only on a helmet.

Andorra[]

Crown of Andorra (Heraldic).svg Co-Princes

Bulgaria[]

Bulgarian Crown.svg Tsar Crown of Bulgarian Queen.svg Tsaritsa Crown of a Prince of Bulgaria.svg Prince Crown of a Princess of Bulgaria.svg Older Princesses Crown of a Younger Princess of Bulgaria.svg Younger Princesses

France[]

Mural Crown of a French Capital.svg Capital Mural Crown of a French City.svg Department Capital[b] Mural Crown of a French Commune.svg Commune[b]

Ancien Régime[]

Royal Crown of France.svg King (after the 1500s) Crown of the Dauphin of France (variant).svg Heir to the throne (Dauphin) Crown of a Royal Prince of the Blood of France (variant).svgChildren of the sovereign
(fils de France ) 		Crown of a Prince of the Blood of France (variant).svg Prince of the Blood
Crown of a Duke of France.svg Duke and Peer of France Crown of a Duke of France (variant).svg Duke Crown of a Marquis of France.svg Marquis and Peer of France Crown of a Marquis of France (variant).svg Marquis
Crown of a Count of France.svg Count and Peer of France Crown of a Count of France (variant).svg Count Old Crown of a Count (France & Belgium).svg Count (older) Crown of a Viscount of France (variant).svg Viscount
Crown of a Vidame of France.svg Vidame Crown of a Baron of France.svg Baron Crown of a Chevalier of France.svg Knight's crown Torse of a Chevalier of France.svg Knight's tortillon

Napoleonic Empire[]

Heraldic Crown of the First French Empire.svg
Emperor
(1st Empire)
 Imperial Crown of Napoleon Bonaparte.png
Emperor
(2nd Empire)
 Crown of a Napoleonic Prince Souverain.svg
Sovereign
Prince
 Biret prince.png Prince Biret duc.png Duke
Biret comte.png Count Biret baron.png Baron Biret Chevalier.png Knight Bonnet d`honneur.png
Bonnet
d'honneur

July Monarchy[]

Crown of Orléans.svg King of the
French

Georgia[]

Iberian-Georgian crown.png Georgian Royal Crown, also known as the "Iberian Crown"

German-speaking countries[]

Holy Roman Empire[]

Heraldic Imperial Crown (Oldest design).svg Older Imperial Crown Heraldic Imperial Crown (Gules Mitre).svg Newer Imperial Crown Heraldic Royal Crown of the King of the Romans (c.1433-1486).svg Oldest Crown of the King of the Romans Heraldic Royal Crown of the King of the Romans (1486-c.1700).svg Older Crown of the King of the Romans
Heraldic Royal Crown of the King of the Romans (18th Century).svg Newer Crown of the King of the Romans Crown of Saint Wenceslas.svg Crown of the King of Bohemia Archducal Coronet.svg Archducal hat Ducal Hat of Styria.svg Ducal hat of Styria
Oldest Electoral hat.svg Oldest Electoral hat Older Electoral hat.svg Older Electoral hat Ducal Hat.svg New Electoral hat & new Ducal hat T09 Herzog.svg Ducal crown
T11 Erbherzog.svg Crown of an heir to a duchy Princely Hat.svg Princely hat T12 Fürst.svg Princely crown T10 Landgraf.svg Crown of a Landgrave
Rangkronen-Fig. 15.svg Older crown of a Count Rangkronen-Fig. 18.svg Newer crown of a Count Rangkronen-Fig. 50.svg Older crown of a Baron/Freiherr Rangkronen-Fig. 27.svg Newer crown of a Baron/Freiherr
Rangkronen-Fig. 38.svg Older Crown of Nobility Rangkronen-Fig. 37.svg Newer Crown of Nobility

Liechtenstein[]

Princely Hat.svg Prince of Liechtenstein

Austria[]

Mural crown (Bundesadler).svg Mural crown of the coat of arms of Austria Mural crown (Lower Austria).svg Mural crown of the State of Lower Austria

