Cynanchum

Cynanchum
	In the foreground, Cynanchum aphyllum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Gentianales
Family:	Apocynaceae
Subfamily:	Asclepiadoideae
Tribe:	Asclepiadeae
Genus:	Cynanchum; L.
Species
	About 300, see text
Synonyms
	List Adelostemma Hook.f.; Aphanostelma Schltr.; Bunburia Harv.; Cyathella Decne.; Cynoctonum E.Mey.; Decanemopsis Costantin & Gallaud; Dicarpophora Speg.; Drepanostemma Jum. & H.Perrier; Exostegia Bojer ex Decne.; Flanagania Schltr.; Folotsia Costantin & Bois; Gilgia Pax; Glossonema Decne.; Graphistemma (Chapm. ex Benth.) Champ. ex Benth.; Holostemma R.Br.; Karimbolea Desc.; Mahafalia Jum. & H.Perrier; Mastostigma Stocks; Metalepis Griseb.; Metaplexis R.Br.; Monostemma Turcz.; Nematostemma Choux; Odontanthera Wight; Pentarrhinum E.Mey.; Perianthostelma Baill.; Petalostemma R.Br.; Platykeleba N.E.Br.; Prosopostelma Baill.; Psanchum Neck.; Pycnoneurum Decne.; Raphistemma Wall.; Roulinia Decne.; Rouliniella Vail; Sarcocyphula Harv.; Sarcostemma R.Br.; Sarmasikia Bubani; Schizocorona F.Muell.; Seshagiria Ansari & Hemadri; Sichuania M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li; Steinheilia Decne.; Symphyoglossum Turcz.; Telminostelma E.Fourn.; Urostelma Bunge; Voharanga Costantin & Bois; Vohemaria Buchenau; Ziervoglia Neck.; ;

Cynanchum is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek kynos (meaning "dog") and anchein ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is dog-strangling vine. Most species are non-succulent climbers or twiners. There is some evidence of toxicity.^[2]

Morphology[]

These plants are perennial herbs or subshrubs, often growing from rhizomes. The leaves are usually oppositely arranged and sometimes are borne on petioles. The inflorescences and flowers come in a variety of shapes.

Like other species of the milkweed family, these plants bear follicles, which are podlike dry fruits.

Distribution[]

These species are found throughout the tropics and subtropics. Several species also grow in temperate regions.

Importance[]

The root of is used in Chinese traditional medicine and called Bai wei. Several other species had traditional Chinese medicinal uses.

Cynanchum louiseae (black swallowwort) and Cynanchum rossicum (pale swallowwort) are troublesome noxious weeds in parts of North America.^[3]^[4]

Classification[]

Cynanchum as defined in the late 20th century (to include about 400 species) is polyphyletic and is being broken up. Species are being moved to genera including Orthosia, Pentarrhinum, and Vincetoxicum, with a group of mostly Old World species staying in Cynanchum,^[5]^[6] and old genera such as Raphistemma brought to synonymy.

Species[]

Species include:^[7]

