Ctenus

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Ctenus
Ctenus medius.jpg
Ctenus medius
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Ctenidae
Genus: Ctenus
Walckenaer, 1805[1]
Type species

Walckenaer, 1805
Species

222, see text

Synonyms[1]

Ctenus is a genus of wandering spiders first described by Charles Athanase Walckenaer in 1805.[2] It is widely distributed, from South America through Africa to East Asia.[1] Little is known about the toxic potential of the genus Ctenus, however, it was recently discovered that the species shares toxic properties with those presented by Phoneutria nigriventer, such as proteolytic, hyaluronidase and phospholipase activities, in addition to producing hyperalgesia and edema, the venom of C. medius also interferes with the complement system in concentrations in which the venom of P. nigriventer is inactive, indicating that this spider has a noxious venom to humans.[3] The venom of C. medius causes an eleavage in the complement component 3 (C3) of the complement system, it affects the central factor of the cascades of the complement, and interferes with the lytic activity of this system, which causes stronger activation and consumption of the complement components. Unlike C. medius, the venom of P. nigriventer does not interfere with lytic activity.[4]

Species[]

As of April 2019 it contains 222 species:[1]

  • Arts, 1912 – Congo, Tanzania
  • (Keyserling, 1877) – Colombia
  • (Thorell, 1881) – Australia (Queensland)
  • F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Brazil
  • F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Guatemala
  • Strand, 1907 – East Africa
  • Mello-Leitão, 1930 – Colombia, Brazil, Guyana
  • Benoit, 1981 – Burundi
  • Strand, 1909 – Brazil
  • Gravely, 1931 – India
  • Roewer, 1938 – New Guinea
  • Roewer, 1938 – Indonesia (Aru Is.)
  • Hasselt, 1893 – Indonesia (Sumatra)
  • Strand, 1911 – Indonesia (Aru Is.)
  • Arts, 1912 – Central, East Africa
  • Bryant, 1948 – Hispaniola
  • Strand, 1907 – Bahama Is.
  • Merian, 1911 – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
  • Thorell, 1895 – Myanmar
  • Jäger, 2012 – Laos
  • Strand, 1906 – East Africa
  • (Bertkau, 1880) – Brazil
  • Thorell, 1890 – Borneo
  • Benoit, 1980 – Congo
  • F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Mexico
  • Strand, 1906 – Ethiopia
  • Strand, 1909 – Brazil
  • Strand, 1907 – Bolivia
  • Tikader & Malhotra, 1981 – India
  • Merian, 1911 – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
  • Strand, 1916 – Cameroon
  • F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Guatemala
  • F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902 – Borneo
  • Alayón, 2002 – Mexico
  • Arts, 1912 – Central, East Africa
  • C. captiosus Gertsch, 1935 – USA
  • (Karsch, 1879) – West, Central Africa
  • Polotow & Brescovit, 2012 – Jamaica
  • Arts, 1912 – Congo, Angola
  • Pocock, 1897 – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
  • Benoit, 1981 – Congo
  • C. ceylonensis F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Sri Lanka
  • Jäger, 2012 – Myanmar
  • Strand, 1906 – Ethiopia
  • Pocock, 1903 – West, Central Africa
  • Gravely, 1931 – India
  • Mello-Leitão, 1941 – Colombia
  • Arts, 1912 – East Africa
  • Franganillo, 1946 – Cuba
  • Benoit, 1981 – Congo
  • F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Mexico to Costa Rica
  • F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 – South Africa
  • Franganillo, 1930 – Cuba
  • Mello-Leitão, 1930 – Brazil
  • Reddy & Patel, 1994 – India
