Cyclosa

Cyclosa
	Camouflaged
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Araneae
Infraorder:	Araneomorphae
Family:	Araneidae
Genus:	Cyclosa; Menge, 1866
Type species
	C. conica; (Pallas, 1772)
Species
	180, see text
Synonyms
	Parazygia;

Cyclosa, also called trashline orbweavers,^[2] is a genus of orb-weaver spiders first described by Anton Menge in 1866.^[3] Widely distributed worldwide, spiders of the genus Cyclosa build relatively small orb webs with a web decoration. The web decoration in Cyclosa spiders is often linear and includes prey remains and other debris, which probably serve to camouflage the spider. The name "Cyclosa" comes from Greek 'to move in a circle', referring to how it spins its web.^[2]

While most orb-web spiders face downwards in their web when waiting for prey, some Cyclosa species (e.g. C. ginnaga and C. argenteoalba) face upwards.^[4]

Notable members[]

Cyclosa argenteoalba[]

Cyclosa argenteoalba builds two types of web, a traditional sticky spider web, and a resting web that consists of just a few strands. When infected with a larva of the wasp Reclinervellus nielseni, the spider switches on the behavior to build a resting web.^[5] The larva then eats the spider and uses the web to complete metamorphosis.^[6]

Cyclosa tremula[]

One small species from Guyana described under the nomen dubium C. tremula has a black and white pattern and rests in the center of an orb web with greyish "imitation spiders" it has created from prey remains. If the spider is disturbed, it vibrates its body, so that the black and white patches blur into grey, thus resembling the false spiders.^[7]

Cyclosa turbinata[]

C. turbinata are known for creating orb-shaped webs, which are webs that utilize both sticky and non-sticky threads, mostly during times of complete darkness. Cyclosa turbinata is unique in that across its spiral wheel-shaped web, it also creates the so-called "trashline" web, which is a line of various components such as prey carcasses, detritus, and, at times, egg cases. This trashline appears to hinder predators from visually locating the spider within its web.^{[citation needed]}

Species[]

Cyclosa sp. in north Queensland, Australia

As of April 2019 it contains 180 species:^[1]