Liede
Decne.
Cynanchum acidum (Roxb.) Oken
(Desc.) Liede & Meve
Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.
Cynanchum acutum L.
(K.Schum.) K.Schum.
(L.) Hoffmanns.
Wight & Arn.
(M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li) Liede & Khanum
K.Schum.^[8]
(Liede) Liede & Meve
Jum. & H.Perrier
Choux
Morillo
Choux
Choux
(Roxb.) Liede & Khanum
Liede
Hand.-Mazz.
(Meve & Liede) Liede & Meve
Liede
Choux
( & P.I.Forst.) Meve & Liede
Jum. & H.Perrier
() Meve & Liede
Cynanchum auriculatum
Cynanchum arizonicum – Arizona swallow-wort or Arizona climbing milkweed
Liede
Choux
P.T.Li
Morillo
Morillo
M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li
Jum. & H.Perrier
(Decne.) Sundell
Liede
(Decne.) Choux
Liede
H.Lév. & Vaniot
Decne.
S.T.Blake
(Morillo) Liede
M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li
(P.I.Forst.) Liede & Meve
Morillo
Decne.
Buch.-Ham. ex Wight
(Fontella & E.A.Schwarz) Morillo
[ja] (Miq.) Maxim.
R.W.Holm
Schltr.
Morillo
R.Br.
Liede & Meve
Choux
Choux
Wight
Liede
Meve & Liede
Morillo
Morillo
(A.Rich.) Woodson
N.E.Br.
(Sundell) W.D.Stevens
Wight
Cynanchum daltonii (Decne.) Liede & Meve
Choux
Choux
C.K.Schneid.
(Costantin & Gallaud) Liede & Meve
Delponte
Rauh
Morillo
(Hassk.) Boerl.
(Decne.) Morillo
M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li
(Liede & Meve) Liede & Meve
Cynanchum elegans (Benth.) Domin
Cynanchum ellipticum (Harv.) R.A.Dyer
Morillo
Jum. & H.Perrier
Liede & Khanum
(K.Schum.) K.Schum.
(Decne.) K.Schum.
Hutch. & E.A.Bruce
Morillo
Morillo
P.T.Li
R.Br.
Liede & Meve
(Cav.) Kunth
Liede & Meve
Meve & Liede
(Wall.) Liede & Khanum
(Morillo) Liede
(Harv.) Liede
Liede
Schltr.
Bosser
Morillo
Schltr.
Cynanchum gracillimum Wall. ex Wight
Liede
Liede & Meve
Liede & Khanum
Dugand
Cynanchum guehoi Bosser
Liede & Meve
K.Schum.
Woodson
(Oliv.) Liede & Khanum
Vatke
Hook.f.
Malme
Bakh.f.
Cynanchum hooperianum (Blume) Liede & Khanum
Liede & Meve
(Jum. & H.Perrier) Jum. & H.Perrier
(N.E.Br.) Liede & Meve
(E.Mey.) Liede & Khanum
(Hance) Hemsl.
Liede
(Vail) Woodson
Morillo
Desc.
Choux
(Decne.) Liede
Y.X.Liou
M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li
& H.D.Zhang
Cynanchum laeve - honeyvine
T.Yamaz.
Choux
Schltr.
(Benth.) Domin
Diels
Diels
N.E.Br.
Warb.
Schltr.
M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li
N.E.Br.
(K.Schum.) W.D.Stevens
Morillo
(Jum. & H.Perrier) Desc.
Y.Tsiang & P.T.Li
Morillo
Jum. & H.Perrier
Cynanchum macrolobum Jum. & H.Perrier
K.Schum.
Buch.-Ham. ex Dillwyn
Jum. & H.Perrier
(Meve & Liede) Liede & Meve
Mutis
Rauh
Choux
Pobed.
M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li
(Liede & Meve) Liede & Meve
Jum. & H.Perrier
Liede
(Decne.) Schltr.
(Turcz.) Morillo
Schltr.
Spreng.
Choux
Liede
P.T.Li
K.Schum.
(Blume) Boerl.
Choux
Schltr.
Liede
Morillo
(Decne.) Choux
L.f.
(Hemsl.) & H.D.Zhang
(Schltr.) N.E.Br.
() Goyder
C.K.Schneid.
Wight
Choux
& H.D.Zhang
Choux
Morillo
Liede & Meve
R.Br.
Woodson
Choux
Liede & Rauh
Liede & Meve
Schltr.
(Raimondo & Fici) Liede & Khanum
Morillo
K.Schum.
Schltr. ex S.Moore
Morillo
F.Muell. ex Benth.
Cynanchum pulchellum (Wall.) Liede & Khanum
Morillo
(Pall.) K.Schum.
Choux
(Jacq.) Jacq.
(Forssk.) Lam.
Jum. & H.Perrier
Desc.
(Pittier) Woodson
(Decne.) K.Schum.
(B.R.Adams & R.W.K.Holland) Goyder
(Franch.) Khanum & Liede
Sundell
Sundell
Rauh
[ja] (Turcz.) Liede & Khanum
(E.Fourn.) Rapini
Liede
(Ansari & Hemadri) Liede & Khanum
Meve & Liede
Schltr.
Bosser
(Decne.) Liede
Meve & M.Teissier
M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li
(Lavranos) Meve & Liede
(N.E.Br.) N.E.Br.
Cynanchum staubii Bosser
K.Schum.
(B.R.Adams & R.W.K.Holland) Goyder
Woodson
Liede
Schltr.
Warb.
W.D.Stevens
& H.D.Zhang
Morillo
(Oliv.) Khanum & Liede
Liede & Meve
Liede & Meve
Choux
(Blume) Boerl.
(Retz.) Alston
Liede
(Britton) Markgr.
Cynanchum utahense – Utah swallow-wort or Utah vine milkweed
(Lavranos) Goyder
(Desc.) Liede & Meve
Cynanchum viminale (L.) L.
R.W.Holm
(E.Mey.) D.Dietr.
Wight
Schltr.
(Maxim.) Hook.f.
Schltr.

