Cyathea

Cyathea
	Cyathea medullaris growing in New Zealand
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Division:	Polypodiophyta
Class:	Polypodiopsida
Order:	Cyatheales
Family:	Cyatheaceae
Genus:	Cyathea; J. E. Smith, 1793
Species
	See text.

Cyathea is a genus of tree ferns, the type genus of the fern order Cyatheales.

The genus name Cyathea is derived from the Greek kyatheion, meaning "little cup", and refers to the cup-shaped sori on the underside of the fronds.

Description[]

The species of Cyathea are mostly terrestrial ferns, usually with a single tall stem. Rarely, the trunk may be branched or creeping. Many species also develop a fibrous mass of roots at the base of the trunk.

The genus has a pantropical distribution, with over 470 species. They grow in habitats ranging from tropical rain forests to temperate woodlands.

Classification[]

Conant et al. in 1996, concluded on molecular cpDNA and morphological evidence that a system of three clades – Alsophila, Cyathea and Sphaeropteris was the most accurate reflection of evolutionary lineages within the Cyatheaceae, Alsophila being the most basal and Cyathea and Sphaeropteris derived sister groups.^[1] In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), these are accepted as separate genera, Alsophila, Cyathea and Sphaeropteris.^[2]

Species[]

As of July 2021, World Ferns (Version 12.3) accepted the following species:^[3]