Levi, 1999 – Cuba, Puerto Rico
Tanikawa, 1992 – Japan
Simon, 1888 – India (mainland, Andaman Is.). Introduced to Hawaii
Kulczyński, 1901 – Africa, New Guinea, New Caledonia
Simon, 1885 – Mediterranean
(Keyserling, 1887) – Australia (Queensland), Palau
Levi, 1999 – Colombia, Ecuador
Tanikawa, 1992 – Japan
(Rainbow, 1916) – Australia (Queensland)
(Rainbow, 1916) – Australia (Queensland)
Tanikawa & Ono, 1993 – Taiwan
C. argenteoalba Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 – China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Russia (Far East)?
Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 – China, Korea, Japan, Russia (Far East)?
Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
Simon, 1908 – Australia (Western Australia)
Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
Levi, 1999 – USA, Hispaniola to Ecuador
Yin, Wang, Xie & Peng, 1990 – China
(Doleschall, 1859) – India to Philippines, New Guinea
C. bifurcata (Walckenaer, 1841) – Costa Rica, Hispaniola to Argentina
Zhang, Zhang & Zhu, 2010 – China
Sen, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2012 – India
Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 1998 – Bangladesh
Tanikawa & Petcharad, 2018 – Thailand, Singapore, Brunei
(Thorell, 1881) – New Guinea
Levi, 1999 – Peru
(Thorell, 1890) – Indonesia (Sumatra)
Levi, 1999 – Brazil
(Thorell, 1878) – Seychelles, New Guinea
C. caroli (Hentz, 1850) – USA, Caribbean to Bolivia
Hingston, 1927 – Myanmar
(Thorell, 1887) – India to Singapore
Song & Liu, 1996 – China
Mukhtar & Mushtaq, 2005 – Pakistan
Simon, 1907 – Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe
Caporiacco, 1933 – Libya
(Thorell, 1892) – India, Bangladesh to Malaysia
Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 – China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan
C. conica (Pallas, 1772) – North America, Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Iran, Central Asia, China
F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 – Mexico to Honduras
Levi, 1999 – Mexico, Guatemala
(Yin, Wang, Xie & Peng, 1990) – China, Thailand
Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
Levi, 1999 – Bolivia
Yin, Zhu & Wang, 1995 – China
Hingston, 1927 – Myanmar
Xie, Yin & Kim, 1995 – China
Levy, 1998 – Egypt, Israel
Levi, 1999 – Ecuador, Peru
(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894) – Mexico, Cuba to Argentina
Simon, 1877 – China, Philippines
Levi, 1999 – Bolivia
Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
Levi, 1999 – Mexico
Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 1998 – Bangladesh
Levi, 1999 – Brazil
Hingston, 1932 – Panama to Argentina
Karsch, 1879 – West Africa
Tanikawa & Ono, 1993 – Taiwan
(L. Koch, 1872) – Australia (New South Wales, Victoria)
Yaginuma, 1959 – China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan
Keswani, 2013 – India
Pesarini, 1998 – Spain (incl. Balearic Is.), Greece (Crete)
Xie, Yin & Kim, 1995 – China
Levi, 1999 – Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico (Mona Is.)
Tanikawa, 1992 – Russia (Far East), Japan
Tikader, 1982 – India, Pakistan
Strand, 1907 – Madagascar
Levi, 1999 – Colombia
Levi, 1999 – Cuba
Levi, 1999 – Colombia to Argentina
Yin, Zhu & Wang, 1995 – China
(Costa, 1834) – Mediterranean to Japan, India to Papua New Guinea, Australia
Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
Levi, 1999 – Mexico
Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 – Russia (Far East), China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan
Levi, 1999 – Costa Rica
Caporiacco, 1934 – Karakorum
Tullgren, 1910 – Central, East Africa, Seychelles
Tanikawa & Ono, 1993 – Taiwan
Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Pakistan, India, Philippines
Tanikawa, 1992 – Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan
Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 – China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan
Caporiacco, 1949 – Kenya
Levi, 1999 – Ecuador, Peru
(Rainbow, 1916) – Australia (Queensland)
(L. Koch, 1867) – Samoa, Fiji, Tahiti
(Taczanowski, 1878) – Colombia to Argentina
Levi, 1999 – Brazil, Argentina
Kulczyński, 1899 – Madeira, Canary Is.
Tanikawa, 1992 – Japan
Levi, 1999 – Colombia, Venezuela
Tullgren, 1910 – East Africa
(Thorell, 1892) – India, Singapore
Yin, Zhu & Wang, 1995 – China
Levi, 1999 – Colombia
Dyal, 1935 – Pakistan
Levi, 1999 – Costa Rica, Panama
Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 – China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Russia (Far East)?
Tikader, 1963 – India
Levi, 1999 – Brazil
(Thorell, 1887) – Asia (without Russia)
Tikader, 1977 – India (Andaman Is.)
Levi, 1999 – Colombia
Yin, Wang, Xie & Peng, 1990 – China, Vietnam
(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889) – Guatemala to Costa Rica
Tanikawa, 1992 – China, Japan
(Thorell, 1892) – India (Andaman Is.)
Karsch, 1879 – China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan
(Walckenaer, 1802) – Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Central Asia, China
Kishida, 1915 – Japan
Levi, 1999 – Curaçao
Tanikawa, 1992 – Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan
Levi, 1999 – Brazil
Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
Tanikawa, 1992 – China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan
Tanikawa, 1992 – China, Japan
Levi, 1999 – Brazil
Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
Levi, 1999 – Brazil
Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, 2013 – China
Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
Simon, 1893 – Borneo
Levi, 1999 – Colombia
Roewer, 1955 – Singapore
Yin, Zhu & Wang, 1995 – China
Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
Levi, 1999 – Peru
Levi, 1999 – Mexico
(Rainbow, 1916) – Australia (New South Wales)
Schenkel, 1936 – China
(Thorell, 1887) – Myanmar, Japan
Keyserling, 1879 – Brazil
Ghafoor & Beg, 2002 – Pakistan
Keswani, 2013 – India
Simon, 1880 – New Caledonia
(Thorell, 1881) – India, Bhutan, Myanmar, China, Taiwan
Zhu, Lian & Chen, 2006 – China
(Thorell, 1881) – Australia (Queensland)
Zhou & Zhang, 2017 – China
Caporiacco, 1947 – Costa Rica to Brazil
Tanikawa, 1992 – Japan, China
Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Pakistan, Philippines
(Vinson, 1863) – Réunion
Levi, 1999 – Colombia
Karsch, 1879 – China, Korea, Japan
Zhu & Wang, 1994 – China
Levi, 1999 – Chile, Argentina
(Thorell, 1881) – Indonesia (Java)
Tanikawa & Ono, 1993 – Taiwan
C. sierrae Simon, 1870 – Southern Europe, Hungary, Ukraine, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran
Tikader, 1982 – India
Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
- Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
Simon, 1889 – India, Pakistan
Levi, 1999 – Trinidad
Hingston, 1932 – Panama to Argentina
(Thorell, 1895) – Myanmar
- (Thorell, 1895) – Myanmar
Berland, 1933 – French Polynesia (Marquesas Is., Society Is.)
Levi, 1999 – Brazil
(Leardi, 1902) – Philippines
(Urquhart, 1885) – Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand
Tullgren, 1910 – East Africa
Simon, 1895 – Mexico, Caribbean to Peru
Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 1998 – Bangladesh
Simon, 1906 – India
C. turbinata (Walckenaer, 1841) – USA to Panama, West Indies, Galapagos Is. Introduced to Hawaii
Levi, 1999 – Brazil
(Keyserling, 1886) – China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Papua New Guinea, Australia (Queensland)
Dhande, Bodkhe & Ahmad, 2017 – India
Levi, 1999 – Colombia, Brazil, Argentina
Levi, 1999 – Peru, Brazil
C. walckenaeri (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889) – USA to Guyana, Caribbean
Zhang, Zhang & Zhu, 2010 – China
Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 1998 – Bangladesh
Hu & Li, 1987 – China
Zhou & Zhang, 2017 – China