Austrian Empire

Imperial Crown of Austria (Heraldry).svg Crown of the Emperor of Austria Crown of St. Wenceslas.svg Crown of the King of Bohemia Archducal Coronet.svg Archducal hat T08 Grossherzog.svg Archducal crown
Ducal Hat of Styria.svg Ducal hat of Styria Ducal Hat.svg Ducal hat T09 Herzog.svg Ducal crown Princely Hat.svg Princely hat
T12 Fürst.svg Princely crown Rangkronen-Fig. 18.svg Crown of a Count Rangkronen-Fig. 27.svg Crown of a Baron/Freiherr Rangkronen-Fig. 37.svg Crown of Nobility

Germany[]

People's Crown (Germany).svg Volkskrone (People's Crown) Mural crown of the coat of arms of the Berlin boroughs.svg Mural crown of the arms of the Berlin boroughs

German Empire

State Crown of the German Empire.svg Crown of the German Emperor Crown of the German Empress.svg Crown of the German Empress Crown of the German Crown Prince.svg Crown of the German Crown Prince
Crown of Wilhelm II of Germany.svg Crown of the King of Prussia Bavarian Royal Crown.svg Crown of the King of Bavaria Crown of Württemberg.svg Crown of the King of Württemberg

Greece[]

Crown of the Kingdom of Greece.svg Crown of the King of the Hellenes Royal Crown of Denmark.svg The Crown as it appears on the Royal Coat of Arms of Greece

Hungary[]

Crown of Saint Stephen.svg Holy Crown of Hungary

Croatia[]

Crown of Zvonimir (Croatia).svg Crown of Zvonimir

Italy[]

Crown of Italian Province.svg Province Mural Crown of Italian City.svg City Mural Crown of Italian Comune.svg Municipality

Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)[]

Corona Reale italiana.svg King (crown of Savoy) Corona di principe ereditario italiano.svg Heir to the throne (Prince of Piedmont) Italian Crown of Savoy-Aosta Princes.svg Royal prince[c] Coronet of a Prince-ss of Savoy.svg Prince of the blood
Corona normale di duca italiano.svg Duke Corona normale di marchese italiano.svg Marquess Corona normale di conte italiano.svg Count Corona normale di visconte italiano.svg Viscount
Corona normale di barone italiano.svg Baron Corona normale di nobile italiano.svg Noble Corona normale di cavaliere ereditario italiano.svg Hereditary Knight Corona normale di patrizio italiano.svg Patrician
Crown of Italian Province (Variant).svg Province Mural Crown of Italian City.svg City Mural Crown of Italian Comune.svg Municipality

Kingdoms of Naples, Sicily, Two Sicilies[]

Heraldic Royal Crown of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.svg King of Naples Heraldic Crown of Heir to the Throne of the Two Sicilies.svg Heir to the throne (Duke of Calabria) Heraldic Coronet of Princes and Princesses of the Two Sicilies.svg Prince and princess

Grand Duchy of Tuscany[]

Restitution of the physical crown of Cosimo I de' Medici.svg Medici Grand Dukes of Tuscany T08 Grossherzog.svg Habsburg-Lorraine Grand Dukes of Tuscany

Other Italian states before 1861[]

Ströhl-Regentenkronen-Fig. 38.png Crown of San Marino Crown of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy.svg Crown of Napoleonic Italy Corona ferrea monza (heraldry).svg Iron Crown of Lombardy Heraldic Papal Tiara.svg Papal Tiara Doza.png Doge of Venice Doge's Crown.svg Doge of Genoa Crown of Parma.svg Duke of Parma

Low Countries[]

Netherlands[]

Heraldic Imperial Crown (Spanish National Arms Design).svg Holy Roman Emperor
Royal Crown of the Netherlands (Heraldic).svg King Royal Crown of the Netherlands (Heraldic).svg Prince
(Members of the Royal House,
children of the Monarch) 		Coronet of a Grandchild of the Dutch Monarch (Heraldic).svg Prince
(Members of the Royal House,
grandchildren of the Monarch) 		Rangkroon Prins.svg Prince
(nobility, for titles granted after 1815)
Rangkroon Hertog.svg Duke Rangkroon Markies.svg Marquess Rangkroon Graaf.svg Count Antieke Gravenkroon.svg Count
(alternative style)
Rangkroon Burggraaf.svg Viscount Rangkroon Baron.svg Baron Rangkroon Ridder.svg Hereditary Knight
(Erfridder) 		Rangkroon Ridder.svg Jonkheer

Belgium[]

The older crowns are often still seen in the heraldry of older families.