I.Fernald
Lehnert & A.Tejedor
(Sehnem) Lehnert
(Christ) Domin
Lehnert
Cyathea affinis (G.Forst.) Sw.
P.J.Edwards
(E.Fourn.) Copel.
(Stolze) Lehnert
L.D.Gómez
S.Maciel & Lehnert
R.M.Tryon
(C.V.Morton) Lehnert
Lehnert, F.Giraldo & W.Rodríguez
Domin
(H.Karst.) Domin
A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
A.Rojas
Cyathea arborea (L.) Sm.
Cyathea aristata Domin
(Sw.) Domin
Lehnert
Lehnert
(L.) Sw.
(A.C.Sm.) Christenh.
R.M.Tryon
(R.M.Tryon) Lellinger
(Hook.) Domin
Labiak & F.B.Matos
(Langsd. & Fisch.) Domin
Klotzsch
Domin
Lehnert
(Raddi) Lellinger
Sodiro
A.R.Sm. ex Lellinger
(Rchb.fil. ex Mett.) Domin
Lehnert
Liebm.
Cyathea biliranensis Copel.
(R.M.Tryon) R.C.Moran
(Baker) Domin
H.Karst.
(Maxon) Domin
(Kuhn) Domin
(P.G.Windisch) Lellinger
Lehnert
(Barrington) R.C.Moran
Lehnert
Lehnert, F.Giraldo & A.Tejedor
(Klotzsch) Domin
Lehnert, F.Giraldo & W.Rodríguez
Lehnert
A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
Alston
Lehnert, F.Giraldo & W.Rodríguez
A.Rojas
Lehnert & A.Tejedor
(Hook.) Hieron.
(Maxon) Domin
(Stolze) Lehnert
Lehnert
(Maxon) Domin
Holttum
A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
Lehnert, F.Giraldo & A.Tejedor
Lehnert
(Stolze) Lehnert
Lehnert, F.Giraldo & W.Rodríguez
(Baker) Jenman
B.León & R.C.Moran
(R.M.Tryon) Stolze
(Spruce ex Hook.) Domin
Jenman
(Stolze) Lehnert
Lehnert
Sodiro
Cyathea corcovadensis (Raddi) Domin
(Mett. ex Kuhn) Domin
Cyathea croftii Holttum
(Desv.) Lehnert
(Lellinger) Christenh.
Baker
(Desv.) K.U.Kramer
(R.M.Tryon) Lellinger
S.Maciel & Lehnert
Sodiro
R.C.Moran
(H.Karst.) Domin
(Maxon) R.M.Tryon
(Hook.) Copel.
Domin
(Baker) Christenh.
Cyathea delgadii Pohl ex Sternb.
(C.V.Morton) A.R.Sm. ex Lellinger
Lehnert
Cyathea dichromatolepis (Fée) Domin
Lehnert
(C.V.Morton) Stolze
Baker
Kunze
(Desv.) Lellinger
R.M.Tryon
Sodiro
H.Karst.
Hieron.
Domin
(Holttum) Holttum
(Riba) Proctor
A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
Alston
(Mett. ex Kuhn) Domin
Cyathea feeana (C.Chr.) Domin
(R.M.Tryon) Christenh.
(H.Karst.) Domin
(M.Martens & Galeotti) Fée
(Klotzsch) Domin
A.Tejedor, G.Calat., Lehnert, W.D.Rodr. & M.Kessler
Lehnert
Cyathea glaziovii Domin
(Hook.) Domin
Griseb.
Cyathea grandifolia Willd.
Copel.
Domin
A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
A.Rojas
Lehnert
Underw.
(Maxon) R.M.Tryon
R.C.Moran
Rosenst.
A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
C.Presl
(Fée) Domin
Proctor
Cyathea holdridgeana Nisman & L.D.Gómez
(L.) Sm.
Cyathea howeana Domin
(L.D.Gómez) Christenh.
(Rosenst.) Domin
R.M.Tryon
(Lellinger) Christenh.
S.Maciel & J.Prado
Holttum
Jenman
(Baker) Domin
(Klotzsch) Domin
Lehnert, F.Giraldo & A.Tejedor
(Mett. ex Kuhn) Domin
(Baker) Domin
Mett.
A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
S.Maciel & J.Prado
M.E.Acuña & Huamán
Domin
Alston
A.R.Sm.
C.Presl
(Baker) Domin
A.Rojas & A.Tejedor
(C.Presl) Domin
(Baker) Domin
Lehnert
(Klotzsch) Domin
Copel.
(Desv.) Domin
Mett.
Domin
(Hook.) Domin
S.Maciel & J.Prado
J.Murillo & M.T.Murillo
A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
Lehnert
R.C.Moran
Sm.
R.M.Tryon
(Christ) Domin
(Baker) R.C.Moran & J.Prado
(Barrington) Lellinger
A.R.Sm.
Lehnert
(Maxon) Lehnert
(Maxon) Domin
(C.Presl) Domin
R.C.Moran
Domin
A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
(Klotzsch) Domin
Lehnert
Cyathea obtusa (Kaulf.) Domin
Lehnert & A.Tejedor
A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
F.Giraldo, W.Rodríguez & A.Tejedor
R.C.Moran
(Sodiro) Domin
Sodiro
(Jenman) Proctor
hort. ex Houlston & Moore
(Kuhn) Lellinger
(Baker) Domin
(Hieron.) Domin
Jenman
(Hook.) R.M.Tryon
(C.Chr.) Domin Domin
Mart.
(Hook.) Domin
A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
Lehnert, F.Giraldo & A.Tejedor
A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
(Baker) Domin
M.T. & J.Murillo
(Christ) R.C.Moran
Arens & A.R.Sm.
(Hook.) Domin
Lehnert
(Hook.) Domin
Lehnert
A.Rojas
A.R.Sm.
(Kunze) Domin
Lehnert
S.Maciel & J.Prado
(L.D.Gómez) Lellinger
Sodiro
R.C.Moran & B.Øllg.
(Willd.) Domin
A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
Lehnert, F.Giraldo & A.Tejedor
A.Rojas
(F.Muell.) Domin
A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
Lehnert & F.Giraldo
Lehnert
(Domin) Domin
(Fée) Lellinger
(Mett. ex Kuhn) Domin
Klotzsch
A.Tejedor & F.Areces
(Hook.) Domin
Baker
(C.Presl) Domin
(Kuhn) Domin
(R.M.Tryon) Lehnert
Copel.
R.M.Tryon
(Stolze) Lehnert
(R.M.Tryon) Lellinger
Ranil, Pushpak. & Fraser-Jenk.
Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
(Kunze) Domin
(Klotzsch) Domin
H.Karst
(Losch) R.C.Moran
(Rosenst.) Domin
Ranil
R.M.Tryon
(E.D.Br.) N.Hallé & Florence
(L.D.Gómez) Lehnert
A.R.Sm. ex Lellinger
H.Karst.
(Maxon) Domin
(Kunze) Domin
Domin
Domin
Lehnert
Lehnert
(Christ) Maxon
(Miq.) Domin
Lehnert
S.Maciel, R.Y.Hirai & J.Prado
Lehnert, F.Giraldo & W.Rodríguez
(J.Sm.) Moore
Christenh.
A.R.Sm.
(Barrington) A.R.Sm.
Lehnert, F.Giraldo & A.Tejedor
R.C.Moran
(Baker) Domin
Christenh.
(Riba) Lellinger
Maxon
(A.Samp.) Lehnert
(Vareschi) Christenh.
(Maxon) Lellinger
A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
(R.C.Moran) Lehnert
(P.G.Windisch) Lehnert
A.R.Sm. ex Lellinger
Domin
Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
(C.V.Morton) C.V.Morton
(Mett. ex Kuhn) Domin
R.C.Moran
Baker
(Maxon) Domin
A.R.Sm.
A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
A.Tejedor & G.Calat.
Lehnert