References[]

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Gen. Cyclosa Menge, 1866". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Genus Cyclosa". BugGuide. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
^ Menge, A. (1866). "Preussische Spinnen. Erste Abtheilung. Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig". Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig.
^ Nakata, Kensuke; Zschokke, Samuel (2010). "Upside-down spiders build upside-down orb webs: web asymmetry, spider orientation and running speed in Cyclosa". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Royal Society. 277 (1696): 3019–3025. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0729. PMC 2982030. PMID 20462900.
^ Takasuka, Keizo; Yasui, Tomoki; Ishigami, Toru; Nakata, Kensuke; Matsumoto, Rikio; Ikeda, Kenichi; Maeto, Kaoru (2015-08-01). "Host manipulation by an ichneumonid spider ectoparasitoid that takes advantage of preprogrammed web-building behaviour for its cocoon protection". Journal of Experimental Biology. 218 (15): 2326–2332. doi:10.1242/jeb.122739. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 26246608.
^ Arielle Duhaime-Ross (August 6, 2015). "Zombie spider builds a stronger web for the parasitic wasp that's sucking its blood". The Verge. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
^ Oxford, G.S.; Gillespie, R.G. (1998). "Evolution and Ecology of Spider Coloration". Annual Review of Entomology. 43: 619–643. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.619. PMID 15012400.

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[NMBE-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Gen. Cyclosa Menge, 1866". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-05-13.

[bugguide-2] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Genus Cyclosa". BugGuide. Retrieved 2019-05-13.

[Meng1866-3] Menge, A. (1866). "Preussische Spinnen. Erste Abtheilung. Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig". Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig.

[NakataZschokke2010-4] Nakata, Kensuke; Zschokke, Samuel (2010). "Upside-down spiders build upside-down orb webs: web asymmetry, spider orientation and running speed in Cyclosa". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Royal Society. 277 (1696): 3019–3025. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0729. PMC 2982030. PMID 20462900.

[5] Takasuka, Keizo; Yasui, Tomoki; Ishigami, Toru; Nakata, Kensuke; Matsumoto, Rikio; Ikeda, Kenichi; Maeto, Kaoru (2015-08-01). "Host manipulation by an ichneumonid spider ectoparasitoid that takes advantage of preprogrammed web-building behaviour for its cocoon protection". Journal of Experimental Biology. 218 (15): 2326–2332. doi:10.1242/jeb.122739. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 26246608.

[6] Arielle Duhaime-Ross (August 6, 2015). "Zombie spider builds a stronger web for the parasitic wasp that's sucking its blood". The Verge. Retrieved 2015-09-14.

[OxfordGillespie1998-7] Oxford, G.S.; Gillespie, R.G. (1998). "Evolution and Ecology of Spider Coloration". Annual Review of Entomology. 43: 619–643. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.619. PMID 15012400.

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