Royal Crown of Belgium (Heraldic).svg King Princely Crown of Belgium (Heraldic).svgPrince of the Royal house Crown of a Prince (Netherlands and Belgium).svg Prince
(nobility, for titles granted after 1815) 		Princely Hat.svg Prince
(nobility, for titles granted during the Ancien Régime)
Rangkronen-Fig. 04.png Duke Rangkronen-Fig. 15.png Marquess Crown of a Count of France (variant).svg Count Old Crown of a Count (France & Belgium).svg Count (older)
Crown of a Count of the Low Countries (Ancien Regime).svg Count (oldest) Rangkronen-Fig. 25.png Viscount Crown of a Baron (Low Countries, Holy Roman Empire, Russia).svg Baron Old Crown of a Baron of the Low Countries.svg Baron (older)
Rangkronen-Fig. 34.png Hereditary Knight
(Chevalier/Erfridder)

Luxembourg[]

Crown of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg.svg Grand Duke

Monaco[]

Crown of Monaco (Heraldic).svg Prince

Poland and Lithuania[]

Crown of Bolesław I the Brave King Ducal Hat.svg Grand Duke Princely Hat Prince Rangkronen-Fig. 38 Nobleman

Portuguese-speaking countries[]

Portugal[]

Portuguese Mural Crown - Capital.svg Capital (Lisbon) Mural Crown of City - Portugal.svg City Mural Crown of Town - Portugal.svg Town Mural Crown of Civil Parish - Portugal.svg Civil Parish
Mural Crown of Administrative Regions of Portugal.svg Administrative Region
(1930-1999)

Kingdom of Portugal (until 1910)

Heraldic Royal Crown of Portugal - Eight Arches.svg King Crown of the Heir Apparent of the Kingdom of Portugal.svg Heir to the throne (Prince Royal) Crown of the Prince of Beira.svg Prince of Beira Coronet of an Infante - Kingdom of Portugal.svg Infante Coronet of a Duke - Kingdom of Portugal.svg Duke
Coronet of a Marquess - Kingdom of Portugal.svg Marquess Coronet of Count - Portugal.svg Count Coronet of a Viscount - Kingdom of Portugal.svg Viscount Coronet of Baron - Portugal.svg Baron Coronet of Knight - Portugal.svg Knight / Fidalgo

Brazil[]

Brasilian Mural Crown - Capital.svg Brasilian Mural Crown - City.svg Brasilian Mural Crown - Town.svg Brasilian Mural Crown - Village.svg
Capital of State of the Federation[b] City[b] Town[b] Village[b]

Empire of Brazil

Brazilian imperial crown.svg Emperor Coronet of the Imperial Prince of Brazil.svg Heir to the throne (Prince Imperial) Coronet of a Prince of Brazil.svg Prince Coronet of a Duke of Brazil.svg Duke
Coronet of a Marquess of Brazil.svg Marquess Coronet of a Count of Brazil.svg Count Coronet of a Viscount of Brazil.svg Viscount Coronet of a Baron of Brazil.svg Baron

Romania[]

Romanian Mural Crown - Capital.svg Romanian Mural Crown - City.svg Romanian Mural Crown - Town.svg Romanian Mural Crown - Village.svg
Capital City Town Village

Kingdom of Romania[]

Steel Crown of Romania.svg King (The Steel Crown of Romania)

Russia[]

Heraldic Imperial Crown of Russia.svg Emperor Finnish grand ducal crown.svg Crown of the Grand Duchy of Finland Monomakh hat.svg Monomakh's Cap Russian Princely hat.svg Prince
Crown of a Count of France (variant).svg Count Rangkronen-Fig. 27.svg Baron Rangkronen-Fig. 30.svg Baron (alternative style) Rangkronen-Fig. 38.svg Crown of Nobility