  • Bryant, 1948 – Hispaniola
  • Strand, 1909 – Ecuador
  • Simon, 1910 – Guinea-Bissau
  • (Gerstäcker, 1873) – East Africa
  • (Caporiacco, 1947) – Guyana
  • Benoit, 1981 – Congo
  • Simon, 1910 – Congo
  • Caporiacco, 1940 – Ethiopia
  • (Karsch, 1879) – Colombia
  • Strand, 1906 – Cameroon
  • Walckenaer, 1805 (type) – French Guiana
  • Arts, 1912 – Congo
  • Benoit, 1978 – Kenya
  • F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902 – Suriname
  • Benoit, 1981 – Congo
  • F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Mexico
  • Arts, 1912 – Cameroon, Congo
  • F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Mexico
  • C. exlineae Peck, 1981 – USA
  • Arts, 1912 – Congo, East Africa
  • F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902 – St. Lucia
  • Benoit, 1981 – Congo
  • Schenkel, 1953 – Venezuela
  • Mello-Leitão, 1943 – Brazil
  • Brescovit & Simó, 2007 – Brazil
  • Benoit, 1979 – Congo
  • Hogg, 1922 – Vietnam
  • F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Malaysia
  • Bastawade & Borkar, 2008 – India
  • Keyserling, 1891 – Brazil
  • Mello-Leitão, 1941 – Guadeloupe
  • (Alayón, 2001) – Cuba
  • Arts, 1912 – South Africa
  • Alayón, 2004 – Hispaniola
  • Strand, 1909 – Hispaniola
  • C. hibernalis Hentz, 1844 – USA
  • Bryant, 1948 – Hispaniola
  • Gravely, 1931 – India
  • Benoit, 1978 – Kenya
  • Jäger, 2012 – Laos
  • F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Borneo
  • (Keyserling, 1887) – Nicaragua
  • Benoit, 1977 – Congo
  • Benoit, 1979 – Congo
  • Höfer, Brescovit & Gasnier, 1994 – Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil
  • Gravely, 1931 – India
  • Bryant, 1948 – Hispaniola
  • Mello-Leitão, 1936 – Brazil
  • Alayón, 2004 – Hispaniola
  • Pocock, 1897 – Indonesia (Java)
  • C. kandyensis Kim & Ye, 2014 – Sri Lanka
  • Tikader, 1973 – India (Andaman Is.)
  • Benoit, 1978 – Kenya
  • Benoit, 1981 – Tanzania
  • Simon, 1897 – New Guinea
  • Benoit, 1979 – Congo
  • Arts, 1912 – Central, East Africa
  • Benoit, 1977 – Congo
  • Simon, 1910 – West Africa
  • Arts, 1912 – Tanzania
  • Jäger, 2012 – China
  • Kraus, 1955 – El Salvador
  • Keyserling, 1891 – Brazil
    • Strand, 1916 – Brazil
  • Benoit, 1979 – Congo
  • Simon, 1910 – Congo
  • Franganillo, 1931 – Cuba
  • Strand, 1909 – Bolivia, Brazil
  • Arts, 1912 – West Africa
  • Petrunkevitch, 1910 – Jamaica
  • Höfer, Brescovit & Gasnier, 1994 – Brazil
  • Bryant, 1948 – Hispaniola
  • Walckenaer, 1847 – Fiji, Solomon Is.
  • Jäger, 2012 – Nepal
  • Keyserling, 1891 – Panama, Brazil
  • Tikader, 1976 – India
  • F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – North America
  • F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Brazil
  • Gertsch, 1971 – Mexico
  • Simon, 1897 – Tanzania (Zanzibar, Kenya)
  • Jäger, 2013 – Laos
  • Bryant, 1948 – Hispaniola
  • Benoit, 1979 – Congo
  • Alayón, 2004 – Hispaniola
  • Patel & Reddy, 1988 – India
  • Jäger & Minn, 2015 – Myanmar
  • (Pavesi, 1897) – Ethiopia
  • F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Brazil
  • Berland, 1913 – Ecuador
  • Thorell, 1899 – Central, West Africa
  • Arts, 1912 – Kenya
  • (Keyserling, 1877) – Colombia
  • Arts, 1912 – East Africa
  • (Keyserling, 1877) – Brazil
  • (Petrunkevitch, 1930) – Puerto Rico
  • Strand, 1906 – Indonesia (Sumatra)
  • Strand, 1909 – Brazil
  • Benoit, 1979 – South Africa
  • (Keyserling, 1877) – Colombia
  • Brescovit & Simó, 2007 – Brazil
  • Brescovit & Simó, 2007 – Brazil
  • F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Guatemala, Costa Rica