Extinct species[]

†Cyathea cranhamii

References[]

Dried Cyathea podophylla.

^ Conant, D.S.; Raubeson, L.A.; Attwood, D.K.; Perera, S.; Zimmer, E.A.; Sweere, J.A.; Stein, D.B. (1996). "Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications of combined analysis of DNA and morphology in the Cyatheaceae". In Camus, J.M.; Gibby, M.; Johns, R.J. (eds.). Pteridology in perspective. Kew, U.K.: Royal Botanic Gardens. pp. 231–248. ISBN 9781900347099.
^ PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229.
^ Hassler, Michael (2004–2021), "Genus Cyathea J.E.Sm.", World Ferns. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. Version 12.3, retrieved 2021-07-25CS1 maint: date format (link)

Notes[]

Bibliography[]

Christenhusz, M.J.M. (2009). New combinations and an overview of Cyathea subg. Hymenophyllopsis (Cyatheaceae). Phytotaxa 1: 37–42.
Large, M.F. and J.E. Braggins (2004). Tree Ferns. Timber Press, Inc. ISBN 0-88192-630-2
Lehnert, M. (2006). New species and records of tree ferns (Cyatheaceae, Pteridophyta) in the northern Andes. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution 6: 321–322, electronic supplement 13: 1-11.
Lehnert, M. (2009). Three new species of scaly tree ferns (Cyathea-Cyatheaceae) from the northern Andes. Phytotaxa 2: 43–56.
The International Plant Names Index

External links[]

[Conant1996-1] Conant, D.S.; Raubeson, L.A.; Attwood, D.K.; Perera, S.; Zimmer, E.A.; Sweere, J.A.; Stein, D.B. (1996). "Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications of combined analysis of DNA and morphology in the Cyatheaceae". In Camus, J.M.; Gibby, M.; Johns, R.J. (eds.). Pteridology in perspective. Kew, U.K.: Royal Botanic Gardens. pp. 231–248. ISBN 9781900347099.

[PPGI-2] PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229.

[WF_85-3] Hassler, Michael (2004–2021), "Genus Cyathea J.E.Sm.", World Ferns. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. Version 12.3, retrieved 2021-07-25CS1 maint: date format (link)

[1]

[2]

[3]

Cyathea

Cyathea medullaris growing in New Zealand
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Division:	Polypodiophyta
Class:	Polypodiopsida
Order:	Cyatheales
Family:	Cyatheaceae
Genus:	Cyathea J. E. Smith, 1793
Species
See text.