Nordic countries[]

Denmark[]

Royal Crown of Denmark.svg King Crown of the Crown Prince of Denmark.svg Crown Prince Crown of a Prince of Denmark.svg Prince (royal family) T02 Danish Duke.svg Duke
T03 Danish Marquis.svg Marquess T04 Danish Count.svg Count T05 Danish Baron.svg Baron T06 Danish Nobility.svg Crown of Nobility

Finland[]

During the Swedish reign, Swedish coronets were used. Crowns were used in the coats of arms of the historical provinces of Finland. For Finland Proper, Satakunta, Tavastia and Karelia, it was a ducal coronet, for others, a comital coronet. In 1917 with independence, the coat of arms of Finland was introduced with a Grand Ducal coronet, but it was soon removed, in 1920. Today, some cities use coronets, e.g. Pori has a mural crown and Vaasa a Crown of Nobility.

Satakunta.vaakuna.svg Ducal coronet
Satakunta 		Savonia coat of arms.svg Comital coronet
Savo

Norway[]

Corona Norvegica.svg
Heraldic crown of the King 		Crown of the King of Norway (fictional).svg
Physical crown of the King 		Crown of the Queen of Norway (fictional).svg
Physical crown of the Queen
Crown of the Crown Prince of Norway.svg Crown Prince Crown of Princes and of Princesses of Norway.svg Prince or Princess T02 Danish Duke.svg Duke T03 Danish Marquis.svg Marquess
T04 Danish Count.svg Count T05 Danish Baron.svg Baron T06 Danish Nobility.svg Crown of Nobility

Sweden[]

Royal crown of the King of Sweden.svg King Heraldique Suede Couronne Prince Héritier.svg Crown Prince Heraldique Suede Couronne Prince.svgPrince/Princess
Duke/Duchess
Grevlig rangkrona.svg Count Friherrlig rangkrona.svg Baron Obetitlad adel.svg Crown of Nobility

Serbia[]

Serbian medieval crown.svg King (medieval) Crown of Serbia.svg King (after 1903)

Spanish-speaking countries[]

Spain[]

Heraldic Royal Crown of Spain.svg King (National arms design) Heraldic Royal Crown of Spain (Version of the Royal Arms).svg King (Monarch's arms design) Royal Crown for the Aragonese Terriories.svg King (Aragon, Catalonia, Balearics, Valencia) Heraldic Crown of the Prince of Asturias.svg Heir to the throne (Prince of Asturias)
Heraldic Crown of the Spanish Heir Apparent as Prince of Girona.svg Heir to the throne (Prince of Girona) (Aragon, Catalonia, Balearics, Valencia) Heraldic Crown of Spanish Infantes.svg Infante Crown of Spanish Infantes for the Aragonese Terriories.svg Infante (Aragon, Catalonia, Balearics, Valencia) Heraldic Crown of Spanish Grandee.svg Grandee of Spain
Heraldic Crown of Spanish Dukes (Variant 1).svg Duke Heraldic Crown of Spanish Marqueses (Variant 1).svg Marquess Heraldic Crown of Spanish Count.svg Count Heraldic Crown of the Spanish Viscounts.svg Viscount
Heraldic Crown of Spanish Barons.svg Baron Heraldic Crown of Spanish Lords.svg Señor/Don (Lord) Heraldic Crown of Hispanic Hidalgos.svg Hidalgo (Nobleman) Torse of a Chevalier of France.svg Knight's burelete

Mexico[]

Crown of Mexico (I).svg Emperor (1st Empire)
Crown of Mexico (II).svg Emperor (2nd Empire)
Prince Crown 1.svg Prince (1st Empire and 2nd Empire)

Chile[]

Chilean Mural Crown (Commune).svg Municipal Mural Crown

Non-European usages[]

Bahrain[]

Royal Crown of Bahrain (Heraldic).svg King

Bhutan[]

Raven Crown.svg 'Raven Crown' of the Kingdom of Bhutan

Cambodia[]

Royal Crown of Cambodia (heraldry).svg Crown of the Kingdom of Cambodia

Central African Empire[]

Imperial Crown of Bokassa I.svg Emperor



Egypt before 1953[]