References[]

^ "Cynanchum L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
^ "Plants for a Future Database".
^ NPS Alien Plants Fact Sheet
^ Krishna Ramanujan (2014) "Invasive vines swallow up New York’s natural areas." Cornell Chronicle, April 23, 2014.
^ Alan S. Weakley (April 2008). "Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, and Surrounding Areas".
^ Sigrid Liede and Angelika Tauber (Oct–Dec 2002). "Circumscription of the Genus Cynanchum (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae)". Systematic Botany. 27 (4): 789–800. doi:10.1043/0363-6445-27.4.789. JSTOR 3093924.
^ "Cynanchum L." Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
^ Bussmann R. W.; et al. (2006). "Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya". J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2: 22. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-2-22. PMC 1475560. PMID 16674830.

External links[]

Cynanchum at Flora of China

[1] "Cynanchum L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2020.

[2] "Plants for a Future Database".

[3] NPS Alien Plants Fact Sheet

[4] Krishna Ramanujan (2014) "Invasive vines swallow up New York’s natural areas." Cornell Chronicle, April 23, 2014.

[weakley-5] Alan S. Weakley (April 2008). "Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, and Surrounding Areas".

[6] Sigrid Liede and Angelika Tauber (Oct–Dec 2002). "Circumscription of the Genus Cynanchum (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae)". Systematic Botany. 27 (4): 789–800. doi:10.1043/0363-6445-27.4.789. JSTOR 3093924.

[7] "Cynanchum L." Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved May 27, 2020.

[8] Bussmann R. W.; et al. (2006). "Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya". J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2: 22. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-2-22. PMC 1475560. PMID 16674830.

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Cynanchum

In the foreground, Cynanchum aphyllum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Gentianales
Family:	Apocynaceae
Subfamily:	Asclepiadoideae
Tribe:	Asclepiadeae
Genus:	Cynanchum L.
Species
About 300, see text
Synonyms^[1]
List Adelostemma Hook.f. Aphanostelma Schltr. Bunburia Harv. Cyathella Decne. Cynoctonum E.Mey. Decanemopsis Costantin & Gallaud Dicarpophora Speg. Drepanostemma Jum. & H.Perrier Exostegia Bojer ex Decne. Flanagania Schltr. Folotsia Costantin & Bois Gilgia Pax Glossonema Decne. Graphistemma (Chapm. ex Benth.) Champ. ex Benth. Holostemma R.Br. Karimbolea Desc. Mahafalia Jum. & H.Perrier Mastostigma Stocks Metalepis Griseb. Metaplexis R.Br. Monostemma Turcz. Nematostemma Choux Odontanthera Wight Pentarrhinum E.Mey. Perianthostelma Baill. Petalostemma R.Br. Platykeleba N.E.Br. Prosopostelma Baill. Psanchum Neck. Pycnoneurum Decne. Raphistemma Wall. Roulinia Decne. Rouliniella Vail Sarcocyphula Harv. Sarcostemma R.Br. Sarmasikia Bubani Schizocorona F.Muell. Seshagiria Ansari & Hemadri Sichuania M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li Steinheilia Decne. Symphyoglossum Turcz. Telminostelma E.Fourn. Urostelma Bunge Voharanga Costantin & Bois Vohemaria Buchenau Ziervoglia Neck.