Cyanea (plant)
| Cyanea | |
|---|---|
| |
| Cyanea lobata | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Campanulaceae |
| Subfamily: | Lobelioideae |
| Genus: | Cyanea Gaudich. |
| Species | |
|
about 78, see text | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Kittelia | |
Cyanea is a genus of flowering plants in the family Campanulaceae. The name Cyanea in Hawaiian is hāhā.[1] These Hawaiian lobelioids are endemic to Hawaii with over 90% of Cyanea species are found only on one island in the Hawaiian chain.[2] They grow in moist and wet forest habitat[3] and are largely pollinated by birds[2] such as the Hawaiian honeycreepers,[4] and the seeds are dispersed by birds that take the fruits.[2] Most Cyanea are trees with few branches or none. The inflorescence is a raceme of 4 to 45 flowers which grows from the leaf axils. The fruit is a fleshy berry.[3][2] There have been several theories regarding the evolution of large prickles on plants endemic to islands that lack any mammalian or reptilian herbivores. One such theory suggests that the prickles are a defense against herbivory by the moa-nalo, a few taxa of flightless ducks that went extinct on the islands within the last 1600 years.[4]
Species[]
There are about 78 species in the genus.[5] Species include:[6]
- – Haleakala cyanea
- Cyanea acuminata – Honolulu cyanea
- Cyanea angustifolia – hāhā,[7] ʻaku,[8]
- – palmtree cyanea
- Cyanea asarifolia – gingerleaf cyanea
- – spleenwort cyanea
- – Waianae Range rollandia, Oʻahu cyanea
- – Maui cyanea
- Cyanea copelandii – treetrunk cyanea
- – leatherleaf cyanea
- Cyanea crispa – Koolau Range rollandia
- – Splitleaf cyanea
- Cyanea dolichopoda – long-foot cyanea
- Cyanea dunbariae – ravine cyanea
- Cyanea eleeleensis – eleele cyanea
- – ellipticleaf cyanea
- – Kauai cyanea
- – Degener's cyanea
- – Kilauea Mauna cyanea
- Cyanea gibsonii
- Cyanea glabra – smooth cyanea
- Cyanea grimesiana – splitleaf cyanea
- – stream-bed cyanea
- Cyanea hamatiflora – wetforest cyanea
- Cyanea hardyi – Oahu cyanea
- Cyanea heluensis
- – rustyleaf cyanea
- – prickly cyanea
- Cyanea humboldtiana – Oahu rollandia
- – spoonleaf cyanea
- [5]
- Cyanea kolekoleensis – kolekole cyanea
- Cyanea konahuanuiensis – Hāhā miliʻohu
- Cyanea koolauensis – Palolo Valley rollandia
- Cyanea kuhihewa – Limahuli Valley cyanea
- – Kunth's cyanea
- – lanceleaf cyanea
- – giant kokee cyanea
- – linearleaf cyanea
- Cyanea lobata – Waihee Valley cyanea
- Cyanea longiflora – ridge rollandia
- – streambank cyanea
- – purple cyanea
- Cyanea mannii – Mann's cyanea
- Cyanea marksii – Marks' cyanea
- – Maui cyanea
- Cyanea mceldowneyi – McEldowney's cyanea
- – papery cyanea
- – Munro's cyanea
- – bluntlobe cyanea
- – Waioli Valley rollandia
- – hairy cyanea
- Cyanea pinnatifida – sharktail cyanea
- Cyanea platyphylla – puna cyanea
- – pohaku cyanea
- Cyanea procera – Molokai cyanea
- – Mapulehu Valley cyanea
- – hāhā
- – Panaluu Mountain rollandia
- – manyfruit cyanea
- Cyanea quercifolia – oakleaf cyanea
- Cyanea recta – Kealia cyanea
- Cyanea remyi – Remy's cyanea
- Cyanea rivularis – plateau cyanea
- – willow cyanea
- – harsh cyanea
- – sessileleaf cyanea
- Cyanea shipmanii – Shipman's cyanea
- – popolo
- – pua kala, molokai
- – spoonleaf cyanea
- Cyanea st.-johnii – St. John's rollandia
- Cyanea stictophylla – Kaiholena cyanea
- Cyanea superba – Mt. Kaala cyanea
- – ʻaku ʻaku, ʻaku
- Cyanea truncata – Punaluu cyanea
- Cyanea undulata – leechleaf cyanea
References[]
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Wikispecies has information related to Cyanea. |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyanea. |
- ^ "Hawaiian Native Plant Genera - Campanulaceae: Cyanea". Dr. Gerald Carr, University of Hawaiʻi. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Givnish, T. J., et al. (2009). Origin, adaptive radiation and diversification of the Hawaiian lobeliads (Asterales: Campanulaceae). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276(1656), 407-16.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Lammers, T. G. (2004). Five new species of the endemic Hawaiian genus Cyanea (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae). Novon 14(1) 84-101.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Givnish, T. J., et al. (1994). Thorn-like prickles and heterophylly in Cyanea: adaptations to extinct avian browsers on Hawaii? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91(7), 2810-14.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Oppenheimer, H. and D. H. Lorence. (2012). A new species of Cyanea (Campanulaceae, Lobelioideae) from Maui, Hawaiian Islands. PhytoKeys (13), 15-23.
- ^ Cyanea. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
- ^ "Native Plants Hawaii - Viewing Plant : Cyanea angustifolia". nativeplants.hawaii.edu.
- ^ "Plants Profile for Cyanea angustifolia ('aku)". plants.usda.gov.
- Cyanea (plant)
- Endemic flora of Hawaii