Crown of the Khedive of Egypt.svg Khedive (-1914) and Sultan (1914-22)
Heraldic Royal Crown of Egypt.svg King (1922-53)

Jordan[]

Royal Crown of Jordan.svg Crown of Jordan

Morocco[]

Crown of Morocco 1.svg Heraldic Crown of Morocco

Oman[]

Crown of Oman.svg Crown of Oman

Siam and Thailand[]

Great Crown of Victory (heraldry).svg Great Crown of Victory of the Kings of Siam and Thailand
Phra Kiao Colored.svg Phra Kiao (princely coronet, also the emblem of King Chulalongkorn)

Tonga[]

Royal Crown of Tonga.svg Crown of Tonga

Other examples[]

Imperial Crown of Ethiopia.svg Imperial Crown of Ethiopia Crown of Tahiti.svg Royal Crown of Tahiti Royal Crown of Hawaii.svg Royal Crown of Hawaii Crown of Hawaii (Heraldic).svg Royal Crown of Hawaii
Kiani Crown of Imperial Iran (heraldry).svg Crown of the Shah of Persia Pahlavi Crown of Imperial Iran (heraldry).svg Crown of the Shah of Iran Congo crown.svg
Twig crown of the
Republic of the Congo

[5]

Catholic Church[]

  • Papal Tiara (Pope)

  • Patriarch

  • Cardinal

  • Metropolitan Archbishop

  • Archbishop

  • Eastern Catholic prelate, combining elements of both Eastern and Western ecclesiastical heraldry

  • Apostolic protonotary (Monsignor)

  • Honorary Prelate (Monsignor)

  • Chaplain of His Holiness (Monsignor)

  • Bishop

  • Abbot

  • Priest

Multinational[]

Astral Crown.svg Astral crown Heraldic vallary crown.svg Camp crown Celestial Crown.svg Celestial crown Heraldic eastern crown.svg Eastern crown
UK Mural Crown (Common).svg Mural crown Corona Navalis.svg Naval crown

As a charge[]

In heraldry, a charge is an image occupying the field of a coat of arms. Many coats of arms incorporate crowns as charges. One notable example of this lies in the Three Crowns of the arms of Sweden.

Additionally, many animal charges (frequently lions and eagles) and sometimes human heads also appear crowned. Animal charges gorged (collared) of an open coronet also occur, though far less frequently.

  • A golden crown appears prominently in the arms of Vestfold, a county in Norway.

  • A crowned lion head in the arms of Kreis Biedenkopf, a county in Hesse, Germany (1832-1974)

  • The Three Crowns, as well as lions and leopards crowned, in the arms of Eric of Pomerania

  • Both lions and eagles crowned appear in the coat of arms of the Czech Republic.

  • Badge of the Unicorn Pursuivant, a unicorn gorged of a coronet

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Currently, besides the grandchildren of the present Queen Elizabeth II, the current Duke of Gloucester and Duke of Kent, along with Princess Alexandra, are granted the privilege to use the crown of a Sovereign's Grandchild as they are the grandchildren of a former sovereign, George V.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f This standard has many exceptions.
  3. ^ The dukes of Genoa were granted the privilege to use the crown of a royal prince though they were only princes of the blood

References[]

  1. ^ Mackinnon of Dunakin, Charles (1968). The Observer's Book of Heraldry. Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd. p. 73.
  2. ^ Moncreiffe, Iain; Pottinger, Don (1953). Simple Heraldry Cheerfully Illustrated. Thomas Nelson and Sons. p. 58.
  3. ^ Cox, Noel The Coronets of Members of the Royal Family and of the Peerage. Archived 2018-01-04 at the Wayback Machine Originally published in (1999) 22 The Double Tressure, the Journal of The Heraldry Society of Scotland 8-13. Acceded 8 April 2017
  4. ^ Boutell, Charles (1914). Fox-Davies, A.C. (ed.). Handbook to English Heraldry, The (11th ed.). London: Reeves & Turner. pp. 104–156.
  5. ^ Ströhl, Hugo Gerard (1899). Heraldischer Atlas. Stuttgart.


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