    • Strand, 1916 – Guatemala
  • Bristowe, 1931 – Indonesia (Krakatau)
  • F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Philippines
  • Franganillo, 1930 – Cuba
  • Jäger & Minn, 2015 – Myanmar
  • Thorell, 1899 – Cameroon
  • Hasselt, 1893 – Indonesia (Sumatra)
  • Simon, 1901 – Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko)
  • (Simon, 1897) – Zimbabwe, South Africa
  • Thorell, 1890 – Borneo
  • Strand, 1907 – South Africa
  • Caporiacco, 1955 – Venezuela
  • Alayón, 2002 – Cuba
  • Thorell, 1887 – Myanmar
  • (Simon, 1886) – Argentina
  • F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Brazil, Guyana
  • Strand, 1906 – Ghana
  • Pocock, 1900 – Cameroon, Gabon
  • Thorell, 1897 – Myanmar, Laos
  • Keyserling, 1881 – Panama, Ecuador
  • Pocock, 1899 – Papua New Guinea (New Britain)
  • Benoit, 1981 – Rwanda
  • Ono, 2010 – Vietnam
  • Giltay, 1935 – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
  • Strand, 1909 – Argentina, Bolivia
  • F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Borneo
  • Strand, 1909 – Ecuador
  • Strand, 1906 – West Africa
  • F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil
  • Mello-Leitão, 1922 – Brazil
  • Roewer, 1961 – Senegal
  • Alayón, 2002 – Mexico
  • (Schenkel, 1953) – Venezuela
  • Gravely, 1931 – India
  • Benoit, 1981 – Congo
  • F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Brazil
  • Thorell, 1897 – Myanmar, Laos
  • Benoit, 1979 – Somalia
  • Lessert, 1921 – Central, East Africa
  • F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Colombia
  • F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Costa Rica
  • F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Costa Rica
  • Denis, 1955 – Guinea
  • Jäger, 2012 – Laos
  • C. thorelli F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Sri Lanka
  • Pavesi, 1883 – Ethiopia
  • Benoit, 1981 – South Africa
  • (Alayón, 2001) – Trinidad
  • (Simon, 1887) – Myanmar
  • Patel & Reddy, 1988 – India
  • Benoit, 1979 – Tanzania
  • Steyn & Van der Donckt, 2003 – Ivory Coast
  • Simon, 1898 – St. Vincent
  • Blackwall, 1866 – West Africa
  • Denis, 1955 – Guinea
  • Peck, 1981 – USA
  • (Hasselt, 1882) – Indonesia (Java, Sumatra)
  • Caporiacco, 1940 – Ethiopia
  • Keyserling, 1891 – Brazil
  • C. vespertilio Mello-Leitão, 1941 – Colombia
  • Mello-Leitão, 1949 – Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil
  • Blackwall, 1865 – Central Africa
  • Petrunkevitch, 1925 – Panama
  • Griffith, 1833 – possibly South America
  • Yoshida, 1998 – Taiwan, Japan

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Gen. Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2019. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  2. ^ Walckenaer, C. A. (1805). Tableau des aranéides ou caractères essentiels des tribus, genres, familles et races que renferme le genre Aranea de Linné, avec la désignation des espèces comprises dans chacune de ces divisions. Paris: Dentu. OCLC 602364691.
  3. ^ Okamoto, Cinthya Kimori; Gonçalves-De-Andrade, Rute M.; Queiroz, Giselle Pidde; Gutierez, Vanessa P.; De Almeida, Daniel Manzoni; Cury, Yara; Bertani, Rogério; Portaro, Fernanda C. V.; Tambourgi, Denise V. (January 2009). "Ctenus medius and Phoneutria nigriventer spiders venoms share noxious proinflammatory activities". Journal of Medical Entomology. 46 (1): 58–66. doi:10.1603/033.046.0108. ISSN 0022-2585. PMID 19198518.
  4. ^ http://www.ecoevo.com.br/publicacoes/pesquisadores/rogerio_bertani/1003%20J%20Med%20Entomol.pdf
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